Arthur N Popper

University of Maryland, College Park | UMD, UMCP, University of Maryland College Park · Department of Biology

For over 50 years, Richard R. (Dick) Fay made major contributions to our understanding of vertebrate hearing. Much of Dick's work focused on hearing in fishes and, particularly, goldfish, as well as a few other species, in a substantial body of work on sound localization mechanisms. However, Dick's focus was always on using his studies to try and u...

Studies of the effects of sounds from underwater explosions on fishes have not included examination of potential effects on the ear. Caged Pacific mackerel ( Scomber japonicus) located at seven distances (between approximately 35 and 800 m) from a single detonation of 4.5 kg of C4 explosives were exposed. After fish were recovered from the cages, t...

Underwater explosions from activities such as construction, demolition, and military activities can damage non-auditory tissues in fishes. To better understand these effects, Pacific mackerel ( Scomber japonicus) were placed in mid-depth cages with water depth of approximately 19.5 m and exposed at distances of 21 to 807 m to a single mid-depth det...

Zebrafish, like all fish species, use sound to learn about their environment. Thus, human-generated (anthropogenic) sound added to the environment has the potential to disrupt the detection of biologically relevant sounds, alter behavior, impact fitness, and produce stress and other effects that can alter the well-being of animals. This review cons...

No PDF available ABSTRACT There are substantial knowledge gaps regarding both the bioacoustics and the responses of animals to sounds associated with pre-construction, construction, and operations of offshore wind (OSW) energy development. A workgroup of the 2020 State of the Science Workshop on Wildlife and Offshore Wind Energy recommended priorit...

There are substantial knowledge gaps regarding both the bioacoustics and the responses of animals to sounds associated with pre-construction, construction, and operations of offshore wind (OSW) energy development. A workgroup of the 2020 State of the Science Workshop on Wildlife and Offshore Wind Energy identified studies for the next five years to...

Investigators working with fish bioacoustics used to refer to fishes that have a narrow hearing bandwidth and poor sensitivity as “hearing generalists” (or “non-specialists”), while fishes that could detect a wider hearing bandwidth and had greater sensitivity were referred to as specialists. However, as more was learned about fish hearing mechanis...

This report is one outcome from a broader effort to review the state of knowledge regarding offshore wind energy development's effects on wildlife and identify short-term research priorities to improve our understanding of cumulative biological impacts as the offshore wind industry develops in the eastern United States. This effort, titled State of...

Hearing, as defined by numerous investigators of vertebrate hearing, involves not only detection of a sound, but the ability to respond to the sound behaviourally. Thus, in order to understand what a fish (or any animal) hears, it is important to use behavioural methods that allow an animal to “tell the investigator” which sounds are detected and w...

This paper reviews the nature of substrate vibration within aquatic environments where seismic interface waves may travel along the surface of the substrate, generating high levels of particle motion. There are, however, few data on the ambient levels of particle motion close to the seabed and within the substrates of lakes and rivers. Nor is there...

Part of the Springer Handbook of Auditory Research book series (SHAR, volume 73). This volume provides an up-to-date reference on the developments and novel ideas in the field of binaural hearing. The primary readership for the volume are specialists in the diverse fields such as psychoacoustics, neuroscience, engineering, psychology, audiology,...

Downstream movements of some freshwater fishes, including eels, are adversely affected by the presence of hydroelectric structures and other anthropic factors. It is important to consider ways of influencing the movements of such fishes to ensure that their populations are protected and their abundance not detrimentally affected. It is especially i...

The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) is among the commercially most important fish species in the world. Since sound plays such an important role in the lives of Atlantic cod and its related species, understanding of their bioacoustics is of great importance. Moreover, since cod are amenable to studies of hearing, especially in open bodies of water, the...

No PDF available ABSTRACT Combined, we have known Peter Narins for well over 120 years. We take great pleasure in honoring an “old” and greatly valued colleague and friend. We start by pointing out that none of us have done research with Peter, but that each off us knows, admires, and greatly values his work. For over 40 years, Peter's interdiscipl...

Collaboration is integral to most scientific research today, and it has certainly been important in my career and for my career path. However, not all collaborations are “equal”. Most, in fact, are short term or transient, with collaborators working on one project and then moving on to other projects and perhaps other collaborations. There are, how...

The effects of anthropogenic (man-made) underwater sound on aquatic life have become an important environmental issue. One of the focal ways to present and to share knowledge on the topic has been the international conference on The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life (“Aquatic Noise”). The conferences have brought together people from diverse interes...

