Árpád Török

• Budapest University of Technology and Economics

In order to make road traffic safer and diminish the number of accident injuries and fatalities, there is a growing expectation that road accidents should be explored as thoroughly as possible. To measure the success of such explorations, this paper applies the concept of “assessability” of accidents, which shows how well an accident process can be...

In the context of the rapidly evolving landscape of vehicular networks, it is highly important to ensure robust security measures in order to protect against cyber threats and anomalies. This paper presents a review of machine learning (ML)-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) designed specifically for vehicular networks. The ML methodologies em...

The main objective of this paper is to present a methodology for the reliable estimation of the energy consumption of electric vehicles, focusing on the main electrical subsystems of passenger cars. This paper presents a comparative analysis of the available regression models and the results of our simulation experiments. While numerous regression...

This research focuses on improving the modelling of highly automated centralized traffic management. Authors use a binary integer modelling for traffic flow optimization. One of the main results of the research is the integration of alternative graph structures simultaneously in the investigated traffic optimization model. This allows to take into...

This paper presents a novel framework for analyzing the interrelationships between vehicle dynamics, communication characteristics and cyberattacks on V2X-based functions, highlighting their impact on vehicle safety. The research implements a simulation-based approach and uses various regression models to describe the complex interactions between c...

The use of neural networks in embedded systems is becoming increasingly common, but these systems often operate in safety–critical environments, where a failure or incorrect output can have serious consequences. Therefore, it is essential to verify the expected operation of neural networks before deploying them in such settings. In this publication...

With the emergence of Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) systems, it is important to investigate how deteriorating network parameters affect vehicle functionality based on wireless communication. It is important to determine how we can prevent the performance degradation of these functions and ensure safety on the roads. This paper examines the potential...

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) offer a promising solution for road accident scene documentation. This study seeks to investigate the occurrence of systematic deformations, such as bowling and doming, in the 3D point cloud and orthomosaic generated from images captured by UAVs along an horizontal road segment, while exploring how adjustments in fli...

V2X measurement on M0 motorway with 4 vehicles. V2X data collection under real world conditions. Applicability of this dataset: • V2X traffic analysis (for research and application development purposes) • Comparison of PKI and PKI-authenticated 802.11p-based V2X communication (ITS-G5) Location: Hungary, Budapest + M0 motorway (ringroad around Budap...

Background The classic accident reconstruction process is based on information recorded manually at the scene and gathered from witness statements. Liability cannot always be determined if no objective data are available, especially for accidents at traffic lights. Even Event Data Recorder (EDR) data (speed, braking, gas/brake pedal operation, etc....

This study presents a method to analyze the most critical elements of the public road system concerning outer effects which hinder the normal operation of the whole system. The surveyed public road network in Budapest, Hungary is studied as a graph: Dijkstra’s algorithm is applied to find the shortest path, and the Boykov-Kolmogorov method is used...

Our paper introduces new reconstruction techniques of real-life critical road traffic accidents focusing on highly automated functions. The investigation method presented here focuses on the effect of relevant control parameters and environmental factors following the concept of sensitivity analysis. Two reconstruction tools are applied, the choice...

In the future, the role of the human factor in the driving processes is expected to decrease continuously. At the same time, based on the global trends, the role of computer-supported decision systems and artificial intelligence (AI)-based control solutions increases in relation to driving processes, which carries a significant safety-enhancing pot...

Future transportation is expected to be connected, cooperative, and highly automated. Classic automated vehicular functions are developed based on safety principles primarily, but the reliability and cybersecurity of wireless communication processes pose new challenges for the automotive industry for connected vehicles, representing Connected, Coop...

Purpose This study first presents a method to identify the parameters increasing road vulnerability on a macroscopic road network model. The second part exploresthe effect size difference of the analyzed attributes on network vulnerability through the implementation of different autonomous vehicles (AVs) penetrations and automation levels. Methods...

