Arnie Eversole

Clemson University | CU · School of Agricultural, Forest, and Environmental Sciences

Spatial distributions of South Carolina crayfish were geo-referenced for over 3900 museum and collection records. Collection site records are not evenly distributed across the state; some parts of the state are poorly represented while other parts have a disproportionate number of collection records. Currently, 38 described species in five genera o...

Multivariate and univariate statistical analyses of morphometric data and examination of morphological characters of the crayfish species Cambarus (Hiaticambarus) longirostris revealed the existence of two undescribed species from populations previously considered to be C. longirostris in tributaries of the Tennessee River in north Alabama and cent...

Rates of biodiversity loss are higher in freshwater ecosystems than in most terrestrial or marine ecosystems, making freshwater conservation a priority. However, prioritisation methods are impeded by insufficient knowledge on the distribution and conservation status of freshwater taxa, particularly invertebrates. We evaluated the extinction risk of...

Distocambarus crockeri Hobbs and Carlson, 1983 (piedmont prairie burrowing crayfish) burrows were excavated monthly from April through July 2005 and September 2005 through June 2006 at a terrestrial site in South Carolina. Crayfish were counted, measured (carapace length in mm, CL), sexed, and life stage determined. Number, size and life stage of c...

Glass eel and elver stages of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) collected for a commercial aquaculture facility from Cooper River, South Carolina, were examined for parasites. Glass eels (n=130) were infected with two species, Myxidium giardi (56.9%) and an unidentified glochidium (1.5%). M. giardi occurred as immature trophozoites in the gall bladd...

Glass eel and elver stages of American eel (Anguilla rostrata) collected from Cooper River were stocked separately in ponds at a commercial aquaculture facility near Georgetown, South Carolina, in April 1981. Monthly samples of 15 glass eels and 15 elvers were examined for parasites from May 1981 through July 1982. Cultured glass eels (n=225) harbo...

Acute, 96-hour toxicity tests were conducted to determine the resistance of the black eel stage of the American eel (Anguilla rostrata) to several chemicals used in aquaculture. Static tests were conducted at 22°C in deionized water reconstituted to a hardness of 40–48 mg/liter, an alkalinity of 30–35 mg/liter, and pH of 7.2–7.6. A 96-hour LC50 val...

Post-larval Macrobrachium rosenbergii (11–30 nun total length) were exposed to mirex in water for 24 and 96 hours under static laboratory conditions. A LC50 value of 104 μg/liter was determined by probit analysis for prawns exposed for 24 hours, transferred to uncontaminated water, and observed for 72 hours. Prawns exposed for 96 hours at lower con...

Knobbed whelk, Busycon carica (Gmelin, 1791), age and growth were estimated using tagged and recaptured individuals (n = 396) from areas off South Carolina coastal islands. Recaptured whelks were at large an average of 298 d (4–2,640 d). Growth, an increase in shell length (SL), was evident in 24% of the recaptured whelks, whereas 29% of recaptured...

Foam casts and burrow excavations were used to examine Fallicambarus gordoni burrow occupancy rates, seasonal variation in burrow morphology, correlation between crayfish abundance and burrow abundance and potential ecological effects of burrowing through soil disturbance and the creation of fossorial habitat. Burrow occupancy rates were high (75%)...

Abstract The freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata was provided green algal-dominated water from a Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) over a range of water temperatures (6.1–32.4 °C) and suspended particulate organic carbon (POC) concentrations (−1) to determine filtration rates as mg POC kg−1 wet tissue weight h−1. The lowest filtration rates we...

Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and white river crayfish (P. acutus acutus) production for monoculture and polyculture systems were compared. The experiment consisted of three treatments with six replicates each. The stocking rates were 43 crayfish/m2 in 0.18-m2 tanks fitted with a stand of green rice. Each tank contained six crayfish, eit...

Crayfish were quantitatively sampled from a permanently-flooded 0.1 ha earthen pond from October 2004 through September 2006. Crayfish exhibited an annual cycle; young-of-the-year (YOY) crayfish emerged from burrows in the fall, grew rapidly through fall and spring, and reached sexual maturity and initiated burrowing activity in spring before assum...

Crayfish growers along the east coast of the United States from Florida through New England were mailed a 20-question survey to ascertain the industry status. Returns were received from 11 states, with the greatest numbers of returns from Florida and South Carolina. The overall response rate was 45%. Respondents indicated that crayfish were culture...

Historical ecology can be used to model past environments and identify reference conditions for restoration efforts. The primary burrowing crayfish Distocambarus crockeri exhibits a high degree of habitat specialization and is largely limited to open canopied terrestrial habitats maintained along roadsides, utility rights-of-way, and agricultural f...