Anthropogenic (man-made) sound has the potential to harm marine biota. Increasing concerns about these effects have led to regulation and mitigation, despite there being few data on which to base environmental management, especially for fishes and invertebrates. We argue that regulation and mitigation should always be developed by looking at potent...

Explosions from activities such as construction, demolition, and military activities are increasingly encountered in the underwater soundscape. However, there are few scientifically rigorous data on the effects of underwater explosions on aquatic animals, including fishes. Thus, there is a need for data on potential effects on fishes collected simu...

Underwater sounds from human sources can have detrimental effects upon aquatic animals, including fishes. Thus, it is important to establish sound exposure criteria for fishes, setting out those levels of sound from different sources that have detrimental effects upon them, in order to support current and future protective regulations. This paper c...

This volume provides comprehensive, integrative, and comparative perspectives on birdsong and underscores the importance of birdsong research to behavioral and systems neuroscience, evolutionary biology, and biomedical research. Scaling the Levels of Birdsong Analysis Jon T. Sakata and Sarah C. Woolley Neural Circuits Underlying Vocal Learning in...

This volume provides contemporary discussions on new developments in aging research. It serves as an important update on the current state of research on the aging auditory system. Listening to All Voices: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Understanding Hearing in Aging Karen S. Helfer and Edward L. Bartlett Genetic and Molecular Aspects of the Aging...

The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life took place in Den Haag, the Netherlands, in July 2019. The potential effects on animals ranging from plankton, shrimps, crabs, and lobsters, to fishes, seals, dolphins, and whales were discussed. Reported effects include behavioral responses, auditory masking, cardiac rate changes, stress, a temporary loss of he...

Fishes use a variety of sensory systems to learn about their environments and to communicate. Of the various senses, hearing plays a particularly important role for fishes in providing information, often from great distances, from all around these animals. This information is in all three spatial dimensions, often overcoming the limitations of othe...

This book provides a comparative perspective on the topic of electroreception and reviews some of the fundamental insights gained from studies of electrosensory and electromotor systems to understand how the nervous system extracts biologically relevant information from the natural environment A Brief History of Electrogenesis and Electroreception...

Anthropogenic activities are subject to a wide range of environmental regulations. Decision makers must rapidly synthesize scientific research to properly assess potential impacts. To assist this need, the University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography teamed with Marine Acoustics, Inc. on the Discovery of Sound in the Sea (DOSITS) proj...

Auditory behavior, perception, and cognition are all shaped by information from other sensory systems. This volume examines this multi-sensory view of auditory function at levels of analysis ranging from the single neuron to neuroimaging in human clinical populations. Visual Influence on Auditory Perception Adrian K.C. Lee and Mark T. Wallace Cue C...

The Present, Past, and Future of Timbre Research Kai Siedenburg, Charalampos Saitis, and Stephen McAdams The Perceptual Representation of Timbre Stephen McAdams Timbre Recognition and Sound Source Identification Trevor R. Agus, Clara Suied, and Daniel Pressnitzer Memory for Timbre Kai Siedenburg and Daniel Müllensiefen The Semantics of Timbre C...

Directional hearing may enable fishes to seek out prey, avoid predators, find mates, and detect important spatial cues. Early sound localization experiments gave negative results, and it was thought unlikely that fishes utilized the same direction-finding mechanisms as terrestrial vertebrates. However, fishes swim towards underwater sound sources,...

Underwater sound used for anthropogenic activities is reviewed and restricted under a variety of environmental regulations. Decision makers must often synthesize rapidly new scientific research results to inform their assessments of potential impacts of proposed projects. To assist this need, the University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceano...

Sound provides animals with a means of rapid, directional, and long-distance communication. It also provides animals with a “gestalt” view of their environment by giving an acoustic image of the world that often extends far beyond what is available from other senses. Thus, sound is highly relevant for fishes, and any interference with the ability t...

The world is full of sounds of abiotic and biotic origin, and animals may use those sounds to gain information about their surrounding environment. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the presence of man-made sounds has the potential to undermine the ability of animals to exploit useful environmental sounds. This volume provides an over...

Awareness of fish sound production dates back to ancient times, and concern about effects of man-made sounds on fishes can be traced back at least to the mid 17th century. By the end of the 19th century, the morphology of the fish ear had been well described, but experimental studies of the hearing characteristics did not begin until the early 1900...

This paper considers the importance of particle motion to fishes and invertebrates and the steps that need to be taken to improve knowledge of its effects. It is aimed at scientists investigating the impacts of sounds on fishes and invertebrates but it is also relevant to regulators, those preparing environmental impact assessments, and to industri...

