Anurag K. Srivastava

• Ph.D.
• Washington State University

Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) are critical for addressing the intermittent nature of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in power distribution networks. By enabling real-time monitoring and remote control, Internet of Things (IoT)-based BESS controllers are essential to optimize energy storage and ensure efficient management and operation o...

The electricity grid has evolved from a physical system to a cyberphysical system with digital devices that perform measurement, control, communication, computation, and actuation. The increased penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) including renewable generation, flexible loads, and storage provides extraordinary opportunities for imp...

The electricity grid has evolved from a physical system to a cyber-physical system with digital devices that perform measurement, control, communication, computation, and actuation. The increased penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs) that include renewable generation, flexible loads, and storage provides extraordinary opportunities for...

The power grid is evolving with the increased integration of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and the growing need for bidirectional communication to manage DERs. As this evolution unfolds, the communication system supporting the power grid operation demands through analysis. Traditionally sparse wired mediums can not support increasing number o...

This work presents a new algorithm for detecting and classifying data anomalies in operational measurements using statistical, clustering, and outlier-based approaches. Base detectors explored in this work includes density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise, K-Means, local outlier factor, feature bagging, and robust random cut fore...

PREPARED BY The Power and Energy Education Committee University Education Activities Subcommittee Task Force on Innovative Teaching Methods for Modern Power and Energy Systems PES-TR120 TR-120 — Innovative Teaching Methods for Modern Power and Energy Systems https://resourcecenter.ieee-pes.org/publications/technical-reports/pes_tp_tr120_peec_03...

Advancements in digital automation for smart grids have led to the installation of measurement devices like phasor measurement units (PMUs), micro-PMUs (µ-PMUs), and smart meters. However, large amount of data collected by these devices bring several challenges as control room operators need to use this data with models to make confident decisions...

To ensure the sustainability of the future power grid, the rate of expansion of distributed energy resources (DERs) has introduced operational challenges. These include managing transmission constraints with DER power injection, dispatching DERs efficiently, managing system frequency, and ensuring sufficient reactive power for voltage support. Coup...

Today’s critical infrastructure systems are more interconnected and dependent on the electric power grid. This interdependence means that disruptions in one system can have far-reaching consequences across many others. This is particularly evident when a cyberattack in the power grid leads to widespread outages and disrupts essential societal servi...

This paper summarizes the three-year technical activities of the IEEE Task Force (TF) on behind-the-meter (BTM) distributed energy resources (DERs): estimation, uncertainty quantification, and control. The potential grid services from BTM DERs are discussed in detail. The paper also reviews the state-of-the-art for BTM DERs visibility, uncertainty...

A novel online and adaptive machine-learning approach for network intrusion detection is proposed in this work with a use case of unknown attack detection in the industrial cyber-physical power grid. Existing machine-learning (ML) based-intrusion detection systems in cyber-physical power systems rely on a fixed dataset with known attack anomalies f...

Despite being man-made, cyber-power systems and the associated cyber-attacks evolve in tandem with human expertise, which matures over time. This dynamic mirrors the evolutionary processes observed in infectious disease ecology within microbial and human host systems. In the past, researchers have explored several bio-inspired, immunity-based appro...

Operations of power distribution systems with Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) can be managed in scal-able manner with advanced distributed control algorithms. Distributed algorithms utilizing digital controller also bring cyber vulnerabilities. In this work, a converter-inverter topology that can utilize a communication network and a distribute...

Autonomous service restoration (ASR) of active distribution network (ADN) reduces service restoration time with the help of measurement devices, smart switches and distributed energy resources (DERs) considering the system's operational and radiality constraints. Restoration scheme can be deployed in both centralized and distributed manner. However...

The integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) has revolutionized the power distribution grids, transitioning them into a decentralized mode. While DERs bring numerous advantages, they also introduce the complexity and uncertainties to the distribution system operation, necessitating adaptable operational strategies to enhance system resili...

