
Arnulf Jäger-WaldauEuropean Commission - Joint Research Centre (JRC) · Directorate C: Energy, Transport & Climate
Arnulf Jäger-Waldau
Dr. rer.nat.
About
320
Publications
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Introduction
Dr. Arnulf Jäger–Waldau is a Senior Expert at the Energy Efficiency and Renewables Unit, Directorate C: Energy, Transport and Climate. He works for the European Commission's Joint Research Centre, since 2001. The assessment of renewable energy technologies, the effectiveness of their implementation, their integration into energy infrastructures and the role of renewable energy for climate change mitigation is part of his work portfolio. His current project is 'PV Status Reports.'
Additional affiliations
July 2016 - October 2021
May 2001 - February 2008
January 1996 - April 2001
Hahn-Meitner-Institut
Position
- Researcher
Publications
Publications (320)
Electro-mobility plays a key role to achieve climate neutrality. Electric vehicles, partially powered by vehicle-integrated photovoltaics, are now emerging in the market. This study reviewed more than 270 articles on solar electric vehicles. Eight main topics were identified: solar races, vehicle design, powertrain systems, photovoltaic systems, sy...
Self-sufficiency, climate change and increasing geopolitical risks have driven energy policies to make renewable energy sources dominant in the power production portfolios. The initial boom in the mid-2000s of global photovoltaic installations demonstrated the feasibility of the ambitious renewable energy targets. However, this rapid scale-up has i...
In 2023 global renewable energy investments increased by 8% to USD 623 billion, with solar investments accounting for 63% or USD 393 billion (+12%). The total installed solar photovoltaic capacity exceeded 1.6 TWp at the end of 2023, with an annual newly installed capacity of more than 420 GWp. The number of countries installing 1 GWp/year or more...
The urgency of meeting climate targets, increasing land use competition and falling solar photovoltaic (PV) energy costs have created unprecedented opportunities for innovative deployment options. This study uses geospatial data processing to quantify the potential for large-scale deployment of vertical solar panels along Europe's major roads and r...
Accelerating the deployment of Photovoltaic (PV) systems is a key contributing factor in achieving climate neutrality. Even though solar power is one of the cheapest energy sources and its deployment is growing rapidly around the world, an even faster growth is required to achieve existing climate goals. Besides the role that finance and permitting...
The global cumulative installed PV capacity is anticipated to surpass 2 TWp by the end of 2024, which is an increase in three orders of magnitude from the 1 GWp at the end of 2004. Depending on the energy transition scenarios, up to 8 kWp per capita have to be operational by 2050 globally. In Europe, this capacity could even be 50% higher, and this...
This paper presents the latest survey results for
the calendar year 2023 concerning PV markets and policies, as
well as other key issues. An increasing number of national
markets experienced notable growth in 2023, with impacts on
policy development. The global PV market grew to at least 350
GWp in 2023, compared to 236 GWp in 2022. This represents...
The development of vehicle integrated photovoltaics-powered electric vehicles (VIPV-EV) significantly reduces CO 2 emissions from the transport sector to realize a decarbonized society. Although long-distance driving of VIPV-EV without electricity charging is expected in sunny regions, driving distance of VIPV-EV is affected by climate conditions s...
Photovoltaics (PV) is a cost-competitive and scalable technology for electricity generation that plays a crucial role to accelerate the European energy transition and achieve carbon neutrality. Large-scale installation of rooftop PV, as well as innovative PV applications such as floating PV coupled with hydropower and bifacial PV along roads and ra...
The development of the vehicles powered by photovoltaic (PV) is desirable and very important for reducing CO2 emissions from the transport sector to realize a decarbonized society. Although long‐distance driving of vehicle‐integrated PV (VIPV)‐powered vehicles without electricity charging is expected in sunny regions, driving distance of VIPV‐power...
In 2022 the cumulative installed photovoltaic electricity generation capacity increased to over 1 TW, 10 years after it reached the 100 GW level in 2012. In 2022, overall investment in renewable energy has increased by 16% to USD 499 billion compared to USD 953 billion for fossil fuels, which saw an increase of 6%. Investments in solar photovoltaic...