This SHAR volume serves to expand, supplement, and update the original "Cochlea" volume in the series. The book aims to highlight the power of diverse modern approaches in cochlear research by focusing on advances in those fields over the last two decades. It also provides insights into where cochlear research is going, including new hearing prosth...

Previous studies exploring injury response to pile driving in fishes presented exposure paradigms (>900 strikes) that emulated circumstances where fish would not leave an area being ensonified. Those studies did not, however, address the question of how many strikes are needed before injuries appear. Thus, the number of strikes paired with a consta...

Anthropogenic underwater sounds can impact aquatic life. Adherence to the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA), the Endangered Species Act (ESA), and the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) requires a risk assessment of the potential effects from underwaternoise. Procedures for evaluating the risk to marine mammals (MMPA)...

The high intensity controlled impedance fluid filled wave tube (HICI-FT) was used to expose fishes, in the laboratory, to impulsive sound signals under controlled conditions. Fish species were exposed to pile driving signals under different experimental paradigms, followed by detailed investigations of their physiological tissue response (aka, baro...

The structures of inner ears were compared between six species of Macrouridae (grenadiers and rattails) that live at different ocean depths ranging from 200 to 5000 meters. The goal of this comparison is to find out if there are structural differences in their inner ears related to the depth of habitat. The size of the saccular otolith relative to...

Together, we represent more than 100 years of research on various aspects of fish bioacoustics, starting with basic work on hearing, and continuing today in our individual and joint work on effects of man-made sound on aquatic animals. Over the course of our careers, we have had the honor of knowing, and in some cases working with, many of the true...

The inner ear of fishes is basically very similar to that of other vertebrates, including mammals, and is made up of three semicircular canals and three otolithic end organs. The major sensory structure of the ear is the morphologically and physiologically polarized sensory hair cell. The hair cells are organized into various orientation patterns o...

This volume presents a set of essays that discuss the development and plasticity of the vertebrate auditory system. The topic is one that has been considered before in the Springer Handbook of Auditory Research (volume 9 in 1998, and volume 23 in 2004) but the field has grown substantially and it is appropriate to bring previous material up to date...

Primate Hearing and Communication provides unique insights into the evolution of hearing and communication in primates, including humans. · Introduction to Primate Hearing and Communication Marissa A. Ramsier and Rolf M. Quam · The Primate Peripheral Auditory System and the Evolution of Primate Hearing SirpaNummela · Primate Audition: Reception, Pe...

The Auditory System at the Cocktail Party is a rather whimsical title that points to the very serious challenge faced by listeners in most everyday environments: how to hear out sounds of interest amid a cacophony of competing sounds. The volume presents the mechanisms for bottom-up object formation and top-down object selection that the auditory s...

This volume will cover a variety of topics, including child language development; hearing loss; listening in noise; statistical learning; poverty; auditory processing disorder; cochlear neuropathy; attention; and aging. It will appeal broadly to auditory scientists—and in fact, any scientist interested in the biology of human communication and lear...

Air guns used in oil industry seismic surveys have the capacity to change fish catch rates, but no previous work has demonstrated this effect in shallow water or in Arctic oilfields. Long-term monitoring of fish catches using four fyke nets allowed assessment of changes in catch rates during a 2014 seismic survey in Prudhoe Bay, Alaska. Fyke net lo...

Harbors can be noisy places. While some sounds are natural, there is often a cacophony of transient and continuous man-made sound from boating, shipping, construction, bridge traffic, near-by roadways, tunnels, etc. The question is whether these sounds potentially interfere with the behavior of resident and transient fish and invertebrate populatio...

This study examined the effects of exposure to a single acoustic pulse from a seismic airgun array on caged endangered pallid sturgeon (Scaphirhynchus albus) and on paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) in Lake Sakakawea (North Dakota, USA). The experiment was designed to detect the onset of physiological responses including minor to mortal injuries. Expe...

One of the “problems” in working with aquatic animals is that they are not nearly as easy to observe in the field and study in the lab as terrestrial animals. At the same time, there are basic principles of hearing and sound communication, as well as potential effects on animals, that most certainly hold true across species and across different env...

The Discovery of Sound in the Sea (DOSITS) project has produced a comprehensive set of resources on underwater sound. Over the last 14 years, the project has increased the diversity of digital platforms used to meet its objective of communicating accurate, peer-reviewed science to diverse audiences. Since the DOSITS website (www.dosits.org) was lau...

The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life is an international conference series that was started by Arthur N. Popper and Anthony D. Hawkins in Nyborg, Denmark, in 2007. Volume 27 of POMA brings together articles based on many of the presentations at the fourth conference that took place in Dublin, Ireland, 2016. Underwater noise from pile driving, seism...

