Ashok K Dutt

• University of Akron

No one is a born criminal; even if someone has the questionable 'crime-related gene', it is primarily one's environment and experiences that induce criminal conduct. Cruel and loveless upbringing, social and economic deprivation, a physically dilapidated and gang-infested neighborhood, hostile atmosphere in the house, crimeridden historic tradition...

Facets of Social Geography: International and Indian Perspectives provides a breadth of information on the nature, scope, history and evolution of social geography along with a good representation of approaches and techniques used in this field. It discusses both conceptual and empirical approaches, and traditional and emergent social geography the...

Urban malaria has become an important issue in the overall strategies in the control/eradication of malaria in India. This chapter highlights the fact that unplanned and haphazard developmental activities have resulted in deteriorating urban environments, which in turn have created conducive breeding areas for certain malaria vectors such as Anophe...

This highly topical book provides an in-depth account of the South Asian experience with the deadly disease that has held this region hostage for millennia. The book touches specifically on the resurgence of malaria experienced in the second half of the twentieth century, which occurred just a few years after malaria was thought to have been virtua...

Malaria remains one of the worst killers in the world today and is the cause of even greater suffering in human, social, and economic terms. This chapter seeks to introduce the reader to various facets of this age-old disease, including malaria disease ecology, the course of malaria occurrence and diffusion over the ages, and the various traditiona...

Bangladesh has had a long history of malaria occurrence. During the British era, malaria mapping was first initiated by Bentley in 1916; the west central part of the country being moribund had the greatest concentration of malaria. There-after, during the Second World War large-scale anti-malaria activities were carried on using DDT. By the 1970s m...

Environmental conditions and malaria occurrence have a strong relation with each other in Sri Lanka. The wet zone in southwestern Sri Lanka is relatively malaria free since water logging is minimal, partly because of the steep slopes. Using 1972–1976 data on malaria occurrence, this study reveals that malaria did not establish a foothold in the wet...

This chapter highlights the ways in which urban malaria in India continued to be a source of great concern to the government, health planners, and related officials all the way into the early 1990s. It updates the scenarios described and analyzed in the previous chapter up to the year 1997, the latest year of the twentieth century for which urban m...

South Asia is a cohesive region and yet diverse, both in terms of physical and socio-cultural environments. This concluding chapter summarizes these similarities and variations in the context of malaria occurrence and specifically highlights common challenges such as the ever-conducive climate and the threat of climate change, cultural practices, s...

If the 19th century was the century of Europe and the 20th century that of North America, then it is probable that the 21st century will be the century of Asia. At the same time, it is likely that problems associated with urbanization will be more severe in Asia than elsewhere because of the continuing rapid growth of its cities. The critical natur...

A plague episode in Surat in 1994, and its spread to other cities in India, lasted only a little over 2 weeks, but it created an unprecedented panic that had global repercussions. At first, the Surat hospital doctors could not diagnose the disease, but when they did, immediate intervention, in the form of preventation and treatment (administration...

ABSTRACT Planning in the Netherlands is practiced at National, Provincial, and Municipal levels. Regional approach to planning has also been given recognition at the macro- and micro-levels. Industrial stimulation to the less developed areas constitute the main content of macrolevel regional planning, whereas comprehensive approach forms the essenc...

st th The 21 century is the century of Asia in the same way the 20 century was of America. In terms of urbanization challenges Asia in the current century is faced with an enormous surge of urban population and the associated problems of rural –urban migration, overcrowding, proliferation of slums, housing shortage, growing unempl- ment and underem...

Singapore, Southeast Asia’s most prosperous country, has attained a level of development unmatched by any other equatorial country in the world. Singapore’s progress negates the outdated theories of environmental determinism, such as that of Huntington, which states that the hot, tropical, and equatorial regions of the world are not suited for mode...

Of all the mainland countries of Southeast Asia, Laos is the least populated and militarily least powerful.1 It is also the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia, as it is surrounded by other countries and does not have an oceanic outlet. Though the Gulf of Tonkin is only 40 miles (64 km) east of its nearest border, it does not have any rail or...

National economic planning plays a major role in the process of economic development in both developed and developing countries. Developing countries began to implement national planning immediately after World War II because it was widely believed that if the developing nations grew without any national or state planning that their pace of growth...

Thailand is the only country in Southeast Asia with a 2,000-year long history of monarchy, in which the monarchy is still in place today. Though the power of the king has been severely reduced since the revolution in 1932, the King retains his symbolic position. The Kingdom of Thailand, as it is called, was influenced by Indian Hindu and Mahayana B...