Since the introduction of the first European Renewable Energy Directive in 2009, PV installations have significantly increased to reach more than 211 GWp in the European Union at the end of 2022. The European Solar Communication and it's Solar Strategy can help to accelerate not only the deployment of urgently needed new renewable energy and photov...
The development of vehicles powered by photovoltaics (PV) is desirable and very important for reducing CO2 emissions from the transport sector to realize a decarbonized society. Although long-distance driving of PV-powered vehicles without electricity charging is expected in a sunny region, driving distance of PV-powered vehicles is affected by cli...
The urgency of a clean energy transition in the European Union is now not only driven by concerns about climate change, but also by using local renewable energy resources to reduce the dependency on foreign energy imports. Solar photovoltaic electricity generation is acknowledged as one of the pillars of this transition and various policy measures...
A major renewable-energy milestone occurred in 2022: Photovoltaics (PV) exceeded a global installed capacity of 1 TW dc. But despite considerable growth and cost reduction over time, PV is still a small part of global electricity generation (4 to 5% for 2022), and the window is increasingly closing to take action at scale to cut greenhouse gas (GHG...
The global PV base once again grew significantly in 2022, reaching 1 185 GW (≈ 1,2 TW) of cumulative capacity according to preliminary market data, both despite and because of post-covid prices hikes and European geo-political strife. With 240 GW of new systems installed and commissioned, and nearly a dozen countries with penetration rates over 10%...
This study presents a novel energy system modelling approach for the analysis and comparison of global energy transition pathways for the decarbonisation of the electricity sector. The results of the International Energy Agency (IEA), and the Teske/DLR scenarios are each reproduced. Additionally, five new energy transition tra-jectories, called LUT...
Achieving carbon-neutrality is increasing the demand of renewable electricity which is raising the competition for land and associated acquisition costs. Installation of floating photovoltaic (FPV) on existing hydropower reservoirs offers one solution to limited land availability while providing solar electricity, leveraging water bodies, and reduc...
Multiple energy-related crises require a fast transition towards a sustainable energy system. The European Green Deal aims for zero CO 2 emission by 2050, while accelerating climate change impacts obligate a faster phase-out of fossil fuels. Energy transition studies for Europe at and near 100% renewable energy are used as a benchmark for two newly...
This report is an output of the Clean Energy Technology Observatory (CETO). CETO’s objective is to provide an evidence-based analysis feeding the policy making process and hence increasing the effectiveness of R&I policies for clean energy technologies and solutions. It monitors EU research and innovation activities on clean energy technologies nee...
The Trends report’s objective is to present and interpret developments in the PV power systems market and the evolving applications for these products within this market.
These trends are analysed in the context of the business, policy and nontechnical environment in the reporting countries.
This report is prepared to assist those who are responsib...
Since the introduction of the first European Renewable Energy Directive in 2009, PV installations have significantly increased to reach over 165 GWp in the European Union at the end of 2021. The new Green Deal, endorsed by the European Council in December 2020 set new targets for the GHG reductions until 2030, which already now led to a significant...
Since the introduction of the first European Renewable Energy Directive in 2009, PV installations have significantly increased to reach over 165 GWp in the European Union at the end of 2021. The new Green Deal, endorsed by the European Council in December 2020 set new targets for the GHG reductions until 2030, which already now led to a significant...
For the past 10 years photovoltaic electricity generation has been the fastest-growing power generation source worldwide. It took almost six decades to achieve 100 GW of solar energy capacity in 2012, but the 1 TW level is likely to be broken during 2022. Overall investments in solar energy has increased by 19% to USD 205 billion (EUR 171 billion)....
Agri-PV has the potential to be a win-win for renewables, agriculture and other sustainability dimensions. An EU wide Agri-PV definition is needed. A related standard at European level would be helpful. The primary use of Agri-PV should be agriculture. “Greenwashing” of agri-PV must be avoided. Farmers need to be at the centre of Agri-PV. Geospatia...
Integrated photovoltaics are an emerging technology which can extend the range of electric vehicles. However, up to now there is a lack of a consensus method that would provide consumers with an estimate of the fraction of annual driving which could be covered by solar power generated onboard in different usage scenarios and locations. To address t...
