B. Venkatesh

Ryerson University · Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

In this paper, we investigate the recently introduced McCormick-based Quadratic Convex (QC) relaxation of the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) where Line-Wise Model (LWM) is used for representing meshed transmission systems (QC-LW OPF) for the sake of decisively determining its relationship to other available convex relaxations in the literature. We also e...

We present a novel two-stage smart meter (SM) data masking technique. In the first stage, data masking is carried out at an individual SM using a light-weight approach. Subsequently, the data are transmitted to a third party (TP), where the second-stage data masking is carried out using a conditional generative adversarial networks (CGAN)-based mod...

In this paper, a Line-Wise (LW) formulation of the AC Transmission Network Expansion Planning (AC-TNEP) problem for meshed transmission networks is proposed. The proposed formulation is then relaxed using a novel Quadratic Convex (QC) relaxation that can handle the mixed-integer nature of the problem and be solved efficiently using commercial solve...

Conventional distribution system (DS) asset planning methods consider energy only from transmission systems (TS) and not from distributed energy resources (DER), leading to expensive plans. Newer transactive energy DS (TEDS) asset planning models, built on capacity market mechanisms, consider energy from both TS and DERs, leading to lower-cost plan...

In this paper, we propose a novel Semidefinite Programming (SDP) relaxation of the Optimal Power Flow (OPF) problem. The proposed formulation utilizes the Line-Wise Model (LWM) to represent meshed transmission networks. This allows the constraints of the proposed formulation to mostly depend on diagonal elements of the voltages’ Hermitian ${\bolds...

We propose a comprehensive framework for the optimal day-ahead scheduling of power distribution systems (PDS), based on a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model. The interaction between transmission system operator (TSO) and distribution system operator (DSO) is considered, where TSO informs DSO of the day-ahead forecast concerning the expec...

In this paper, we evaluate and analyze the performance of long short-term memory networks (LSTMs) for individual electric vehicle (EV) charging behavior prediction over the next day. The charging behavior consists of the charging duration level within a certain upper and lower range, the time slots in which charging will take place, the number of t...

Federal energy regulatory commission (FERC) Order #2222 prescribes that distributed energy resources (DERs) with 100 kW or more capacity in aggregate should be allowed to participate in organized electricity markets. Most aggregation is via a combination of disparate DER technologies such as solar, wind, storage, electric vehicles, and smart load u...

Transactive energy distribution systems (TEDS) have unleashed new economic opportunities in the distribution sector via a new local distribution operator (LDO) that enables transactions between peers and the LDO (P2LDO) and peer‐to‐peer transactions. Aiming to unleash full benefits from existing distributed energy resources (DERs), this paper intro...

Abstract Reducing the cost of distributed energy resources (DERs) such as renewables, storage, electric vehicles and smart loads is driving their increased connection to distribution systems. Extracting maximum benefits from DERs require liberalising distribution systems by allowing: (1) a distribution transactive energy market (DTEM) operated by a...

While numerous studies examine the causal relationships of electricity rates on conservation and of conservation on variable costs, little work has been done on the missing links of conservation on fixed costs and on overall electricity rates. This article presents a new model to scientifically quantify these two gaps and complete the economic pict...

This paper presents a novel strategy, designed from the distribution system operator viewpoint, aimed at estimating the hosting capacity in electric distribution systems when controllable plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) are in place. The strategy seeks to determine the maximum wind-based distributed generation (DG) penetration by coordinating, on a...

In this paper, we propose an environment perception framework for autonomous driving using state representation learning (SRL). Unlike existing Q-learning based methods for efficient environment perception and object detection, our proposed method takes the learning loss into account under deterministic as well as stochastic policy gradient. Throug...

In 2011, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) mandated that demand response (DR) procurement pass a net benefits test (NBT) in Order 745 to ensure that the benefits outweighed the costs. Without NBT, DR procurement could result in losses to consumers considering payments for energy and DR services. Current NBT implementations are monthly...

Various embodiments are provided for conducting a power flow analysis using a set of line-wise power balance equations. In at least some embodiment, the set of line-wise power balance equations is solved using a Newton - Raphson technique. In various cases, the Jacobian matrix generated by the Newton - Raphson technique may directly indicate the tr...

Optimal capacitor placement for radial distribution systems (RDSs) considers minimising the total cost of new fixed capacitors, switchable capacitors, and losses, while satisfying power balance equations, limits on bus voltages and capacitor limits. It is a non‐convex mixed‐integer non‐linear programming (MINLP) challenge. In this study, the author...