Cambodia, with near circular shape, is a perfect example of a compact country (Fig. 10–1). Generally a compact country has great political cohesiveness, but its limited road and railroad network accessibility and long-drawn civil wars are impediments to its unity. It contains several physical units; Elephant and Cardamom mountains to the southwest,...

The city-size distribution has been a major topic of discussion among social scientists. There are three types of city-size distributions-central place, rank-size, and primate city. When the ranks of cities, arranged in descending order with rank one given to the largest city, are plotted against their populations in a double logarithmic graph, a r...

The pace of urbanization varies throughout the world. Developed countries experienced rapid urban growth during and after the Industrial Revolution, while developing countries are currently in the throes of a great urban transformation (Gugler, 1988:1). During the last three decades, urbanization in Korea as an outcome of economic modernization, si...

A city is a product of its history, economic functions and cultural heritage. Specific factors of site, such as small scale topographic features, modify the form of the city. In Asia, cities have grown over several thousands of years in different cultural, physiographic, and economic settings and therefore, reflect diverse characteristics. Thus, it...

During the last three decades, Southeast Asia has become one of the most economically dynamic realms in the world as a result of the success of a number of countries and the increased role of ASEAN in the world economy (Martin, 1988:6). In the past, Southeast Asia had played a peripheral role in the world economy by providing raw materials and it w...

Only 27% of India’s population resides in urban areas (World Development Report, 1992), but these urban centers contain the bulk of the nation’s commerce, retail, manufacturing, processing, construction, recreation, entertainment, education, administration and service industries, such as banking and finance institutions. All these functions make th...

The incredible rate of increase in the world population and an even faster growth of towns, cities, and urban agglomerations has taken place only recently. However, humans have lived in settlement clusters of sufficient sizes to be called “urban” for at least 5,500 years. Whitehouse(1977:31) pointed out: that there were towns in the third millenniu...

This chapter examines the geographical location of poor rural migrants to the city who settle on the sidewalks of major roads. Settlement patterns of the urban poor have always been of interest to social scientists for economic, political, and social reasons. From a geographical perspective this chapter analyzes sidewalk squatters. A city in any de...

Spatial patterns of retail and other commercial facilities arise directly out of the locational decisions of the distributors of retail goods and services and of the customers they serve. The clustering and dispersal of such establishments allow a certain pattern. Several theories have noted that some classes of retail establishments tend to cluste...

China and India are the globe’s two most heavily populated nations, accounting for almost half of the world’s population. Together they also possess a substantial number of the world’s million-plus cities: 25 in China1 and 23 in India (Dutt and Sen, 1992). The absolute number of urban population in both countries is extremely high, 262 million in C...

In The Asian City the Asian urbanisation processes, nature and characteristics of the 1990s have been analyzed by countries, by comparing different countries and in an international context. The authors are urban specialists from four continents. This volume has been divided into six parts: Part I Urbanisation in an international context; Part II C...

The motivation of alluring foreign investment is an important landmark of post Mao's economic policies, and has made a great contribution to China's current economic growth. One of the major types of foreign investments in the People's Republic of China has been Foreign Joint Ventures (FJVs). Analysis of FJVs helps us understand the impacts of Chin...

This study identifies the daily activity pattern of a city slum in Calcutta and analyzes the socio-economic correlates and proposes activity pattern models. The study area, Tangra slum is located in a low-lying poorly drained area where cheap land has led to the development of a large number of factories, and a cattle slaughter house; places of emp...

This paper is an analysis of the historical change in city size distribution in India from the perspectives provided by Zipf and Jefferson. Rank-size distribution at national level and primate city-size distribution at regional levels are examined. India's national urban system is gradually evolving towards Zipf's rank-size distribution. But primat...

Poland has a relatively higher proportion of households as compared to number of housing units available. The distortions in housing stock have increased in Poland since the 1960s and 1970s as deficits remained very high and the demand increased in Poland while other socialist nations of eastern Europe reduced their housing deficits. Housing is imp...

The low availability of housing has increased in Poland since the 1960s, while other socialist nations of eastern Europe reduced their housing shortages. Housing is important irrespective of the economic system of the country, whether socialist or non-socialist. In a socialist economy housing is heavily subsidized to meet the minimal requirements f...

Belgium, a small and prosperous nation of 30,540 sq km (11,781 sq mi) located in northwestern Europe (Figure 1.1), is densely populated with nearly 10,000,000 inhabitants in 1991. The national political system is a constitutional monarchy within a quasi-federal system based in large part on language. French and Dutch are the two languages of the na...