Despite a second year of COVID-19 pandemic, preliminary reported market data shows that
the global PV market again grew significantly in 2021. At least 175 GW of PV systems have
been installed and commissioned in the world last year which means that the total cumulative
installed capacity for PV at the end of 2021 reached at least 942 GW. While the...
This paper exposes the many flaws in the article “Through the Eye of a Needle: An Ecoheterodox Perspective on the Renewable Energy Transition, authored by Siebert and Rees and recently published in Energies as a Review. Our intention in submitting this critique is to expose and rectify the original article’s non-scientific approach to the review pr...
Achieving carbon-neutrality is increasing the demand of renewable electricity which is raising the competition for land and associated acquisition costs. Installation of floating photovoltaic (FPV) on existing hydropower reservoirs offers one solution to limited land availability while providing solar electricity, leveraging water bodies, and reduc...
Green hydrogen will be an essential part of the future 100% sustainable energy and industry system. Up to one third of the required solar and wind electricity would eventually be used for water electrolysis to produce hydrogen, increasing the cumulative electrolyser capacity to about 17 TWel by 2050. Key method applied in this research are a learni...
The objective of this paper is to propose a reliable and accurate perspective on key markets and policies related to PV development in 2020 and previously. It aims at offering a clear analysis of how PV markets have developed in 2020, with updated numbers, along with analysis of the policies behind the development. In this paper are displayed and a...
The development of photovoltaic (PV)-powered vehicles is desirable and can be very important for reducing CO2 emissions, increasing electric range and creating new clean energy infrastructures based on PVs. According to our survey, the use of more than 30 % of high-efficiency PVs enables 30 km/day driving without external charging. With this, the m...
The PV penetration in many countries is continuously growing and PV is becoming a major energy source in the future electricity grid worldwide. Therefore, PV systems and PV hybrids need to take over more and more system responsibility by providing ancillary services. Ancillary service “means a service necessary for the operation of a transmission o...
Development of the vehicles that are powered by photovoltaic (PV) is desirable and very important for reduction in CO2 emission from transport sector to realize a decarbonized society. Our investigations showed that the majority of the passenger cars that cruise only with the solar energy can be realized by installing a high-efficiency PV module. A...
The PV penetration in many countries is continuously growing and PV is becoming a major energy source in the future electricity grid worldwide. Therefore, PV systems and PV hybrids need to take over more and more system responsibility by providing ancillary services. The report highlights the status and the potential of PV and PV hybrids as an anci...
In July 2021, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) approved during its 54th Session the report “Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis, the Working Group 1 contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report”. The report concludes “Unless there are immediate, rapid, and large-scale reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, limiting w...
Green hydrogen will be an essential part of the future 100% sustainable energy and industry system. Up to one third of the required solar and wind electricity would eventually be used for water electrolysis to produce hydrogen, increasing the cumulative electrolyzer capacity to about 17 TWel by 2050. Key method applied in this research are a learni...
Photovoltaic (PV)-powered vehicles is expected to play a critical role in a future carbon neutrality society because it has been reported that the on-board PVs have great ability to reduce CO2 emission from the transport sector. Although the demonstration car with III-V based solar cell module has shown the PV-powered driving range of 36.6km/day at...
Since the introduction of the first European Renewable Energy Directive in 2009, PV installations have significantly increased to reach over 139 GWp in the European Union (EU27) at the end of 2020. The European Green Deal, endorsed by the European Council in December 2020 sets new climate targets, bringing opportunities and challenges for the deplo...
Since the demonstration of the first modern silicon solar cells at Bell Labs in 1954, it took 58 years until the cumulative installed photovoltaic electricity generation capacity had reached 100 GW by the end of 2012. The 1 TW barrier will be broken during 2022.
For more than a decade, photovoltaic electricity generation is the fastest growing powe...
Despite the COVID-19 pandemic, preliminary reported market data shows that the global PV market again grew significantly in 2020. At least 139,4 GWdc of PV systems have been installed and commissioned in the world last year. The total cumulative installed capacity for PV at the end of 2020 reached at least 760,4 GWdc. While these data will have to...