This paper studies the effect of automated vehicle implementation on transport system emission from a macroscopic point of view. The paper considers several scenarios differing in passenger car unit (PCU) and the penetration share percent of automated vehicles in the system using PTV Visum software. The study presents that automated vehicles reduce...

Our paper introduces new reconstruction techniques of real-life critical road traffic accidents focusing on the highly automated functions. In the study, the developed investigation method focuses on the effect of the relevant control parameters and environmental factors following the concept of the sensitivity analysis. We apply two reconstruction...

This article investigates cybersecurity issues related to in-vehicle communication networks. In-vehicle communication network security is evaluated based on the protection characteristics of the network components and the topology of the network. The automotive communication network topologies are represented as undirected weighted graphs, and thei...

Safe autonomous operation is a major challenge for today's technologies. In order to be able to define and evaluate the requirements of these technologies, a systematic and methodical approach is required. VISSE has developed such an approach over several years, which is now to be evaluated on the basis of various use cases. Students of the course...

Self-driving cars, i.e., fully automated cars, will spread in the upcoming two decades, according to the representatives of automotive industries; owing to technological breakthroughs in the fourth industrial revolution, as the introduction of deep learning has completely changed the concept of automation. There is considerable research being condu...

Nowadays, cybersecurity is an emerging research area in the automotive industry, and it is investigated by many different perspectives. Our article is a review of existing vehicular security solutions that covers the state‐of‐the‐art and future research directions. This article is a new contribution to tutorials/surveys related to the vehicular cyb...

Our previous work focused on the creation of a binary integer model framework aiming at network level traffic optimization through the control of individual vehicles. High computational demand arising from time and space discretization has been identified as the main limitation of the concept. To deal with this, new methods are presented in this pa...

This study aims to provide a new approach for describing and measuring the vulnerability of in-vehicle networks regarding cyberattacks. Cyberattacks targeting in-vehicle networks can result in a reasonable threat considering passenger safety. Unlike previous literature, the methodology focuses on a comparatively large sample of vehicle networks (11...

The increasing worldwide demand on urban road transportation systems requires more restrictive measures and policies to reduce congestion, time delay and pollution. Autonomous vehicle mobility services, both shared and private, are possibly a good step towards a better road transportation future. This article aims to study the expected impact of pr...

Several transport policies reduce pollution levels caused by private vehicles by introducing autonomous or electric vehicles and encouraging mode shift from private to public transport through park and ride (P&R) facilities. However, combining the policies of introducing autonomous vehicles with the implementation of electric vehicles and using the...

The role of cross-border commuting needs is remarkable, given that large cross-border cities tend to have high traffic attractiveness. Thus, agglomeration effects are strongly prevalent in populous settlements close to the border. This is due to the fact that both Hungary and the neighboring countries are burdened by spatial inequalities; therefore...

Összefoglalás. A XXI. század első felében a korábban sok évtizeden keresztül lassan változó közlekedés gyorsított ütemben alakul át. Ez alatt a pár év alatt több változás következik be, több kihívást kell leküzdeni, mint a korábbi időszakban. Az elektromos hajtás térnyerése, új járműhasználati módok mellett a járművek autonomizálódása és összekapcs...

Our research aimed to optimize the transportation processes through the binary integer modeling of cooperative vehicle control by linking the dynamic traffic assignment approach and controlling the autonomous transport system. Our paper’s main contribution is a model transforming the optimal vehicle control problem into binary integer formulation,...

Since there are more and more highly automated vehicles in road transportation with various extremely safety-critical functions, it is crucial to intensify the development of testing methods. Following this consideration, this paper introduces a new methodological framework for evaluating automated vehicle functions. In the first step, the article...

This study examines the correlation between road accident casualties and the age of the vehicle, assuming that the age of vehicles and the improvements in their safety designs are related. The study evaluates the impact of the interrelationship between road segment characteristics and road accident type on vehicle age at the time of the accident (...

