Ariadne Angulo

IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group

Amphibians, as a class, are the most threatened vertebrates on the planet, with 41% of species threatened with extinction. Southeast Asian amphibian species in particular have been impacted by a high rate of habitat loss, and overharvesting for consumption, traditional medicine, and the pet trade has placed further pressure on populations. Collecti...

Emerging infectious diseases are on the rise in many different taxa, including, among others, the amphibian batrachochytrids, the snake fungal disease and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, responsible for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in mammals. Following the onset of the pandemic linked to COVID-19, eas...

Some conservation prioritization methods assume that conservation needs overwhelm current resources and not all species can be conserved; therefore, a “conservation triage” scheme (that is, when the system is overwhelmed, species should be divided into three groups based on likelihood of survival, and efforts should be focused on those species in t...

We describe a new species of Adenomera from southwestern Amazonia. The new species corresponds to one of the acoustic patterns and morphotypes from Tambopata National Reserve (Adenomera ‘‘Forest Call II’’), which was associated with the candidate species identified via molecular data as Adenomera sp. C in the phylogeny of the genus. The new species...

Darwin's frogs Rhinoderma darwinii and Rhinoderma rufum are the only known species of amphibians in which males brood their offspring in their vocal sacs. We propose these frogs as flagship species for the conservation of the Austral temperate forests of Chile and Argentina. This recommendation forms part of the vision of the Binational Conservatio...

Published in the IUCN Species Survival Commission Quarterly Report (June 2020)

Adenomera simonstuarti is a poorly known species complex inhabiting western Amazonia. Here we reevaluate the species diversity within this complex based on previously documented and newly acquired molecular and phenotypic data. We also redescribe the calling pattern of the nominal species based on the original recording (Peru) and a new recording (...

Adenomera andreae and A. hylaedactyla are two widespread Amazonian frogs that have been traditionally distinguished from each other by the use of different habitats, toe tip development, and more recently through advertisement calls. Yet, taxonomic identification of these species has always been challenging. Herein we undertake a review of type spe...

Binational Conservation Strategy fro Darwin's frogs www.estrategiarhinoderma.org

We describe a new Amazonian species of Adenomera that corresponds to one of the acoustic signals and morphs from Tambopata National Reserve (Adenomera ‘‘Forest Call I’’) and to a confirmed candidate species (Adenomera sp. E) in the most recently published phylogeny for the genus. The new species is distinguished from all 19 described congeners by i...

Leptodactylid frogs are phenotypically diverse, widely distributed across the Neotropics, and are known to harbor high levels of cryptic species diversity. This is especially true in Adenomera, where several candidate species have been recognized in a genetics-based study. Here we describe a new Amazonian species of Adenomera, which corresponds to...

Assessments of extinction risk are required to inform conservation action, but the usefulness of assessments is undermined if they are not current. Ameerega planipaleae , a poison frog endemic to the cloud forests of central Peru, was last assessed in 2004. We therefore sought to provide updated data to inform the reassessment of this species. Base...

Parque Nacional Yanachaga-Chemillén, Pasco, Perú Anfibios del bosque de nubes y su zona de amortiguamiento

Habitat loss and fragmentation are considered the main drivers of species population declines and extinctions in the world. The large-scale replacement of natural habitats with human-modified habitats, such as the replacement of forests with agricultural and livestock farming areas, creates a scenario where natural habitat patches are immersed in a...

Communication and education, along with other strategies for public engagement, are key to catalysing and sustaining action for biodiversity conservation. Since the Amphibian Conservation Action Plan (ACAP) was published in 2007, many dedicated amphibian conservationists from around the world have implemented communication campaigns, education/outr...

Knowledge products comprise assessments of authoritative information supported by standards , governance, quality control, data, tools, and capacity building mechanisms.

Unique visitors per year to knowledge products’ websites. (DOCX)

Calculation of the cost of achieving pre-defined baselines by 2020. All extrapolations were derived through data from the sample compiled in the study and projections provided by each knowledge product team. (DOCX)

Currency conversions and accounting for inflation. Costs were provided in British Pounds (GBP), US Dollars (US$), Euros (EUR), Australian Dollars (AUD), and Swiss Francs (CHF) of the year when the investment took place. We accounted for inflation by calculating the value of the currency in 2014 and then we transformed all currencies to US Dollars (...