Research on underwater sound is critical for understanding potential acoustic impacts to marine life. However, such research can be challenging, requiring complex, multidisciplinary approaches. Research results often reach the public through popular media, but these sources sometimes contain misinformation or oversimplify results. To provide a scie...

Outcomes from a 2013 international workshop focused on regulatory issues related to the effects of underwater sound on marine fauna are discussed herein, along with the results of a subsequent needs assessment of the regulatory community conducted by the Discovery of Sound in the Sea project team. Workshop topics included the regulation of anthropo...

A critical concern with respect to marine animal acoustics is the issue of hearing “sensitivity,” as it is widely used as a criterion for the onset of noise-induced effects. Important aspects of research on sensitivity to sound by marine animals include: uncertainties regarding how well these species detect and respond to different sounds; the mask...

On May 23, 2016 several of Richard R. (Dick) Fay's friends, colleagues, and former students presented papers at a Special Session (1pAB, Comparative Hearing-Honoring Dick Fay) of the 171st ASA meeting in Salt Lake City celebrating Dick's many achievements. The session was sponsored by the Animal Bioacoustics and Psychological and Physiological Acou...

There is a growing body of research on natural and man-made sounds that create aquatic soundscapes. Less is known about the soundscapes of shallow waters, such as in harbors, rivers, and lakes. Knowledge of soundscapes is needed as a baseline against which to determine the changes in noise levels resulting from human activities. To provide baseline...

For well over 40 years, Dick Fay has been making broad, significant, and insightful contributions to our understanding of vertebrate, and particularly fish, hearing. His work has range from psychoacoustics to physiology to, most recently, behavioral responses. While Dick has worked on a number of different species, his primary research animal has b...

Connecting the Inner Ear to the Central Auditory System: Molecular Development and Characteristics of the Primary Auditory Neurons and Their Network by Alain Dabdoub and Bernd Fritzsch Early Development of the Spiral Ganglion by Lisa V. Goodrich Neurotrophic Factor Function during Ear Development: Expression Changes Define Critical Phases for Neuro...

This paper discusses the 43+ year collaboration of Arthur Popper and Richard Fay. Over these years, we have co-authored over 30 papers and 55 books. The collaboration benefits from a strong friendship that includes our spouses and children. By any measure, our collaboration must be seen as being successful. The basis for this success is, we think,...

The meeting of Aquatic Noise 2013 will introduce participants to the most recent research data, regulatory issues and thinking about effects of man-made noise and will foster critical cross-disciplinary discussion between the participants. Emphasis will be on the cross-fertilization of ideas and findings across species and noise sources. As with it...

The evolution of vertebrate hearing is of considerable interest in the hearing community. However, there has never been a volume that has focused on the paleontological evidence for the evolution of hearing and the ear, especially from the perspective of some of the leading paleontologists and evolutionary biologists in the world. Thus, this volume...

Translational Research is the interface between basic science and human clinical application, including the entire process from animal studies to human clinical trials (phases I, II, and III). Translational Research moves promising basic science results from the laboratory to bedside application. Yet, this transition is often the least-defined, lea...

Insect Hearing provides a broadly based view of the functions, mechanisms, and evolution of hearing in insects. With a single exception, the chapters focus on problems of hearing and their solutions, rather than being focused on particular taxa. The exception, hearing in Drosophila, serves as a case study of one of the most important model systems...

In Bat Bioacoustics we briefly review the history of biosonar and echolocation (reminding readers of the 1995 Hearing by Bats). Adaptations for biosonar make one of the most fascinating stories in neuroethology. The auditory systems, biosonar signals, and their central role in the biology of bats are front and center in this story. Echolocation by...

Vertebrate Sound Production and Acoustic Communication serves both as a tutorial introduction for newcomers and a springboard for further research for all scientists interested in understanding animal acoustic signals. • Vertebrate Vocal Production: An Introductory Overview by W. Tecumseh Fitch and Roderick A. Suthers • Fish Sound Production: An E...

A fundamental goal of neuroscience is to understand how hormones modulate neural circuits and behavior. Hearing and Hormones reviews the growing literature showing that hormones can regulate auditory physiology and anatomy, and the perception of acoustic signals across a broad range of animal taxa, including humans. · Hearing and Hormones: Paying...

There is increasing concern about the effects of underwater sound on marine life. However, the science of sound is challenging. The Discovery of Sound in the Sea (DOSITS) Web site ( http://www.dosits.org ) was designed to provide comprehensive scientific information on underwater sound for the public and educational and media professionals. It cove...