This report aims to 1) identify and define different types of flexibility services from Behind-the-Meter (BTM) Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and loads, 2) identify the benefits of BTM DERs and "load flexibility" for power system security, reliability, and resilience, 3) review and explore state-of-the-art approaches for DERs and load flexibi...

Integrating sustainable energy resources transforms the distribution grid into an active system with higher variations observed in load and generation. Estimating distributed generation, gross load, and cold load pick-up (CLPU) become more challenging with behind-the-meter (BTM) distributed energy resources (DERs), especially in case of outages cau...

Environmental and sustainability concerns have caused a recent surge in the penetration of distributed energy resources into the power grid. This may lead to voltage violations in the distribution systems making voltage regulation more relevant than ever. Owing to this and rapid advancements in sensing, communication, and computation technologies,...

In this paper, we aim to leverage peer to peer (P2P) transactive energy framework for optimal control of rooftop or neighborhood solar power with battery electric storage systems (BESS). Here we propose that the multiple neighboring customers would interconnect to form a community DC grid while still being connected to the main utility grid. The pr...

Despite the recent development of several scalable, robust, and resilient control approaches with superior convergence properties considering an increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), cognitive oversights often simplify several aspects of the cyber–physical power system in the controller development. Following the identifica...

With the increasing penetration of primarily inertia-less distributed energy resources, allowable delay in the fast frequency reserve provision to ensure marginal stability condition can become comparable with the requisite dead-time for fast-switching in a radial power distribution system (PDS) connected to the transmission system. Consequently, t...

Power outages have been an inevitable part of power delivery systems. In case of large scale outages with conflicting information in the distribution network with distributed energy resources (DER), recognition of the root causes becomes increasingly complex. Root cause detection is very important for routing the crew and for faster restoration. Nu...

For past several years the resiliency of the power grid is severely challenged by extreme events. Black start and restoration scheme (BS&RS) is critical to enhance distribution grid resiliency. Variability in the power supply capacity of distributed energy resources (DERs) and load demand stand against the efficiency of sequential black start resto...

This work proposes a deep graph learning framework to identify, locate, and classify power, cyber, and cyber power events at the distribution system level. The proposed algorithm jointly exploits spatial, temporal, and node-level cyber and physical data features. The developed graph neural network, together with a deep autoencoder, utilizes physica...

This paper proposes a real-time anomaly location and classification framework for power distribution systems to simultaneously determine the type of anomaly (i.e., short-circuit fault, cyber attack, DER switching) and its location. The proposed framework employs the data aggregation module to collect the measurement data from multiple field devices...

Phasor measurement units (PMUs) have been widely deployed for power grid monitoring, supporting system analytics, protection, automation, and control. However, with the continuous infiltration of inverter resources, the smart grid introduces more inherent uncertainties, leading to system state transformation. The most common method used by PMUs to...

This book provides a detailed overview of possible applications of distributed optimization in power systems. Centralized algorithms are widely used for optimization and control in power system applications. These algorithms require all the measurements and data to be accumulated at a central location and hence suffer from single-point-of-failure....

A novel asynchronous federated architecture is proposed in this work for data prediction, aggregation, and inference with a use case for fast short-term instability mitigation in transmission systems. Existing machine learning (ML) prediction approaches rely on centralized-schemes that accumulate measurements from distributed regions at a central c...

Advancements in digital automation for smart grids have led to the installation of measurement devices like phasor measurement units (PMUs), micro-PMUs (μ-PMUs), and smart meters. However, large amount of data collected by these devices bring several challenges as control room operators need to use this data with models to make confident decisions...

Advanced distributed control algorithms can assist in efficiently operating the power distribution systems with Distributed Energy Resources (DERs), while ensuring resiliency during critical events like cyber-attacks. In this work, we assess the resiliency of the developed distributed feedback-based Volt-Watt controller. In this regard, a Cyber-Phy...

Traditionally, centralized approaches have predominantly been used for power system operation and control. With the increasing penetration of small-scale distributed energy resources (DERs) in the distribution network, especially independently owned renewable resources, distributed algorithms can serve as a potential alternative for improving scala...