This study aims to provide a new approach for describing and measuring the vulnerability of in-vehicle networks regarding cyberattacks. Cyberattacks targeting in-vehicle networks can result in a reasonable threat considering passenger safety. Unlike previous literature, the methodology focuses on a comparatively large sample of vehicle networks (11...

The spread of connected vehicles is expected to multiply the effects of the growing penetration of cyberspace in our life, and with this it remarkably influences the vulnerability of society to cyberattacks in an unfavorable way. Accordingly, ZalaZONE - the Hungarian test track - has set up a working group to support the necessary methodological ba...

Since modern vehicles are connected and their transport processes are strongly supported by different automated functions, malicious external interventions can impair safety integrity. Therefore, it seems to be reasonable in the future to introduce safety and security co-engineering approaches in the automotive industry. With regard to the performe...

Several studies have examined a wide range of accident risk factors affecting road safety. The purpose of this study is to examine the main traffic accident factors that affect the severity of road segments. The practical objective of the article is to assist specialists in identifying risk patterns both from a spatial and casualty point of view. T...

Based on the reviewed literature, the objective of the article is to investigate the most important cyberattack factors affecting the effectiveness of the connected and autonomous transport system. Accordingly, remotely implemented malicious interventions are in the focus of our study, especially considering cyberattacks on connected and autonomous...

Intelligent Transportation System has been the driving forces to enable the paradigm of autonomous vehicles, smart roads and Internet of Things (IoT). For the safety and security of the traffic and transportation, stabilization of the technology and system is necessary. In addition to this, security of intelligent transportation system also influen...

As automated driver assistance functions are getting more and more popular, they will surly have a significant impact on our life especially considering security and the expected serious effects of malicious interventions. In light of the introduced aspects, the Test Field of Zalaegerszeg has started a research to evaluate the required professional...

The Automotive Industry has advanced significantly and this process is constantly continuing. Cars are controlled by hundreds of electrical units, which affects directly numberless safety and security related risk factors, especially considering incidents realized in the cyberspace. Due to the increasing number of connected cars, new testing facili...

On one hand, better and better databases occur through the world, however for cities a lot of important data is unavailable. On the other hand, the cities are one of the most important units, where transportation interactions ought to be analyzed. In this recent paper the order of the cities (based upon the NUTS – Nomenclature des unités territoria...

With the advent of cypher-physical (systems of) systems, new challenges for safety and security arise. Especially in the context of autonomous driving we are currently facing a complex environment, where security problems can easily result in safety-relevant issues, and vice versa. There have been multiple approaches in the past to combine the appr...

The main goal of this article is to determine a comprehensive and well applicable model architecture, which is adequate to estimate the system level advantages with regard to automated transportation and which is appropriate to determine possible costs and losses with regard to the approach of such transport modes. In the study the Budapest Transpo...

The paper introduces a framework to perform the demand management and route planning tasks of a highly developed transport system managing scheme, assuming an autonomous transport system. Two types of autonomous transport system managing models have been introduced. In case of the first model, the assigned number of trips is assumed to be the modif...

Indicating road safety-related aspects in the phase of planning and operating is always a challenging task for experts. The success of any method applied in identifying a high-risk location or black spot (BS) on the road should depend fundamentally on how data is organized into specific homogeneous segments. The appropriate combination of black spo...

Nowadays the spatial econometrics is became widely used in transportation sciences. In order to know which method can be used or how they should be used, the review articles give answers. In this recent paper the goal is to collect all of the methods in one article which can be used in further researches. The improvement in this article is that bes...

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) has been the driving forces to enable the paradigm of autonomous vehicles (AVs), smart roads and Internet of Things (IoT). For the safety and security of the traffic and transportation, stabilization of the technology and system is necessary. In addition to this, security of ITS also influences the smart secu...

In road safety, the process of organizing road infrastructure network data into homogenous entities is called segmentation. Segmenting a road network is considered the first and most important step in developing a safety performance function (SPF). This article aims to study the benefit of a newly developed network segmentation method which is base...