The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission in the USA defines demand response as a means of reducing energy consumption by customers from their expected consumption in response to high energy prices or to incentive payments. Conventional demand response that reduces demand is termed as negative demand response. In certain cases, positive demand respo...

Demand Response (DR) effectiveness is studied by assessing its effect on the energy market clearing price (EMCP). However, with DR, the problem needs to be constructed differently because the EMCP is no longer: (1) the price of the next available unit of electricity; or (2) the price paid by all loads. The conventional calculation of EMCP was desig...

In the distribution system, customers have increasingly use renewable energy sources and battery energy storage systems (BESS), transforming traditional loads into active prosumers. Therefore, methodologies are needed to provide prosumers with tools to optimize their investments and increase business opportunities. In this paper, a stochastic mixed...

In this paper, we present a data obfuscation technique for smart meter data based on additive correlated noise. This noise is used to mask the data transmitted by different users to a third party, resulting in protection against eavesdroppers, but at the same time enabling the accurate recovery of statistics of the original data for use by the ener...

In this paper, we show that a group of Demand Response (DR) providing customers will benefit by transferring into a cooperative. While the benefit of aggregation is definite when unconstrained, this paper is devoted to studying benefits of a DR cooperative with a nonlinear piecewise objective function of minimizing net cost comprising energy charge...

This study presents a new market‐driven and transparent pricing mechanism for demand response (DR) that ensures social welfare is maximised. The existing methods have DR priced at the electricity market clearing price (EMCP), where the EMCP is determined in a market solely comprised of aggregated generator price bids and demand bids. DR supply bids...

Large customers in many electric distribution utilities must enter into demand contracts for the ensuing year for defining contracted demand. Customer demand charge equals contracted demand billed at contracted tariff if the peak demand is less than the contracted demand, and, if not, the excess is billed at the uncontracted tariff. Both scenarios...

This paper uses artificial neural networks (ANNs) based ensemble machine learning for improving short-term electricity load forecasting. Unlike existing methods, the proposed technique combines both bagging and boosting to train bagged-boosted ANNs. The combination consists of training an ensemble of multiple ANN models in parallel and averaging th...

—Electrical energy storage (EES) can improve the flexibility and reliability of electric power systems. At the same time, they can supply different ancillary services. The profit of the energy storage operation can be maximized by deciding the best level of each service. Merchant-owned facilities require a profitmaximizing formulation for grid-conn...

Power of a constant impedance load is proportional to the square of bus voltage magnitude. A solution space for equations that includes power, such as a set of equations of bus power balance, when constructed by variables that represents square of bus voltage magnitudes, has lower order terms, behaves better and is less nonlinear. Such a solution s...

This paper aims to highlight and enhance the tool called Computation and Valuation of Full Potentials (CVFP) for use in an electrical multi- sources microgrid (diesel generator, PV, grid connection and batteries energy storage system - BESS) to be installed in a medium voltage consumer unit. To this end, social, techno-economic, environmental and p...

Usually independent system operators (ISOs) procure demand response (DR) services using a non-competitive incentive-based process. Further, DR payments are divided into capacity and performance payments without a scientific basis. Volatility in market clearing price may arise for a multitude of reasons such as demand outstripping scheduled generati...

Energy storage systems can provide a series of benefits to improve the operation flexibility and reliability of electric power systems, but their size and placement in the power system are critical to achieving expected benefits. An optimal ES sizing and siting study is presented in this paper. The formulation considers long-term economic benefits...

Hydrogen-based (Hydrail) railway vehicles are rising as a solution that decreases the environmental impact caused by carbon emissions from diesel engines and at the same time avoids the enormous capital costs associated with direct electrification of rail lines. This paper introduces new techno-economic models for the inclusion of Hydrail in electr...

The purpose of optimal power flow (OPF) is to optimise an objective function subject to a set of operating constraints. It remains an active research area because of using the bus-wise power balance equations, which leads to a non-linear solution space, resulting in OPF yielding local optimal solutions, thereby causing significant economic loss. In...

A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: Voltage stability Optimal power flow Line-wise power flow Voltage collapse index A B S T R A C T Ensuring the voltage stability of power systems is one of the main goals of operators and researchers. The incorporation of voltage stability with optimal power flow (OPF) has received a great deal of attention in the pas...

