Antti Toskala

• Fellow at Nokia

This chapter covers the small cell enhancements introduced in Release 12 in third generation partnership project (3GPP) as well as the items on-going for Release 13. It first introduces the architecture impacts from the dual connectivity architecture options specified for Release 12. The chapter then covers the dual connectivity principle, followed...

This chapter presents principles of the long-term evolution (LTE) unlicensed operation which is being worked in third generation partnership project (3GPP) under the name license assisted access (LAA) for Release 13. The use of LAA allows benefiting from the additional capacity available from the unlicensed spectrum. The chapter introduces first th...

This chapter presents the Release 11 HSDPA Multiflow, which was introduced to address and improve the cell edge performance of HSDPA system. Release 5 based HSDPA connection is provided from a single cell only, even though the active set may contain more cells. With HSDPA Multiflow, there is a possibility to obtain additional diversity and boost ce...

This chapter presents performance evaluation HSPA Release 11 compared to the requirements for IMT-Advanced as defined by the ITU-R. This chapter presents first the IMT-Advanced requirements and introduces the different features included in Release 11 3GPP specifications to address these requirements. How these different features are intended to imp...

This chapter presents the outlook of HSPA evolution to Release 12 and beyond. First the topics discussed in 3GPP regarding the HSPA-LTE interworking and regarding the 3GPP radio level interworking with WLAN are covered. Then dealing with smaller bandwidths than 5 MHz are presented and then the work for improving the Release 99 based dedicated chann...

This chapter presents the long term evolution (LTE) uplink carrier aggregation principles. The uplink carrier aggregation is also part of the Release 10 LTE specifications, similar to the downlink carrier aggregation. The chapter then proceeds to the detailed impact on the protocols, procedures and physical layer. It also covers physical layer chan...

This chapter presents the outlook towards 3GPP Release 11 and 12 with the work on-going in 3GPP. 3GPP is complementing the first long term evolution (LTE)-Advanced version, Release 10, with large number of new study and work items in Release 11. Advanced UE receiver work follows the similar activity done earlier for HSPA UE receiver. One of the int...

This chapter presents the long term evolution (LTE) downlink MIMO enhancements included in Release 10 LTE specifications, as part of LTE-Advanced work to improve the performance and reach the LTE-Advanced requirements set in 3GPP, as well as the IMT-Advanced requirements by the ITU-R. It provides an overview of the downlink MIMO enhancements over t...

This chapter presents the long term evolution (LTE) uplink MIMO included in Release 10 LTE specifications to enable multi-stream multi-antenna uplink transmission as part of LTE-Advanced efforts in meeting the IMT-Advanced and LTE-Advanced requirements. It provides an overview of the uplink MIMO development from Release 8 virtual MIMO to Release 10...

Describes the technological solutions and standards which will enable the migration of voice and SMS services over to LTE/EPC networks. Main drivers for the introduction of Long Term Evolution of UTRAN (LTE) is to provide far better end user experience for mobile broadband services. However, service providers also need to have a clear strategy of h...

Common Networks EverywhereGSM/WCDMA ViewCDMA View

3GPP Release 8;mobile networks, advances;better end user experience;voice service;VoLTE;3GPP specified CSFB;IMS-based solution, and 3GPP;One Voice profile;commercial VoLTE deployments

CoverageCapacityLatencySummary

IMS Centralized Services;ICS, 3GPP (3GPP TS 23.292);ICS-based IMS architecture;access-agnostic service execution;non-ICS enhanced UEs;service consistency;ICS, non-ICS enhanced UE, differences;UEs, IMS Centralized Service capabilities;service centralisation and service continuity;ICS enhanced UEs, roaming outside IMS

OverviewRadio FunctionalitiesEPC FunctionalitiesIMS IdentificationIMS Service ProvisioningIMS Multimedia Telephony

HSPA voice over IP;VoLTE, driving mobile VoIP;VoHSPA, and VoIP speed up;radio and packet core capabilities;CPC principle;VoHSPA capacity;packet bundling, VoIP optimised scheduler;SGSN information over Iu interface;voice power consumption;HSPA and VoHSPA