Traffic control of urban areas is a current research topic. Different pricing regimes such as cordon pricing, time‐based average cost zone pricing, distance‐based average cost zone pricing or marginal cost zone pricing have been investigated so far. The economical best solution, however, cannot be used due to the lack of information. In the study,...

As highly automated and autonomous vehicles (AVs) become more and more widespread, inducing the change of traffic dynamics, significant changes occur in traditional traffic control. So far, automotive testing has been done mostly in real-world or pure virtual simulation environment. However, this practice is quite obsolete as testing in real traffi...

Distracting activities (such as using mobile phones, writing text messages) become increasingly common with the widespread use of telecommunication devices, becoming an increasing problem of road safety. Our research aimed to show the effects of these disruptive factors on driving. To quantify the effects, simulator tests have been performed. To an...

Road networks are vulnerable to disasters both natural and manmade caused disasters. Damage caused by disasters on a given set of network element can affect the operability of the whole transportation system. However, not all network elements equally affect system; typically some elements are more critical to the network functioning than the others...

The objective of this study is to provide an efficient methodology for identifying the major factors contributing to road accidents considering both their spatial and environmental attributes. In the first step, K-mean clustering has been used to define homogeneous accident clusters based on their spatial distribution. Since accidents occurring at...

Road transport generates negative externalities including air pollution, congestion, accidents, noise and climate change linked to Greenhouse Gas emissions (GHG). In the current paper, the role of vehicle's internal combustion (IC) engine type in the environmental external costs of road transport has been highlighted such that the potential air pol...

The objective of the paper is to define a complex methodology to analyze black spot locations of road infrastructure network combining the benefit of both; Empirical Bayes method and K-mean clustering approach. In the first step, K-mean algorithm is used to define homogeneous accident clusters. The homogeneity is described in three terms: traffic c...

The objective of this paper is to define a generally usable methodological framework, which is appropriate to predict the network level benefits related to autonomous systems and which is adequate to identify possible expenses related to the introduction of such a system. During the research the Unified Traffic Model of Budapest has been used. Cons...

The paper deals with the issue of sensitivity analysis and its possible use in price formation in passenger road transport. The input variables are selected on the model example. Based on the calculation, the sensitivity of the output to these input variables is determined, and the question how these inputs affect the overall result is answered.

Traffic accidents in Jordan represent a serious problem, where every day about 2 persons die by road accidents, and the country loses between 2-3 percent of its gross domestic products (GDP) due to this problem. This research aims to estimate the total and unit costs (per crash severity and vehicle type) of road accidents in Jordan during three yea...

The aim of this article is to present the research results of the authors in the field of defining the system optimum regarding the traffic distribution assuming an intelligent and autonomous transportation system. Authors define the linear programming framework of the traffic distribution problem in case of pre-defined demand structure, network pr...

This paper provides a complex analysis framework for evaluating the role of appropriate transmission (appropriate quality, quantity, location and timing) of information in case of infrastructure safety and accident categories. The aim of the “infrastructure module” of the methodology is to evaluate, how much the appropriate transmission of informat...

This article shows the situation of transportation in Brazil, in particular in the case of Joinville, a medium size city, contemplated with federal investment for improve the urban mobility.

The aim of the paper is to introduce the most important steps of a methodology focusing on the transplantation of an up-to-date national safety campaign.

This paper explains the most important methodological steps of introducing a new speed management strategy. The development of a speed monitoring system with a long term effect on the progress of road safety, makes it necessary to identify its strategic goals, main functions and system components. The strategy should investigate current speed manag...

Reducing the number of road accident victims is a declared purpose of the European Union. The lowering of the number of accidents and victims has a positive financial effect, besides social interests. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) can be effective tools to improve road safety by warning and supporting the drivers and decreasing accident risks...