The purpose of optimal power flow (OPF) is to optimize a chosen objective function subject to a set of operating constraints. The set of bus-wise power balance equations, which are based upon bus voltage magnitudes, are usually included in the set of operating constraints. It remains an active area of research. One of the reasons behind this intere...

Optimal power flow (OPF) is an important power systems optimization tool. However, due to the inherent nonlinearity of the solution space, OPF methods may yield a local optimal solution, leading to economic loss. For this reason, OPF remains a major research topic. Changing power balance equations can change the solution space, alter solution time,...

Electricity jurisdictions procure generation capacity requirements competitively which maintains investment flows into the electricity system infrastructure. The capacity market auction is one of such competitive capacity procurement methods. It is challenging to consider energy storage (ES) capacity offers in capacity markets due to complex capaci...

The Distribution System Asset (DSA) planning process involves a comparison of several plans followed by the selection of the least costly one. The costs comprise the cost of new assets and their replacements, operation and maintenance costs, as well as reliability costs. DSA planning tools have been used for distribution utilities for decades, so t...

Voltage collapse is phenomenon where voltage collapses at one or more busses due to lack of reactive power characterized by a decrease in voltage with increase in reactive power injection and voltage drop in connected lines due to large power flows. Bus-wise power balance equations, solved using Newton-Raphson (NR) technique, are widely used to ana...

This paper presents a study of the impact of the electric vehicle (EV) charger load on the capacity of distribution feeders and transformers of an urban utility. A residential neighborhood of the city of Toronto, Canada, is selected to perform the study based on survey results that showed a high tendency for EV adoption. The two most loaded distrib...

Large distributed generators (DGs) are usually connected to medium voltage (MV, typically up to 50 kV) feeders directly. Their anti-islanding protections mainly rely on transfer trips from upstream substations through communication media, which are expensive and time-consuming because of infrastructure. This paper presents a local anti-islanding pr...

This paper presents an improved technique for short-term electric load forecasting making use of boosted neural networks (BooNN). The BooNN consist of combining a set of artificial neural networks (ANNs) trained iteratively. At each iteration, the error between the estimated output from the ANN model trained in the previous iteration and the target...

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) technology equips the transmitters with the multiple antennas. It can combine with Energy Harvesting (EH) to lift the spectrum efficiency and make use of a greener energy resource. A power grid is added to serve as a supplementary source to regulate the not-so-stable harvested energy supply of the system. Besid...

Smart Grid Technologies are set to transform electric power systems and energy storage is a key tools that will enable this transformation. Energy storage provides innumerable services such as energy arbitrage, frequency regulation, transmission and distribution system deferral, etc. In electric power systems, asset procurement is based upon invest...

Large distributed generators such as solar farms and wind farms are usually connected to medium voltage feeders. The anti-islanding protection for medium-voltage (typically up to 50 kV) DG relies on the transfer trip from transformer station. This paper presents a local anti-islanding protection relay as a backup for transfer trip in case of failur...

As one of the green energy resources, the technique of energy harvesting harnesses energy from its surrounding environment. In this setting, a power grid is also utilized to serve as a supplementary source to regulate the not-so-stable harvested energy supply of the system. The power allocated to the user(s) from the sum of the harvested energy and...

For the demand side management (DSM), the elastic power loads can be scheduled to achieve load balancing and to minimize the fluctuation of the overall load. In a process of power supply, the inelastic power loads can be regarded as a group of parameters. Then the demand response (DR) can be utilized to realize the optimal allocation of the elastic...

Smart Radial Distribution Systems (SRDS) of the future will have improved reliability, performance and flexibility in operation by using algorithms such as optimal reconfiguration in real-time in their distribution management systems. However, today, optimal reconfiguration algorithms are largely academic because of challenges such as they (1) depe...

Lithium-ion Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are to be the next household electrical appliance in a smart grid environment. This is beside the growth of electrical vehicles with lithium-ion batteries. However, these batteries are yet to prove their performances in the household sector. This paper presents the performances of a small household...

This paper presents an optimization-based solution to the problem of offline parameter identification in crystalline silicon photovoltaic (PV) modules. An objective function representing the difference between computed and targeted performance is minimized using global heuristic optimization algorithms. The targeted performance signifies the values...