Pallid sturgeon and paddlefish were placed at different distances from a seismic air gun array to determine the potential effects on mortality and nonauditory body tissues from the sound from a single shot. Fish were held 7 days postexposure and then necropsied. No fish died immediately after sound exposure or over the postexposure period. Statisti...

A new bridge will be constructed to replace the aging Tappan Zee Bridge over the Hudson River in New York. Construction will potentially result in hydroacoustic impacts to the local fish fauna. As a consequence, a substantial environmental impact analysis had to be conducted to obtain construction permits. This paper describes the process of enviro...

Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) have become popular for estimating hearing thresholds and audiograms. What is the utility of these measurements? How do AEP audiograms compare with behavioral audiograms? In general, AEP measurements for fishes and marine mammals often underestimate behavioral thresholds, but comparisons are especially complicated...

Researchers often perform hearing studies on fish in small tanks. The acoustic field in such a tank is considerably different from the acoustic field that occurs in the animal's natural environment. The significance of these differences is magnified by the nature of the fish's auditory system where either acoustic pressure (a scalar), acoustic part...

In assessing the impact of aquatic developments, it is important to evaluate whether accompanying underwater sounds might have adverse effects on fishes. Risk assessment can then be used to evaluate new and existing technologies for effective prevention, control, or mitigation of impacts. It is necessary to know the levels of sound that may cause p...

In this paper, we discuss the issues encountered when trying to perform hearing experiments in water-filled tanks that are several meters in lateral extent, typically large in terms of the size of the animals under study but not necessarily so with respect to the wavelengths of interest. This paper presents measurements of pressure and particle mot...

Six species of fishes were tested under aquatic far-field, plane-wave acoustic conditions to answer several key questions regarding the effects of exposure to impulsive pile driving. The issues addressed included which sound levels lead to the onset of barotrauma injuries, how these levels differ between fishes with different types of swim bladders...

The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) currently uses interim criteria developed on the US West Coast to assess the potential onset of peak and cumulative effects of noise on fishes. Analyses performed for this project provided adequate support for the NMFS to use the peak criterion (i.e., area ensonified by 206 dB re 1 μPa peak sound pressur...

The potential impacts of pile-driving noise on Hudson River sturgeon during construction of the New NY Bridge were predicted. Abundance data for shortnose and Atlantic sturgeon derived from fisheries sampling were combined with data about the spatial extent of pile-driving noise. This approach was used to calculate the number of sturgeon that could...

Sturgeon movements were monitored during a pile-driving operation. Fewer sturgeon were detected during pile driving and remained for a shorter time than during silent control periods. Moreover, the short time spent by sturgeon near pile driving suggests that they were unlikely to have reached the criterion of 187 dB re 1 μPa(2)·s cumulative sound e...

This talk will consider how man-made sounds may impact aquatic life—with a focus on fishes (with possible digressions to invertebrates, marine mammals, and turtles). The talk will start with a discussion of a Jacques Cousteau movie and then ask why animals (and humans) hear. After considering how fishes (and invertebrates) hear, the focus of the ta...

Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) is a highly migratory, commercially valuable species potentially vulnerable to acoustic noise generated from human activities which could impact behavior and fitness. Although significant efforts have been made to understand hearing abilities of fishes, the large size and need to continuously swim for respi...

Mitigating measures may be needed to protect animals and humans that are exposed to sound from man-made sources. In this context, the levels of man-made sound that will disrupt behavior or physically harm the receiver should drive the degree of mitigation that is needed. If a particular sound does not affect an animal adversely, then there is no ne...

Seismic surveys are conducted by oil and gas companies to produce high quality images of subsurface geologic features and to increase the efficiency of direction drilling. Water-based seismic surveys regularly use airguns to produce the energy source. Airguns release a pressurize volume of air into the water producing a pulsed sound wave followed b...

This special issue of Integrative Zoology (the official journal of the International Society of Zoological Sciences and the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) is dedicated to the sensory world of fish and fisheries and the impacts of human activities. The papers in this issue are the outcome of an international conference that was h...

In this paper we describe the masking of pure tones in humans and birds by man-made noises and show that similar ideas can be applied when considering the potential effects of noise on fishes, as well as other aquatic vertebrates. Results from many studies on humans and birds, both in the field and in the laboratory, show that published critical ra...

This special issue of Integrative Zoology (the official journal of the International Society of Zoological Sciences and the Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences) is dedicated to the sensory world of fish and fisheries and the impacts of human activities. The papers in this issue are the outcome of an international conference that was h...

Chapters cannot be read stand-alone. Please see complete SpringerBrief at: http:// link. springer. com/ book/ 10. 1007/ 978-3-319-06659-2.