For the past 10 years, photovoltaic electricity generation has been the fastest-growing power generation source worldwide. It took almost six decades to achieve 100 GW of solar energy capacity in 2012, but the 1 TW barrier is likely to be broken during 2022. Despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the overall investments in solar energy has increase...
55% emission reduction in 2030 compared to 1990) and the European Parliament proposal that followed soon after (− 60%), have changed the level of greenhouse gas reduction ambitions. Energy system modelling shows that achieving the updated targets will require large quantities of renewables deployed at an unprecedented pace. Over the past 10 years s...
Thanks to fast learning and sustained growth, solar photovoltaics (PV) is today a highly cost-competitive technology, ready to contribute substantially to CO 2 emissions mitigation. However, many scenarios assessing global decarbonization pathways, either based on integrated assessment models or partial-equilibrium models, fail to identify the key...
Green hydrogen will be an essential part of the future 100% sustainable energy and industry system. Up to one third of the required solar and wind electricity would eventually be used for water electrolysis to produce hydrogen, increasing the cumulative electrolyser capacity to about 17 TWel by 2050. Key method applied in this research are a learni...
Aim and approach There is a lot of hype about hydrogen as the enabler for a future carbon neutral energy system. A lot of emphasis is put on the different 'colours' of hydrogen which muddles the big picture: eventually, all energy sources need to be renewable and hydrogen will be 'green'. Solar photovoltaics (PV), together with wind power, will be...
Africa is characterised by a very high solar potential, with a yearly sum of solar irradiation exceeding 2000kWh/m². Many African countries are heavily dependent on hydropower, however, increasingly frequent droughts have been severely affecting hydropower generation in the last few decades. The installation of floating photovoltaics (FPV) in exist...
The increasing ambition of climate targets creates a major role for hydrogen especially in achieving carbon-neutrality in sectors presently difficult to decarbonise. This work examines to what extent the currently carbon-intensive hydrogen production in Europe could be replaced by water electrolysis using electricity from renewable energy resources...
Climate is being destabilized by greenhouse gas emissions, bringing with it more extreme weather events4. The unexpected extreme weather of today will be commonplace tomorrow, challenging the reliability of PV components. Europe is undergoing
an energy transition, switching from fossil fuels and nuclear power to wind and solar PV as the primary sou...
The political goal of the European Union is to transform into a prosperous, modern, competitive and climate-neutral economy by 2050. To accelerate this transition, the European Commission has presented a European Green Deal in 2019. The aim is to reduce up to 55% the greenhouse gas emissions by 2030. The paper looks at the role photovoltaic electri...
The new European Commission plans to raise the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction target from 40% towards 55% by 2030 and make Europe the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. Achieving this will require accelerated energy efficiency measures, deeper electrification of sectors currently consuming conventional fuels and the deployment of mo...
The first European Renewable Energy Directive had a time horizon from 2009 until 2020. The effects of this directive were the drafting of roadmaps describing how the Member States of the European Union planned to reach the irrespective renewable energy targets, while building confidence in investors to back the sector. Photovoltaic (PV) installatio...
In November 2019, the United Nations published a report, which stated that worldwide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions over the next decade would have to decrease by an
average of 7.6% annually to stay on a pathway to limit global temperature rise to 1.5˚C[1]. The use of fossil fuel sources for energy (62.2%) and industry processes (8.3%) ontributed t...
Over the last two decades, grid-connecte d solar photovoltaic systems have increased from a niche market to one of the leading power generation capacity additions annually. In 2019 the total worldwide installed photovoltaic electricity generation capacity exceeded 630 GW. It is forecasted that 1 TW will be reached by 2022. This further development...
Manufactured by Bell Labs in 1954, first modern silicon solar cells exhibited an efficiency of 6%. Research has continuously pushed this limit higher and reached 26.7% for a single-junction silicon solar cell in 2017. The family of different types of solar cells expanded in the lab as well as in commercial manufacturing and the installation of sola...