With the growing complexity, increased integration of distributed energy resources, and associated intermittency, situational awareness and decision support for power grid operators have become more challenging. The integration of high‐resolution time‐synchronized measurements at a high reporting rate by phasor measurement units (PMUs) in the power...

In this article, “Resilience-driven Integration of Distributed Energy Resource (DER): Holistic Value Analysis”, incentives to realize DER’s value streams were analyzed for a tiered level of grid integration. Through suitable mechanisms, DERs can also provide resiliency services alongside reliability, ancillary services, and carbon-credits, helping...

The integration of distributed energy resources and advancement in information technology has enabled the transition of traditional power distribution systems to active cyber‐physical distribution systems. A growing amount of research has been done on the modelling, analysis, and optimisation of power distribution system behaviour. However, existin...

High penetration of renewable and sustainable Distributed Energy Resources (DER) into the traditional distribution system requires a well-coordinated control strategy for the improvement of system-wide reliability and resiliency. Implementation of such a holistic control architecture requires a flexible, near real-time, and bi-directional communica...

With increasing adverse weather events and disasters, enabling resiliency of the power distribution system (PDS) is becoming increasingly important. In this work, resiliency is defined as the systems ability to keep supplying critical loads even with multiple contingencies. Resiliency may depend on: (a) advanced tools to assist operators in situati...

Despite the push from local and federal governmental organizations toward the adoption of clean-energy technological solutions, electric utilities are still slow to integrate DERs. Challenges are mainly driven by the need to quantify all the potential DER values, invisible DER behind the meters, identifying incentive streams, and near-zero marginal...

This chapter explores the basic concepts in cybersecurity and then introduces many of the foundational security mechanisms used to protect power systems. The chapter introduces basic concepts in encryption, authentication, and access control while also exploring a variety of security challenges in the smart grid. This chapter provides detailed disc...

This chapter examines the smart grid operational structure, with a particular focus on the United States. The history of the organizations that develop and enforce operational standards is described. The various key stakeholders involved in the smart grid structure and the challenges for both the participants and the regulatory agencies with the ad...

This chapter introduces the broad types of network‐based attacks, especially the ones typically seen in the power system domain. These types of attacks have various implementation techniques, and we will study the concept behind these attacks and some typical implementation techniques. A variety of security methods can be used to detect and mitigat...

This chapter aims to understand the necessary infrastructure for a modern control center and how the requirements will evolve in the future, looking at the challenges in interfacing devices and algorithms developed at different times. The computational requirements for the evolving smart grid and the data management standards evolving around them s...

This chapter discusses system vulnerabilities that come in various categories and some security mechanisms that are used to mitigate them. These security mechanisms are driven by security evaluation methods, which play a key role in understanding the threat from a particular vulnerability. Various mechanisms for security evaluation will be discusse...

This chapter introduces four key components of power grid operation – power grid sensing, communication, computation, and control. Advanced sensing devices such as phasor measurement unit (PMU) and smart meters are introduced. The mechanism of these new types of sensors and measurements and their impact on power grid operation are discussed. Evolut...

This chapter provides an overview of the notion of a “smart” grid and discusses the evolution of the power grid with the integration of digital devices. The structure of the power grid in general is discussed, along with common risks to power system operation and well‐known failures, also known as “blackouts.” This chapter briefly discusses how gri...

This chapter deals with the models and frameworks that support the communication infrastructure. Detailed discussions are provided on the various layers of the TCP/IP model, which is the backbone for networking as used today. Commentary on how these layered protocols is used in the smart grid is also provided, with examples. Finally, the difference...

This chapter deals with various smart grid case studies – deployments, challenges, successes, and learning. We will get familiar with the future smart grid model, learn about various smart grid use cases, and study the risks that come with increased “smartness” in the grid. The metrics and procedures for planning smart grid projects was discussed,...

This chapter aims to understand the uses and implementations of data communications in the smart grid, specifically the power system protocols that support various applications. This chapter builds on the TCP/IP stack and look more closely at the application layer protocols used in the smart grid. Specifically, we will address SCADA and DNP3 protoc...