Extrapolated one-off costs costs per funding source between 1979 and 2013 for all four knowledge products. Extrapolated one-off costs costs per cost categories between 1979 and 2013 for all four knowledge products. (DOCX)

Summary of data collection for all four knowledge products. The table summarises which costs were collected for each of the four knowledge products and how much of the total number of assesments, available in December 2013, these represent. In cases where 100% of the costs were not collected, the total sum for each knowledge product was increased p...

Peru supports approximately 588 amphibian species, of which 492 have been assessed on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Of these, 111 are classified as Threatened, with 69 species classified as Critically Endangered or Endangered. In addition, 140 amphibian species remain Data Deficient. We reassessed the conservation status of 38 amphibian...

Governments have committed to conserving ≥17% of terrestrial and ≥10% of marine environments globally, especially “areas of particular importance for biodiversity” through “ecologically representative” Protected Area (PA) systems or other “area-based conservation measures,” while individual countries have committed to conserve 3–50% of their land a...

New localities are herein reported for Adenomera thomei in Minas Gerais state, increasing its known distribution towards the Brazilian northwest and expanding knowledge on its habitat use. The advertisement calls of Adenomera thomei here reported exhibit variation in the call parameters known for this species, but also reveal a degree of overlap wi...

Defensive behaviour in amphibians is diverse, exhibiting a variety of postures and strategies to avoid a predation event. Over the course of fieldwork conducted in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil, we recorded defensive behaviours for Aplastodiscus leucopygius, a forest-associated species. Herein we report on these behaviours and discuss them in relat...

AimMaps of species ranges are among the most frequently used distribution data in biodiversity studies. As with any biological data, range maps have some level of measurement error, but this error is rarely quantified. We assessed the error associated with amphibian range maps by comparing them with point locality data. LocationGlobal. Methods The...

Listed as Critically Endangered given that it is considered to occur in a very circumscribed area, with an estimated extent of occurrence (EOO) considered to be well below 100 km2, it is known from a single threat-defined location, and there is a continuing decline of its presumed natural habitat on the summit of Pico do Selado. Given that this spe...

Listed as Data Deficient since it has only recently been described, and there is still very little information on its extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements.

Climate change will have far-reaching impacts on biodiversity, including increasing extinction rates. Current approaches to quantifying such impacts focus on measuring exposure to climatic change and largely ignore the biological differences between species that may significantly increase or reduce their vulnerability. To address this, we present a...

The relationship between climate change vulnerability dimensions for families containing ten or more species (based on an optimistic scenario for unknown trait values). Graphs show the percentages of each family’s species that are highly sensitive vs. of low adaptive capacity (A–C), sensitive vs. exposed (D–F), and of low adaptive capacity vs. expo...

Geographic concentrations of bird species that are highly sensitive (A–B), exposed (C–D), have low adaptive capacity (E–F) and are highly climate change vulnerable overall (G–H), based on an optimistic scenario for unknown trait values. Parts A, C, E and G represent total numbers of species, while B, D, F and H show the proportions of total species...

Geographic concentrations of amphibian species that are highly sensitive (A–B), exposed (C–D), have low adaptive capacity (E–F) and are highly climate change vulnerable overall (G–H), based on an optimistic scenario for unknown trait values. Parts A, C, E and G represent total numbers of species, while B, D, F and H show the proportions of total sp...

Geographic concentrations of coral species that are highly sensitive (A–B), exposed (C–D), have low adaptive capacity (E–F) and are highly climate change vulnerable overall (G–H), based on an optimistic scenario for unknown trait values. Parts A, C, E and G represent total numbers of species, while B, D, F and H show the proportions of total specie...

Foci of highly climate change vulnerable birds under three IPCC SRES climate change scenarios for 2050 and 2090. Low range scenario B1, moderate A1B (used as the baseline for all other assessments in this study) and high range A2 are represented by A, C and E respectively for 2050, while B, D and F show the same scenarios for 2090. (TIF)

Schematic diagram showing the three dimensions of climate change vulnerability (sensitivity, exposure and low adaptive capacity) and the biological and environmental trait sets contributing to them. The three boxes explain the logic system used to classify species as high in each climate change vulnerability dimension. Species are considered highly...

Traits rendering bird species as of ‘high’ and ‘low/lower’ climate change vulnerability, and the number of species qualifying under these categories and as unknown according to each trait. (DOCX)

Summary of the 5 most and least climate change vulnerable bird families. Percentages represent the proportions of species qualifying as high under each climate change vulnerability dimension (i.e., sensitivity, exposure, low adaptive capacity and overall climate change vulnerability). Climate change vulnerability traits are listed where they charac...