The analysis on the border crossings, as the objects to decrease the separation effect, is really important for our country, to evaluate the connection of the neighbouring and other nearby countries and international economic centres with Hungary. In our country’s life the cross-border partnerships have an important role because of historical and c...

The identification of road sections characterized by high risk accidents is the first step for any successful road safety management process, considering the limited available resources. Although researchers started to study black spot decades ago, there are many un-clarified questions in this field. In the identification process of black spots thr...

In the paper, possible pricing structures of flexible transport systems have been investigated. After a brief introduction into demand responsive systems, the currently used pricing systems have been analysed. Having reviewed the conventional pricing methodologies – in line with the average cost and marginal cost based methods – the advantages and...

The paper analyses the interaction among economy and traffic safety. In the first chapter the analysis reviews the most researches and previous results. Hereinafter the article focuses on the Economic and transport safety trends in Hungary. The study aims to compare the most significant transport safety factors dependent on economic development dis...

The research aims to provide an assessment for the Road Safety situation in Hungary, by showing aggregated figures and statistics on road accidents. This article is based on ROSEE ROad safety in South East European regions report. The road safety performance of Hungary in comparison to other countries of South Eastern Europe is discussed. In Hungar...

The article aims to examine the relationship between road transport and macro economy, especially the use of fossil energy in transport sector. Nowadays environmental pollution is a key issue on the EU level as well as in Hungary. Lots of effort have been already done in order to decrease emissions in road transport, but a lot more need to be done....

Road safety has not consistently been considered in the design, maintenance and operation of road networks in South-East Europe. The objective of this paper is to provide a comparative assessment of road safety legislation, policy and institutional capacity in South-East European regions. On that purpose, an overview of the current road safety situ...

This contribution aims to examine the relationship between the transport sector and the macroeconomy, particularly in fossil energy use, capital and labour relations. The authors have investigated the transport related fossil fuel consumption 2003 -2010 in a macroeconomic context in Hungary and Germany. The Cobb-Douglas type of production function...

The paper investigates the road safety characteristic of foreign traffic arriving from the Visegrad Countries to Hungary. The connection among Visegrad Countries has been getting more and more important, since the East-European Region recognized their common interests in intensifying economic cooperation. In this process, the understanding of road...

Spatial general equilibrium models are worldwidely used for investigating the effects of transport investments. SCGE models can improve the weak points of CBA analysis and quantitative measurement tools. Useability of SCGE models are proven in dozens of case studies. The research aims to introduce the possibilities in reference to involving road sa...

Célunk az útpálya és a közúthasználók biztonságos közlekedését elősegítő létesítmények paraméter-vizsgálata volt, a hatályos jogi, műszaki és forgalmi előírásoknak való megfelelősségük alapján a térinformatikai eszközrendszerével.

To effectuate a consistent methodology for urban planning – taking into consideration the viewpoints of land use and trans-portation – we need to approach the subject with considering complex social and economical aspects. To handle both of the mentioned urban planning areas together, we shall develop models, which are able to pay attention to all...

To effectuate a consistent methodology for urban planning taking into consideration the viewpoints of land use and transportation, we need to approach the subject and consider complex social and economical aspects. To handle both of the above mentioned urban planning areas, we shall develop models able to pay attention to all of their restrictive f...

The efficiency of urban transportation is getting more and more important because of the increasing rate of mobility demand. To plan, control and organize urban transportation in the most efficient way, we also need to consider the aspects of land use. To handle both of the mentioned urban planning areas together, we shall develop models, which are...

The efficiency of urban transportation is getting more and more important because of the increasing rate of mobility demand. To plan, control and organize urban transportation in the most efficient way, we also need to consider the aspects of land use. To handle both of the mentioned urban planning areas together, we shall develop models, which are...

Logistics has become one of the determining factors in Hungarian economic policy. This is supported by the fact that logistics has been included into the key programmes of the 2nd Hungarian National Development Plan. Intermodal logistics services belong to the most important instruments emphasised by the Hungarian transport policy. Although there h...