This chapter introduces the communication characteristics that affect the overall performance of smart grid systems. These include propagation delay, transmission delay, queueing delay, jitter, processing delay, delay in multi‐hop networks, and data loss and corruption. The understanding of these concepts are essential knowledge for engineers, both...

Current research in cybersecurity encompasses the NIST categories of response and recovery to enhance the resiliency of the electric grid. There are multiple research efforts for cyber-securing the 'grid edge.' However, centralized control of distributed energy systems (DER) will likely lead to scalability issues, partly due to the complexity of th...

The increased implementation of smart grid technologies in the power distribution grid presents unique opportunities that enable resiliency, but also brings challenges motivating needs for novel solutions and mitigation techniques. The bi-directional power and data flow allow for the grid to operate with increased resiliency, which is the ability t...

The integration of high-resolution data from phasor measurement units (PMUs) in the power grid operation provides an opportunity for enhanced situational awareness and possible decision support to the system operator. Nevertheless, the effective extraction of valuable information from the PMU data stream requires a data analytics tool. Existing tec...

Microgrids with advanced management and control strengthen power system reliability and resilience. In normal operation, economy and reliability are the objectives. However, for adverse events, economy would not be the top concern and focus moves to resiliency and providing energy to critical loads. The resource dispatch strategy in normal economic...

Distribution-level phasor measurement units (D-PMU) data are prone to different types of anomalies given complex data flow and processing infrastructure in an active power distribution system with enhanced digital automation. It is essential to preprocess the data before being used by critical applications for situational awareness and control. In...

A microgrid may be subjected to various unexpected events, such as sudden tripping of a generator/load, line outages due to faults, sudden switching of large capacitor banks, etc. Detection and classification of events play an essential role in the reliable operation, control, and restoration of microgrids. Due to low observability in microgrids, a...

This paper develops a novel pseudo-measurement construct termed a Correlational Measurement (CM) to improve observability and state estimation accuracy. CMs utilize the correlation between similar classes of loads and DERs. The modifications required to accommodate CMs in traditional node voltage or branch current based state estimators are derived...

Integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) helps realize sustainability and reduce carbon footprint, but may cause voltage control issues in the distribution power system. The impact is mainly driven by the intermittency, and variability offers typically connected at the edge. Traditional centralized optimal voltage control lacks scalabilit...

The electric grid operation is constantly threatened with natural disasters and cyber intrusions. The introduction of Internet of Things (IoTs) based distributed energy resources (DERs) in the distribution system provides opportunities for flexible services to enable efficient, reliable and resilient operation. At the same time, IoT based DERs come...

The electric distribution system (EDS) has traditionally possessed a radial architecture with a strong connection to the bulk power source, the transmission system. However, the rapid deployment of distributed generators (DGs), advanced telemetry, the capability of both manual and remote control, and analytics have enabled the concept of micro-grid...

Recent advancements in prediction technologies have motivated the power distribution utilities to actively utilize forecasts to minimize the impact of high-impact low frequency (HILF) events. Accurate forecasting coupled with past operational experiences potentially enables pre-event control, aiming to reduce the impact on the system in a network w...

Situational awareness (SA) is critical to properly operating active power distribution systems during normal and outage conditions. Appropriate SA tools should provide an accurate estimate of system voltage and current variables, the operational network topology, and the power injections from distributed energy sources (DERs), including behind-the-...

Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) are located at different geographic positions in the transmission system, generating measurement data that can be analyzed to monitor and control the power grid. One utilization for such measurement data is monitoring based on machine learning based event analysis in the transmission system, which includes event d...

Distribution-level phasor measurement units (D-PMU) data are prone to different types of anomalies given complex data flow and processing infrastructure in an active power distribution system with enhanced digital automation. It is essential to pre-process the data before being used by critical applications for situational awareness and control. In...

Distribution-level phasor measurement units (D-PMU) data are prone to different types of anomalies given complex data flow and processing infrastructure in an active power distribution system with enhanced digital automation. It is essential to pre-process the data before being used by critical applications for situational awareness and control. In...