Electric vehicles (EVs) have been around for more than a hundred years. Nevertheless, their deployment has not been a sustainable success up until now. Many scientists, engineers and policymakers argue that EVs are a promising, maybe even indispensable option to achieve ambitious decarbonization goals, if powered by electricity from renewable energ...
After a year of market stabilization, preliminary reported market data shows a global annual PV market at aslightlyhigher level than2018 and 2017. At least 114,9GWof PV systems have been installed and commissioned in the world last year. The total cumulativeinstalled capacity for PV at the end of 2019 reached at least 627GW. While these data will h...
Since the demonstration of the first modern silicon solar cells at Bell Labs in 1954, it took 58 years until the cumulative installed photovoltaic electricity generation capacity had reached 100 GW by the end of 2012. Then, it took another five years to reach an annual installation capacity of over 100 GW in 2017 and close to 120 GW in 2019. As a c...
To implement the Energy Union and the EU's commitments under the Paris Agreement signed in December 2015, the European Commission proposed in 2016 the "Clean Energy for All Europeans" package. This legislative package is supported by a number of measures also considering initiatives for coal mining regions in transition. These include the launch of...
The photovoltaic industry has grown rapidly from a small group of companies and key play-ers into a global business. It takes in an extensive value chain, from raw materials to device production to system installation and maintenance (Figure 1). This Technology Market Report gives an overview of current trends, taking advantage of information from...
Over the past decade PV electricity has become a significant player in energy supply and a truly global industry. It is characterised by rapid innovation and increasing cost-competitiveness. As such it is uniquely positioned to help achieve the EU's energy transition , to support EU jobs and economic growth, and to contribute to meeting the commitm...
Photovoltaics is a solar-power technology for generating electricity using semiconductor devices known as solar cells. A number of solar cells form a solar ‘module’ or ‘panel’, which can then be combined to form solar power systems, ranging from a few watts of electricity output to multi-megawatt power stations.
Growth in the solar photovoltaic sec...
Over the last two decades, photovoltaics has developed from a niche market product to a
major electricity generation source. The growth dynamics is changing from government-driven incentive programs to market-driven investment decisions. Progress in materials and processing technology, the increased volatility and mounting fossil energy prices, and...
Rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems can make a significant contribution to Europe's energy transition. Realising this potential raises challenges at policy and electricity system planning level. To address this, the authors have developed a geospatially explicit methodology using up-to-date spatial information of the EU building stock to quanti...
The use of coal for electricity generation is the main emitter of Greenhous Gas Emissions worldwide. According to the International Energy Agency, these emissions have to be reduced by more than 70% by 2040 to stay on track for the 1.5-2 • C scenario suggested by the Paris Agreement. To ensure a socially fair transition towards the phase-out of coa...
The objective of this paper is to propose a reliable and accurate perspective on key markets and policies related to PV development in 2018 and previously. It aims at offering a clear analysis of how PV markets have developed in 2018, with updated numbers, along with analysis of the policies behind the development. . In this paper are displayed and...
The first European Renewable Energy Directive had a time horizon from 2009 until 2020. The effects of this directive were the drafting of roadmaps describing how the Member States of the European Union, planned to reach their respective renewable energy targets and created a confidence in investors to invest in the sector. Photovoltaic installation...
Over the last two decades, grid-connected solar photovoltaic systems have increased from a niche market to one of the leading power generation capacity additions annually. In 2018 the total installed photovoltaic electricity generation capacity exceeded 500 GW. Another doubling is forecasted until the early 2020s. Therefore, the further development...
China’s largest competitive gains vis-à-vis
the EU are made in high-tech sectors related
to computers and electronics, and electrical
and mechanical engineering.
China has become a competitor in fast growing high-tech sectors to reduce
its reliance on foreign based technologies
Sectoral analyses also show a rapid improvement in China’s competitiven...
Preliminary market numbers show that the PV market probably stabilized in 2018. In total, about 97,9 GW of PV capacity were installed in the IEA PVPS countries and in other
major markets during 2018, and up to 99,8 GW in total (compared to 98,9 GW in 2017). The total installed capacity in the IEA PVPS countries and key markets has crossed the
500...