OverviewVoLTE Subscription and Device ConfigurationEPS Attach for CSFB/IMS VoIP and Default Bearer ActivationIMS RegistrationIMS VoIP SessionVoice ContinuityIMS Emergency SessionCS Fallback for Evolved Packet System Call Case(s)VoLTE Messaging

IntroductionLTE TDD FundamentalsTDD Control DesignSemi-persistent SchedulingMIMO and Dedicated Reference SignalsLTE TDD PerformanceEvolution of LTE TDDLTE TDD SummaryReferences

IntroductionProtocol ArchitectureThe Medium Access ControlThe Radio Link Control LayerPacket Data Convergence ProtocolRadio Resource Control (RRC)X2 Interface ProtocolsUnderstanding the RRC ASN.1 Protocol DefinitionEarly UE Handling in LTESummaryReferences

IntroductionLTE-Advanced and IMT-AdvancedRequirements3GPP LTE-Advanced Study PhaseCarrier AggregationDownlink Multi-antenna EnhancementsUplink Multi-antenna TechniquesHeterogeneous NetworksRelaysRelease 11 OutlookConclusions References

This chapter presents High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), the key new feature included in the Release 5 specifications. It presents HSDPA key aspects and compares with Release 99 downlink packet access possibilities. The chapter summarizes the impact of HSDPA on the terminal uplink (user equ...

This chapter describes the selection process during 1997, as well as the decisions made by the regional standardization organizations in early 1998. Different standardization bodies that carried out WCDMA-related work are introduced, and then 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the common standardization effort to create a global standard fo...

From the start the use of the Time Division Duplex (TDD) operation was part of the Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) operation to deal with the unpaired spectrum allocations. In Release 99, the 3.84 Mcps TDD mode was included together with the first WCDMA release in the specifications. For the next release, Release 4, the 1.28 Mcps TDD mode...

High speed packet access (HSPA) was included in the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Releases 5 and 6 for downlink and for uplink. The 3GPP Releases 7, 8 and 9 have brought a number of HSPA enhancements providing major improvements to the end user performance and to network efficiency. HSPA evolution is optimized for co-existence with WC...

IntroductionLTE Multiple Access BackgroundOFDMA BasicsSC-FDMA BasicsMIMO BasicsSummaryReferences

IntroductionOverview of 3GPP Releases and ProcessLTE TargetsLTE Standardization PhasesEvolution Beyond Release 8LTE-Advanced for IMT-AdvancedLTE Specifications and 3GPP StructureReferences

System Architecture Evolution in 3GPPBasic System Architecture Configuration with only E-UTRAN Access NetworkSystem Architecture with E-UTRAN and Legacy 3GPP Access NetworksSystem Architecture with E-UTRAN and Non-3GPP Access NetworksInter-working with cdma2000® Access NetworksIMS ArchitecturePCC and QoSReferences

IntroductionProtocol ArchitectureMedium Access ControlRadio Link Control LayerPacket Data Convergence ProtocolRadio Resource Control (RRC)X2 Interface ProtocolsEarly UE Handling in LTESummaryReferences

From the editors of the highly successful WCDMA for UMTS, this new book gives a complete and up-to-date overview of Long Term Evolution (LTE) in a systematic and clear manner. It starts with an in-depth explanation of the background and standardization process before moving on to examine the system architecture evolution (SAE). The basics of air in...

IntroductionTransport Channels and Their Mapping to the Physical ChannelsModulationUplink User Data TransmissionDownlink User Data TransmissionUplink Physical Layer Signaling TransmissionPRACH StructureDownlink Physical Layer Signaling TransmissionPhysical Layer ProceduresUE Capability Classes and Supported FeaturesPhysical Layer MeasurementsPhysic...