Belgium is a small country, but its planning traditions are rooted in a heritage which has been greatly enriched by its central location in the West European community of nations. Medieval, Renaissance and industrial age planning and urban design gave Belgium many examples of architectural masterpieces especially in the city centers. During the pos...

A multi-variate analysis applying factor analysis for 353 Chinese cities based on 1986 data culminated in a three-factor solution. The elite factor, consisting of five indices in science, education, health care, communication and urbanization, is spread out all over the country. The high values of the investment priority factor, encompassing three...

Warsaw was heavily damaged during World War II. Post-War socialist reconstruction emphasized public multi-family housing. A 1987 survey revealed that about one-third of Warsaw residents lived in single-family units, though most expressed their preferences to live in single family houses free from noise pollution and in an aesthetically acceptable e...

Patterns of city growth and urban development in Asia are similar to those in other parts of the world, but the demographic magnitude of the Asian urban transformations is not. This volume is an outgrowth of a major conference on Asian urbanization held in April 1985. The contributors examine national urbanization trends, regional and metropolitan...

For centuries, it has been taken for granted that social and economic development in China has an east-west spread, or from the coast to the interior. Even though a tremendous effort was made by the socialist government for thirty years (1949-1978) on rectifying this unhealthy imbalance, most people hold the belief that the spatial patterns of Chin...

Patterns of city growth and urban development in Asia are similar to those in other parts of the world, but the demographic magnitude of the Asian urban transformations is not. This volume is an outgrowth of a major conference on Asian urbanization held in April 1985. The contributors examine national urbanization trends, regional and metropolitan...

All the papers concentrate on the relationships between planning ideas and government framework on the one hand and planning procedures and the changing economic and social issues on the other. They also discuss ideas about the role of planning in the 1980s in Western Europe. Describes the evolution of the planning system as a response to the fragm...

Data on incidence of AIDS between 1981 and 1986 from the U.S. Centers for Disease Control are analyzed geographically. Nationwide and regional patterns by source groups, gender, race, age cohorts, and survival rates in the United States are emphasized. Some elements like association of AIDS incidence by source display distinct regional variations,...

The following conclusions can be made based on the survey and analysis of physicians in Summit and Portage counties for 1980:1. a) Considering Summit and Portage counties as a whole, there is no shortage of primary health care physicians. Based on this analysis, it can be concluded that no additional primary health care physicians are needed for th...

This study examines twenty-three variables for 388 Indian districts with data, segregated by sex and grouped in urban and rural categories. Variables strongly correlating with urban districts include high female/male ratio, population density, female literacy, and household workers. A model shows a rural-urban continuum.

No studies have been published of noise variation in Indian cities and very few investigations of the phenomenon have been made anywhere. Using a set of six recording sites, arbitrarily chosen to reflect different land uses, population densities, traffic and pedestrian volumes and residential characteristics, we have recorded noise levels throughou...

Though Indian languages have roots in five racial groups — Negroids, Austrics, Mongoloids, Caucasoid Dravidians and Caucasoid Aryans — it is the last two groups that dominate the country. Sanskrit based Aryan languages of the North and Dravidian languages of the South have derived their scripts from a common source — the 3rd and 2nd century BC Brah...

No studies have been published of noise variation in Indian cities and very few investigations of the phenomenon have been made anywhere. Using a set of six recording sites, arbitrarily chosen to reflect different land uses, population densities, traffic and pedestrian volumes and residential characteristics, we have recorded noise levels throughou...

An analysis of inter-city patterns of crime in India was undertaken. Using data for fourteen different types of crime and for 99 cities, standard correlation techniques were used to analyze the inter-relationships between different types of crime and the spatial distribution of these types. Factor analysis was applied to regionalize crime groups. A...

The spatial aspects of marriage in two Sikh villages in the Indian state of Punjab are investigated with the findings compared to earlier sudies in other parts of India. One village had experienced the Green Revolution, hut the second had not. A radius of roughly 25 miles demarcates the limit of over 80% of marriage interaction in both villages, an...

The People's Republic of China has sought, since its inception in 1949, to develop through economic planning at the national level rather than rely on traditional free market mechanisms. This paper examines the changing characteristics of this economic planning over time, including the shifting balance between centralizing and decentralizing polici...

Malaria has plagued India since antiquity. In the 20th century both man-made and physical environments have contributed to the establishment of different malaria intensity zones. A 1948-Malaria Distribution Map of India indicated Malaria-free, Endemic and Variable Endemic zones. The Malaria-free zone was associated with higher elevations, e.g. the...

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