Length–weight (TL vs WWT) and chelae length–width (ChL vs ChW) relationships were described for juveniles, males and females, and for form I and form II males of Procambarus acutus acutus. The length–weight relationships for juveniles, form I, form II males, and females could be described as: WWT = 5 × 10−3 TL3.09, WWT = 6 × 10−3 TL3.61, WWT = 6 ×...

The American Fisheries Society Endangered Species Committee herein provides a list of all crayfishes (families Astacidae and Cambaridae) in the United States and Canada that includes common names; state and provincial distributions; a comprehensive review of the conservation status of all taxa; and references on biology, conservation, and distribut...

Feed consumption by white river crayfish Procambarus acutus acutus in a 56-d laboratory study increased at a linear rate with water temperature over a range of 5 to 25 C. Feed consumption changed as water temperatures were cycled from 20–8–20 C (0.5 C/d) over a 68-d period and was the highest at the initial 20 C level and the lowest at 8 C. As wate...

Growers produce over 2.8 million kg of catfish (over $350 million wholesale revenue) annually in the United States. The microbiology of the phytoplankton community in culture water affects the growth and flavor of the catfish and is a consideration for growers. Filter feeders, like silver carp and freshwater mussels, in controlled growth systems ar...

— The freshwater mussel Elliptio complanata was provided water containing green algae and cyanobacteria delivered from the Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) at eight flow rates to determine algal filtration rates as mg of particulate organic carbon (POC)/kg wet tissue weight per h. The dominant taxon in cyanobacterial waters was Microcystis whil...

A researcher’s perception of a target species’ landscape strongly influences the design of habitat studies conducted at broad spatial scales. Consequently, researcher-dependent perceptions may misguide conservation efforts. Although the life histories of some crayfish (i.e., primary burrowers) are centered on a fossorial existence independent of su...

Procambarus acutus acutus (eastern white river crayfish) replaced P. clarkii (red swamp crayfish) in experimental culture ponds in South Carolina in < 10 years. Follow-up competition experiments indicated that the body size of P. a. acutus was important in defining the interaction between the two species. Species chela lengths and widths were compa...

This study was conducted to determine if channel catfish could be cultured at an increased density in the Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) without significantly affecting performance. Channel catfish fingerlings (36.53±6.76 g; mean ±SD) were initially stocked into six 9.15 m sections at 3,461±317 fish per section, twice the designed carrying ca...

Third-instar young-of-the-year (YOY) and juvenile Procambarus acutus acutus and P. clarkii stocked in aquaria, rice forage microcosms and a culture pond were evaluated in intraspecific- and interspecific-competitive settings. Procambarus acutus acutus YOY, which were larger than P. clarkii YOY at stocking, grew and survived at significantly greater...

Low capital cost and the relative reliability offish production are the major advantages offish culture in earthen ponds. Disadvantages of pond production are the need for continuous management of dissolved oxygen concentrations, as well as other fluctuating water quality variables. Labor requirements (especially for harvesting) and problems with o...

Procambarus acutus acutus population structure and reproductive development was evaluated during the dry-culture (Aug–Sep) and the wet-culture phases (Nov–Jun) in 0.1-ha culture ponds. Two cohorts of crayfish, carryover (CO) crayfish and young-of-the-year (YOY) crayfish were present in the ponds. Young-of-the year crayfish grew throughout the 233-d...

Crayfish culture pond (0.1 ha) was divided into three ecological strata: pond edge, 2.4 m from the pond perimeter; near shore, 3.0 m from the pond edge and the pond centre. Crayfish abundance was estimated with a 1.0 m 2 throw net (n=3) in each ecological stratum after reflooding (October), winter (January), spring (March), prior to harvest (April)...

Four different-sized (390±3, 140±2, 40±2, 16±1 g) Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), stocked at the same biomass in timed pulse feeding chambers were provided 27–29°C water dominated by Microcystis (82%) and Scenedesmus (18%) to determine the effect of fish size on filtration rates. The number of Microcystis and Scenedesmus units filtered fr...

Aquaculture production systems may range from tanks and raceways, in which water quality is controlled by water dilution and discharge to the environment to captive water systems, in which water quality is controlled by microbial reactions within the tank or pond. Attempts at intensification of pond aquaculture beyond the commonplace practice of su...

Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) held in timed-pulse feeding chambers, were provided with algal-rich water dominated by either green algae (Scenedesmus, Ankistrodesmus, Chlorella and Tetraedron) or cyanobacteria (Microcystis) to determine the effect of temperature and phytoplankton concentration on filtration rates. Green algae and cyanobact...

Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) held in timed-pulse feeding chambers were provided water dominated either by green algae (Scenedesmus, Ankistrodesmus and Tetraedron) or by cyanobacteria (Microcystis) to compare filtration rates (FRs). FRs were expressed as suspended particulate organic carbon (POC)...

Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, held in a timed pulse fed Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR) were provided Partitioned Aquaculture System (PAS) algal-rich water dominated by green algae (i.e., Scenedesmus and Ankistrodesmus) and cyanobacteria (i.e., Microcystis and Merismopedia) to determine filtration rates (FR). A similar number and size...

Adult female Procambarus acutus acutus, P. zonangulus, and P. clarkii (n = 64) were held in simulated burrows for 160 days. Mean percentage hepatopancreas moisture for a subsample (n = 12) of P. zonangulus was significantly less than that for the other two species. Procambarus clarkii oviposited eggs 30 days earlier than the other two species; howe...

Most of the current information on the reproduction of Mercenaria is drawn from field observations and histological examination of collected specimens. In the late 1930s, Dr. Victor L. Loosanoff provided detailed descriptions of spermatogenesis, the juvenile male phase, gametogenesis and spawning in M. mercenaria. Since then a number of researchers...

The effects of renovation on the production of white river crayfish, Procambarus acutus acutus were evaluated in ten 0.1-ha earthen ponds. The bottoms and levees of five ponds were reshaped with heavy equipment prior to planting sorghum-Sudan grass forage during the de-watered phase of the culture cycle. Five non-renovated ponds served as a control...

Northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria (L.), were sampled from four sites in Two Sisters Creek, South Carolina. Shell lengths (SL) were measured and ages estimated from increments in shell sections. Mean SL of individuals collected at the two sites near the mouth of the creek were significantly larger than those collected in the upper reaches of t...

Effects of Pond Renovation on Crayfish Production

Production and population dynamics of Procambarus clarkii and Procambarus acutus acutus were studied in nine 0.1-ha earthen ponds flooded in mid-September, mid-October, and mid-November. Mean forage biomass estimates at flooding were similar among treatments. Mean total length (TL) of the young-of-the-year (YOY) crayfish sampled in November by dip...

Nine 0.1-ha earthen ponds were used to evaluate the effects of high (113.5 kg/ha) and low (59 kg/ha) stocking rates of Procambarus clarkii in ponds dominated by Procambarus acutus acutus. Three ponds were assigned to each stocking treatment and a control. Crayfish were stocked 2-3 weeks before drawdown in 1995 and 1996. Estimates of forage biomass...

A nondestructive method for determining body composition by measuring total body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) was evaluated with 36 male and 36 female white river crayfish Procambarus acutus, ranging from 82 to 122 mm total length (TL) and from 16.62 to 67.11 g wet weight (WW). Significant relationship with an R2 of 0.999 was observed using TOBE...

Red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) and white river crayfish (P. acutus acutus) were stocked separately (intraspecific-treatments) or in combination (interspecific-treatment) at a rate of 21 crayfish /m2 in tanks with a stand of green rice. Growth and survival was assessed at 30-day intervals over a 90-day experimental period. Growth of P. acu...

Juvenile red swamp crayfish (or crawfish), Procambarus clarkii (20-41 mm in total length) were collected from a crayfish culture pond by dipnetting and tagged with sequentially numbered, standard length, binary-coded wire tags. Four replicates of 50 crayfish were impaled perpendicular to the long axis of the abdomen with a fixed needle. Tags were i...

Individual shell length (SL) records of 101 known-age northern quahogs Mercenaria mercenaria over a 12-year period were used to compare Richards, Gompertz, logistic, and von Bertalanffy growth models. Model comparisons were based on statistical goodness of fit, and accuracy in estimating age at maturity (35 mm SL) and age at legal harvest size (≤44...

Non-native stocks of Mercenaria mercenaria, M. campechiensis and their reciprocal hybrids were cultured in South Carolina. Histological examination of the gonads revealed a bimodal gametogenic pattern with a major spring spawning peak that continued into summer, followed by a smaller spawning peak in fall. The spring spawning peak of M. mercenaria...

A new crawfish, Distocambarus (Fitzcambarus) hunteri, is described from an apparently limited distribution in the Saluda River basin of South Carolina, U.S.A. The new species is distinguished by a large bladelike central projection and a mesial process that extends about half the length of the central projection; the mesial margin of the palm in ma...

The 96-h median lethal concentration of un-ionized ammonia-nitrogen for fingerling white bass Morone chrysops (mean weight ± SD, 4.4 ± 1.42 g) at 19.7 ± 0.4°C was 0.63 ± 0.17 mg/L in soft (≤5.0 mg calcium/L) freshwater. The uptake of ammonia by fingerling white bass (mean weight, 14.0 ± 2.74 g) was similar in soft freshwater, hard (78.3 ± 3.80 mg c...