IntroductionLTE TDD FundamentalsTDD Control DesignSemi-persistent SchedulingMIMO and Dedicated Reference SignalsLTE TDD PerformanceSummaryReferences

High-speed packet access (HSPA) was included in third generation partnership project (3GPP) releases 5 and 6 for downlink and for uplink. The 3GPP release 7 offers a number of HSPA enhancements, providing major improvements to the end-user performance and to network efficiency. The release 7 features are introduced in this paper. Release 7 also is...

This chapter presents the Universal Mobile Telecommunication Services (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) Long-Term Evolution (LTE) work, which is defining a new packet-only wideband radio with flat architecture as part of the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) radio technology family in addition to Global System for Mobile Commu...

This chapter elaborates on UMTS services from the user’s perspective. Successful practitioners of UMTS and WCDMA/HSPA technology need to understand the value of services to consumers and businesses, as well as the business models and value proposition options that operators have. The chapter divides UMTS services into voice, video telephony, messag...

The protocol layers above the physical layer are called the data link layer and the network Layer. In the UTRA FDD radio interface, layer 2 is split into sublayers. In the control plane, layer 2 contains two sublayers: the Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol and the Radio Link Control (RLC) protocol. This chapter describes the general radio interf...

Introduction Setup Time Reduction Peak Data Rate Increase with MIMO and 16QAM/64QAM Layer 2 Optimisation Throughput Evolution with Enhanced Terminals Mobile Power Consumption Reduction with Continuous Packet Connectivity Voice-over-IP (VoIP) Capacity Enhancements Flat Architecture Summary References

This chapter presents High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) for Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), the key new feature included in Release 6 specifications. The HSUPA solution has been designed to deliver similar benefits for the uplink as did the High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) in Release 5, covered in Chapter 12, for the...

Introduction UTRA TDD Physical Layer UTRA TDD Interference Evaluation HSDPA Operation with TDD Concluding Remarks and Future Outlook on UTRA TDD References

Introduction Background in Europe Background in Japan Background in Korea Background in the United States Creation of 3GPP How does 3GPP Operate? Creation of 3GPP2 Harmonisation Phase IMT-2000 Process in ITU Beyond 3GPP Release 99 References

Written by the leading experts in the field, the best selling book on UMTS is now updated to cover 3GPP High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) evolution (HSPA+) in Release 7 and on-going Long Term Evolution (LTE) activity for Release 8. These technologies enhance the capabilities of the existing WCDMA/HSPA networks to offer higher data rates beyond 100 Mb...

System Architecture UTRAN Architecture General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial Interfaces Iu, the UTRAN–CN Interface UTRAN Internal Interfaces UTRAN Enhancements and Evolution UMTS CN Architecture and Evolution References

Alongside with on-going further WCDMA development, work on evolved universal terrestrial radio access network (EUTRAN), also known as long term evolution (LTE), has been initiated in 3GPP. The objective of EUTRAN is to develop a framework for the evolution of the 3GPP radio-access technology towards wider bandwidth, lower latency and packet-optimiz...

Now in its fifth edition, the bestselling book on UMTS has been updated to cover 3GPP WCDMA and High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) from Release 99 to Release 9. Written by leading experts in the field, the book explains HSPA performance based on simulations and field experience, and illustrates the benefits of HSPA evolution (HSPA+) both from the oper...

The 3^rd Generation Partner Ship Project (3GPP) produced the first version of WCDMA standard in the end of 1999, which is the basis of the Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) deployed in the field today. This release, called release 99, contained all the basic elements to meet the requirements for IMT-2000 technologies. Release 5 int...

This chapter covers high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA) principles for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA)-the key new feature included in Release 5 specifications and enhanced further in Release 6 specifications. This chapter focuses on describing how HSDPA works and what features are included in Release 5 and Release 6 specificat...

This chapter introduces the standardization framework around high-speed downlink packet access (HSDPA)and high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA) and presents the standardization schedule and future development for HSDPA and HSUPA currently on-going. Also the developments beyond HSDPA and HSUPA are introduced at the end of this chapter.