Bivariate plots showing areas with highest logged proportions (relative to species richness) of species that are climate change vulnerable only in yellow, threatened only in blue, and both highly climate change vulnerable and threatened in maroon. Logged total numbers of birds, amphibians and corals are represented by A, B and C respectively (see F...

Foci of highly climate change vulnerable corals under three IPCC SRES climate change scenarios for 2050 and 2090. Low range scenario B1, moderate A1B (used as the baseline for all other assessments in this study) and high range A2 are represented by A, C and E respectively for 2050, while B, D and F show the same scenarios for 2090. (TIF)

Traits rendering amphibian species as of ‘high’ and ‘low/lower’ climate change vulnerability, and the number of species qualifying under these categories and as unknown according to each trait. (DOCX)

The number and percentage of bird, amphibian and coral families with significantly more and less highly climate change vulnerable species than expected from the observed overall frequency in each group (based on an optimistic scenario for missing data). (DOCX)

Summary of geographic focal areas (identified in Figure 2 (B, D and F)) that contain high proportions of species, relative to species richness, that are (i) highly sensitive and of low adaptive capacity, (ii) highly exposed and both (i) and (ii). (DOCX)

Traits rendering amphibian species as of ‘high’ climate change vulnerability, and the number of species qualifying under these categories and as unknown, according to three trait threshold scenarios, namely more lenient thresholds, the original or moderate thresholds (i.e., as used for the results presented in Table 2 and Figure 2) and stricter thr...

Foci of highly climate change vulnerable birds calculated using five trait threshold scenarios, namely: strict percentage thresholds (A), strict expert thresholds (B), a moderate scenario for percentage and expert thresholds (i.e., as used for the results presented in Table 2 and Figure 2) (C), lenient percentage thresholds (D), and lenient expert...

Geographic concentrations of species that are highly vulnerable under a pessimistic scenario (i.e., when unknown trait scores are assumed to be high climate change vulnerability scores) but not under an optimistic scenario (i.e., when unknown trait scores are assumed to be low climate change vulnerability scores), for birds, amphibians and corals (...

Foci of highly climate change vulnerable amphibians under three IPCC SRES climate change scenarios for 2050 and 2090. Low range scenario B1, moderate A1B (used as the baseline for all other assessments in this study) and high range A2 are represented by A, C and E respectively for 2050, while B, D and F show the same scenarios for 2090. (TIF)

Foci of highly climate change vulnerable amphibians calculated using five trait threshold scenarios, namely: strict percentage thresholds (A), strict expert thresholds (B), a moderate scenario for percentage and expert thresholds (i.e., as used for the results presented in Table 2 and Figure 2) (C), lenient percentage thresholds (D), and lenient ex...

Foci of highly climate change vulnerable corals calculated using five trait threshold scenarios, namely: strict percentage thresholds (A), strict expert thresholds (B), a moderate scenario for percentage and expert thresholds (i.e., as used for the results presented in Table 2 and Figure 2) (C), lenient percentage thresholds (D), and lenient expert...

Summary of the 5 most and least climate change vulnerable amphibian families. Percentages represent the proportions of species qualifying as high under each climate change vulnerability dimension (i.e., sensitivity, exposure, low adaptive capacity and overall climate change vulnerability). Climate change vulnerability traits are listed where they c...

Summary of the four families that have mean climate change vulnerability scores that are significantly greater than the mean for all corals, as well as the three with significantly lower mean susceptibilities. Percentages represent the proportions of species qualifying as high under each climate change vulnerability dimension (i.e., sensitivity, ex...

Summary of geographic focal areas (identified in Figure 2 (A, C, and E)) that contain high total numbers of species that are (i) highly sensitive and of low adaptive capacity, (ii) highly exposed, and both (i) and (ii). (DOCX)

The numbers and percentages of birds, amphibians and coral species with various combinations of threat status (according to the IUCN Red List) and high climate change vulnerability. Optimistic scores are based on climate change vulnerability scores calculated on the assumption that unknown trait values reflect ‘not high’ scores; pessimistic scores...

Summary of the geographic focal areas identified in Figure 3 that contain high total numbers of species that are threatened (according to the IUCN Red ListTM), climate change vulnerable and high numbers of both. (DOCX)

Summary of the numbers of species and size of geographic area uniquely identified by each of the biological traits used to assess overall climate change vulnerability of corals. Traits highlighted in yellow identify the five most influential traits for uniquely identifying numbers of species and those in red text identify these traits for geographi...