Diploid and triploid northern quahogs, Mercenaria mercenaria, were cultured intertidally in a South Carolina estuary for about 4 y. No difference in shell length was detected between quahogs identified as triploids and diploids at 6 and 27 mo of age; however, at 47 mo of age, triploid quahogs were significantly larger than diploids. The survival ra...

Production of red swamp crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) was evaluated in deep (mean, 66 cm) and shallow (mean, 39 cm) earthen ponds over one production cycle. The first phase of production was based upon a rice (Oryza sativa) forage system; in the second phase a formulated feed served as a nutritional supplement. Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels did not...

Eggs of blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) and other fish taxa were sampled in Mulberry Ricefield, a former impoundment, and the west branch of Cooper River, South Carolina, U.S.A. from 1 March to 27 April 1988 and from 3 March to 27 April 1989. Four taxa of fish eggs (n=60,365) were collected in 1988 and eight taxa of eggs (n=10,541) in 1989. No...

Shell morphological features of the larvae and early postlarvae of species from two venerid (Mollusca: Lamellibranchia) subfamilies, Chioninae (Mercenaria mercenaria, M. campechiensis, M. campechiensis texana and Chionecancellata) and Pitarinae (Pitar morrhuanus), were examined using scanning electron microscopy. A single elongated fold on the ante...

Six 0.02 ha ponds were used to evaluate crawfish production and standing crop biomass of rice forage in ponds managed on a standard (control) and delayed (experimental) schedule over a two year production cycle. Delayed schedule followed the same sequence of events except the management activities were delayed approximately one month. Control and e...

American eels Anguilla rostrata (yellow phase; N = 462) collected from brackish-water portions (range of salinity: 0–23‰) of the Cooper River, South Carolina, ranged in length from 26.0 to 68.7 cm and in weight from 32 to 767 g. The length-weight relationship is log10W = -5.85 + 3.07 log10L; W = wet weight (g) and L = total length (mm). Age estimat...

American eels Anguilla rostrata (yellow phase; N = 462) collected from brackish-water portions (range of salinity: 0-23‰) of the Cooper River, South Carolina, ranged in length from 26.0 to 68.7 cm and in weight from 32 to 767 g. The length-weight relationship is log10W = -5.85 + 3.07 log10L; W = wet weight (g) and L = total length (mm). Age estimat...

Densities of larval blueback herring (Alosa aestivalis) were determined in Wee Tee Lake, a backwater tributary of Santee River, South Carolina and at two adjacent main channel river sites during the 1981 and 1982 spawning seasons. Densities of larval herring were significantly greater (P < 0.05) during both spawning seasons in Wee Tee Lake than are...

Predation byPanopeus herbstii onMercenaria mercenaria was significantly affected by temperature, and the size of predators and prey items. LargerP. herbstii opened more clams and preyed more successfully on larger clams than did smaller crabs. Increase in seed clam size and decrease in water temperature significantly reduced predation. Clam size ap...

Ranges for selected physical and chemical water quality characteristics associated with the distribution of spawning Alosa aestivalis were surface water temperature, 11-20 C; dissolved O2, 6-11 mg/l; dissolved CO2, 5-25 mg/l; pH, 6.0-7.5; and depth, 0.4-3.1 m. -from Sport Fishery Abstracts

Acute 96-h toxicity tests were conducted to determine the 96-h LC50 values of five chemicals to yellow-phase American eels (Anguilla rostrata). Tolerance of yellow eels to the five chemicals was determined by exposing eels to recommended concentrations and exposure times of each chemical and comparing mortalities to controls. Chemicals tested and c...

Glass eels and elvers collected biweekly from freshwater portions of Cooper River, South Carolina, during spring migrations (15 February-26 April 1978) were examined for external parasites. No parasites were found on glass eels. Four species of Protozoa and one species of Monogenea were found on elvers, 62% of which harbored at least one parasite s...

1.1. Experimental starvation in the fresh water pulmonate Helisoma trivolvis (and in Planorbarius corneus) can result in a 20–50% decrease in dry mass of tissues within shells of unchanged mass.2.2. Analyses of total organic carbon and nitrogen reveal that, after 132 days of starvation in Helisoma. C:N ratios are reduced from 5.78:1 to 4.44:1, loss...

Thesis--Syracuse University. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-121). Microfilm of typescript. Ann Arbor, Mich. : Xerox University Microfilms, 1976. 1 reel ; 35 mm.