Transmitter requirementsReceiver requirementsFrequency bands and multiband terminalsReferences

Radio resource management architectureReferences

This chapter covers the high-speed uplink packet access (HSUPA) principles for wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) for Release 6 specifications. As discussed in Chapter 2, the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) termwas not HSUPA, but enhanced dedicated channel (E-DCH). Usage of the term'HSU PA' instead of E-DCH follows the trend...

From the editors of the highly successful WCDMA for UMTS, this new book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date reference to High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) technologies for WCDMA. The editors cover both HSDPA and HSUPA, including an in-depth description and explanation of 3GPP standards, and expected performance based on simulations and first meas...

This chapter presents an overview of the mobile internet architecture, focusing on the WCDMA radio technology as well as the core network fundamentals. The WCDMA radio access is introduced including channel structures and main physical layer procedures. Typical end user data rates and system capacities are presented. WCDMA evolution topics in stand...

Introduction Person-to-person Circuit Switched Services Person-to-person Packet Switched Services Content-to-person Services Business Connectivity IP Multimedia Sub-system, IMS Quality of Service Differentiation Capacity and Cost of Service Delivery Service Capabilities with Different Terminal Classes Location Services in WCDMA References

This chapter describes the Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA - Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)) physical layer. Naturally it is essential to have low Signal-to-Interference Ratio (SIR) requirements for sufficient link performance with various coding and diversity solutions in the physical layer,...

This chapter gives a wide overview of the Universal Mobile Telephone System (UMTS) architecture, including an introduction to the logical network elements and the interfaces. The UMTS consists of logical network elements that each has a defined functionality. In the standards, network elements are defined at the logical level, but this quite often...

Air Interfaces for UMTSSpectrum for UMTSWCDMA BasicsWCDMA Physical Layer and Terminal CapabilitiesWCDMA Air Interface PerformanceIn Summary

In this paper we discuss two options for supporting mobility management for HSDPA-users. Especially issues related to direct change of the serving HS-DSCH cell are addressed. where a handover from a HS-DSCH in the source cell to a HS-DSCH in the target cell is made. It is concluded that change of the serving HS-DSCH cell without any intermediate ch...

IMT-2000 3G Technologies and Evolution Paths3G Technology Support of Licensed Frequency Bands3G Radio Access Technologies—Introduction3G Radio Access Technology (RAT) Performance BenchmarkUMTS Multi-radio IntegrationReferences

rd Generation Partner Ship Project (3GPP) produced the first full version of the Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) standard at the end of 1999. Release’99, meets all the IMT-2000 requirements, including 2 Mbps data rate with variable bit rate capability, support of multi-service, quality of service differentiation and efficient packet data. The Release’5 speci...

The air interface of the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) covers both a frequency division duplex (FDD) part for the paired bands and a time division duplex (TDD) part for the unpaired bands of the UMTS spectrum. The Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) is the 3rd-generation mobile communication system. This paper presents an interf...

WCDMA in Third Generation Systems Air Interfaces and Spectrum Allocations for Third Generation Systems Schedule for Third Generation Systems Differences between WCDMA and Second Generation Air Interfaces Core Networks and Services References

An ideal TDD system offers high capacity, dynamic asymmetry between uplink and downlink and no coordination requirements between operators and base stations. This paper studies the performance of UTRA/TDD and how close to the ideal TDD system UTRA/TDD could be. Since both uplink and downlink share the same frequency in TDD, those two transmission d...

The link level performance and the cellular systemcapacity in the uplink direction of a CDMA cellularsystem utilising multiuser detection base stationreceivers is analysed by simulation. In the receiver,parallel multistage multiuser detection is employedtogether with two-antenna diversity reception and fastclosed-loop power control. A system level...

This paper presents an overview of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) wideband CDMA (WCDMA) concept selected by ETSI for the FDD component of UMTS terrestrial radio access (UTRA). The selection process was completed in January 1998 and the selection point started the actual technology refinement and specification work after...

The basic principles of the physical layer of the FRAMES (Future Radio Wideband Multiple Access System) FMA2 (FRAMES Multiple Access) wideband CDMA system are described in this paper. The FMA2 is part of the FRAMES dual mode platform designed as UMTS air interface, where the harmonisation with GSM is also taken into account. The main characteristic...