Traits rendering bird species as of ‘high’ climate change vulnerability, and the number of species qualifying under these categories and as unknown, according to three trait threshold scenarios, namely more lenient thresholds, the original or moderate thresholds (i.e., as used for the results presented in Table 2 and Figure 2) and stricter threshol...

Climate change vulnerability scores for bird species. (PDF)

Climate change vulnerability scores for coral species. (PDF)

Traits rendering coral species as of ‘high’ and ‘low/lower’ climate change vulnerability, and the number of species qualifying under these categories and as unknown according to each trait. (DOCX)

Summary of the numbers of species and size of geographic area uniquely identified by each of the biological trait used to assess overall climate change vulnerability of birds. Traits highlighted in yellow identify the five most influential traits for uniquely identifying numbers of species and those in red text identify these traits for geographic...

Summary of the numbers of species and size of geographic area uniquely identified by each of the biological traits used to assess overall climate change vulnerability of amphibians. Traits highlighted in yellow identify the five most influential traits for uniquely identifying numbers of species and those in red text identify these traits for geogr...

Traits rendering coral species as of ‘high’ climate change vulnerability, and the number of species qualifying under these categories and as unknown, according to three trait threshold scenarios, namely more lenient thresholds, the original or moderate thresholds (i.e., as used for the results presented in Table 2 and Figure 2) and stricter thresho...

Summary of the potential impacts of sources of uncertainty on numbers of climate change vulnerable coral species. These include scenarios of impacts of missing data (unknowns), the choice of percentage thresholds, the selection of thresholds by experts, the greenhouse gas emission scenario applied and the time frames considered. Percentages represe...

Summary of the geographic focal areas identified in Figure S6 that contain high relative numbers of species that are threatened (according to the IUCN Red List), climate change vulnerable and high numbers of both. (DOCX)

Summary of the potential impacts of sources of uncertainty on numbers of climate change vulnerable bird species. These include scenarios of impacts of missing data (unknowns), the choice of percentage thresholds, the selection of thresholds by experts, the greenhouse gas emission scenario applied and the time frames considered. Percentages represen...

Supporting Methods, Supporting Discussion, Figures S1–13, Tables S1–21 and Supporting Information References. (PDF)

Summary of the potential impacts of sources of uncertainty on numbers of climate change vulnerable amphibian species. These include scenarios of impacts of missing data (unknowns), the choice of percentage thresholds, the selection of thresholds by experts, the greenhouse gas emission scenario applied and the time frames considered. Percentages rep...

Climate change vulnerability scores for amphibian species. (PDF)

This commentary focuses on the importance that DNA sequence analysis has in biodiversity studies and the need for improving administrative procedures regarding biodiversity research in Peru. Given the rapid loss of biodiversity and natural resources in many areas of Peru, research aimed at identifying, characterizing, and describing biodiversity is...

This commentary focuses on the importance that DNA sequence analysis has in biodiversity studies and the need for improving administrative procedures regarding biodiversity research in Peru. Given the rapid loss of biodiversity and natural resources in many areas of Peru, research aimed at identifying, characterizing, and describing biodiversity is...

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Amphibian declines and extinctions have been the subject of numerous scientific publi-cations and reports over the last two decades (e.g., Pounds et al., 1997; Stuart et al., 2004; Wake & Vredenburg, 2008) and have also captured an increased media attention globally; given what is known of the global amphibian scenario it is probably fair to say th...

Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer...

Assessing Biodiversity Declines Understanding human impact on biodiversity depends on sound quantitative projection. Pereira et al. (p. 1496 , published online 26 October) review quantitative scenarios that have been developed for four main areas of concern: species extinctions, species abundances and community structure, habitat loss and degradati...

Morphologically cryptic species act as a wild card when it comes to biodiversity assessments and conservation, with the capacity to dramatically alter our understanding of the biological landscape at the taxonomic, ecological, biogeographic, evolutionary, and conservation levels. We discuss the potential effects that cryptic species may have on bio...

Using data for 25,780 species categorized on the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List, we present an assessment of the status of the world's vertebrates. One-fifth of species are classified as Threatened, and we show that this figure is increasing: On average, 52 species of mammals, birds, and amphibians move one category closer...