Microgrids are unique in that they can combine unbalanced three-phase systems with other AC and DC network sections, which may include a range of renewable energy sources, energy storage elements, and controllable AC-DC converters. Existing unbalanced power flow techniques such as the Ladder Iterative Technique and the three-phase Newton-Raphson (N...

In some mature power systems located in densely populated areas, an increase in demand and supply is resulting in very high short-circuit levels that are either too close to or over the safe breaker operating limits. Fault current limiters (FCLs) built with advanced materials and methods are a potent solution in this situation wherein an in-line FC...

Unintentional islanding detection is a primary requirement for the interconnection of synchronous distributed generators (DGs). For this purpose, voltage and frequency-based relays are largely employed due to their low cost and simplicity However, these devices are not totally reliable due to their associated nondetection zone (NDZ). The NDZ is an...

With the rapid increase of wind penetration in power systems, researchers have looked at various consequences of wind integration. Short-circuit current contribution of wind generators is one of these concerns. Numerous studies have been carried out with different models of wind generators to plan and operate power systems accounting short-circuit...

The renewable energy sources are become an alternative for conventional power generating stations. Currently, in Canada 16.9% of total primary energy supply is met by the renewable energy sources. However, there is an increasing concern over renewable energy sources in power system due to its highly intermittent nature. This may cause problems such...

Next generation Smart Grids are expected to integrate energy storage systems to improve performance, operational efficiency, reliability, increased asset utilization, renewable integration, etc. Energy storage systems using Lithium-ion batteries show a promise for power system applications due to characteristics such as high energy density, efficie...

Wind energy is a key portion of most clean and green energy strategy. However, wind energy is intermittent and uncertain. This uncertainty poses a techno-economic challenge of sourcing the least costing load balancing service (reserve). This paper looks to develop solutions for this challenge. Currently the system unbalance caused by the wind power...

In this paper we present improved short-term load forecasting using bagged neural networks (BNNs). The BNNs consist of creating multiple sets of data by sampling randomly with replacement, training a neural network on each data set, and averaging the results obtained from each trained neural network. The bagging process reduces estimation errors an...

In a deregulated power market with increasing penetration of distributed generators and renewable sources, energy storage becomes a necessity. Renewable energy sources are characterized by a fluctuating and intermittent nature, which simply means that energy may be available when it is not needed, and vice versa. Energy storage devices can help rec...

In this study, the authors study the problem of smart meter deployment optimisation for appliance load monitoring, that is, to monitor a number of devices without any ambiguity using the minimum number of low-cost smart meters. The importance of this problem is due to the fact that the number of meters should be reduced to decrease the deployment c...

The paper presents a technique for parameter estimation of photovoltaic (PV) modules from datasheet information. The manufacturer normally provides open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, maximum power, and voltage at maximum power under the standard test conditions (STC). The four datasheet values represent the targeted performance of the mod...

Tremendous attention has been paid to wind energy. This renewable source of clean energy has become very appealing to investors, engineers, and environmentalists. From the power system operations perspective, the uncertain nature of wind power poses serious challenges. To reduce the effect of wind power uncertainty, a reserve procurement methodolog...

This paper presents an investigation on the impact of solar panels (SPs) on the power quality of distribution networks and transformers. Both solar farms and residential rooftop SP are modeled with the distribution network according to Canadian Utility data. Total harmonic distortion of voltages and currents on both sides of the distribution transf...

Energy policies worldwide are mandating large-scale integration of solar panel (SP) generators with inverters on distribution systems. This causes several SPs to be connected to a distribution transformer. The SP and its interfacing inverter alter the performance characteristics of the transformer. In addition, when new sources and loads are connec...

In this paper, we propose a solution to the problem of scheduling of a smart home appliance operation in a given time range. In addition to power-consuming appliances, we adopt a photovoltaic (PV) panel as a power-producing appliance that acts as a micro-grid. An appliance operation is modeled in terms of uninterruptible sequence phases, given in a...

The increasing capacity of power systems and the continuing growth in interconnections within transmission networks to improve the reliability may cause the short-circuit fault current level of the equipment in the system, including the existing circuit breakers, to exceed their rated capacities. Therefore, the equipment must be either upgraded or...

Wind energy is intermittent and uncertain. This uncertainty creates additional risk in the day-ahead 24-h dispatch schedule. Wind speed can be forecasted for the next 24-h and hourly power forecasts can be best described using probabilistic models. Security and risk constrained probabilistic unit co