Some of the key issues on the physical layer of the FRAMES FMA2 wideband CDMA concept are discussed. The main emphasis has been in describing the physical channel structures. As the FMA2 has been designed to support variable and high data rate transmission, also the service multiplexing and the random access issues are discussed

This article presents the FRAMES multiple access (FMA) concept designed for third-generation mobile radio systems. The concept consists of two modes, TDMA-based FMA1 and CDMA-based FMA2, which have contributed to the standardization processes of third-generation systems. FMA1 uses the TDMA slot structure where spreading can be applied inside the sl...

A TDD-CDMA extension for a FDD-CDMA based third generation cellular system is considered in this paper, A system scenario is presented where frequency bands allocated to time division duplex (TDD) operation can be effectively utilized in complementing the services and increasing the capacity provided by a wide area coverage frequency division duple...

An evaluation of several multiple access schemes against UMTS criteria has been carried out within the European FRAMES project. Based on this comprehensive evaluation, a harmonised multiple access platform termed FRAMES multiple access (FMA) has been designed consisting of two modes: a wideband TDMA mode with and without spreading (FMA 1), and a wi...

The CDMA downlink capacity obtained by a system simulator is considered. Capacity improvements with macro-diversity, reception antenna diversity and with interference reduction techniques are analyzed. A cellular system simulator is utilized in assessing the achievable capacity gains with these techniques. Interference reduction can be achieved wit...

The coverage of a DS-CDMA cellular system in unloaded and in loaded cases is considered. The analysis is based on the noise limited range in the uplink. A medium bit rate data service (144 kbit/s) is used as an example service in this paper. A decrease in cell range is calculated when the network load is increased. The effect of base station multiu...

In this paper the link and system level performance of a cellular OFDM/CDMA downlink is evaluated. A system level simulator is built to utilise the link level simulation results and to derive the actual network capacity. Three service transmission rates, i.e., 12 kbits/s, 144 kbits/s and 2 Mbits/s have been studied in the radio link level for the e...

This paper considers a time division duplex (TDD) extension applied to a conventional frequency division duplex (FDD) CDMA cellular system. The FDD-CDMA cellular system is overlaid by small TDD-CDMA cells which can cover capacity “hot-spots” such as in offices and public buildings. The TDD-CDMA base stations have lower complexity than the FDD-CDMA...

The link and system level performance of a cellular OFDM/CDMA downlink is evaluated. A system level simulator is built to utilise the link level simulation results and to derive the actual network capacity. Three service transmission rates, i.e., 12 kbits/s, 144 kbits/s and 2 Mbits/s have been studied in the evaluation of the suitability of OFDM/CD...

European Research Program ACTS (Advanced Communication Technologies and Services) started at the end of 1995 to support collaborative mobile research and development. Within ACTS the project FRAMES (Future Radio Wideband Multiple Access System) has been set up with an objective to define the UMTS radio access system. The first target of FRAMES is t...

The performance of a cellular CDMA uplink together with multiuser detection is evaluated. A system level simulator is built to utilise the link level simulation results and to derive the actual network capacity. A semistatic approach is chosen for the network simulator to model the special features in a CDMA system. The work is currently continued...

We study ways of devising multirate channels for wireless CDMA communications with a focus on asynchronous uplink reception. Methods based on parallel and serial transmission are reviewed. We consider a serial transmission scheme in which the data rate is increased by varying the processing gain. In this transmission concept the processing gain is...

The performance of a (direct sequence spread spectrum) multiuser detection CDMA base station receiver is analyzed by simulations. In the receiver multistage multiuser detection is employed together with two antenna diversity reception and fast closed loop power control. The performance is studied in two different environments utilizing the channel...

In this paper we study the performance of multiuser detection in cellular uplink reception. The main motivation in this paper is not to study the performance in a near-far scenario, but to demonstrate the achievable capacity gain. To this end we apply the joint estimation and multistage detection algorithm developed previously (Fawer and Aazhang, 1...