Antônio Carlos Figueiredo Pinto

• Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro

Resumo As preferências ao risco e tempo são fatores importantes que auxiliam entender a dinâmica do comportamento humano para tomada de decisões. Este estudo teve como objetivo replicar um experimento baseado nas formas funcionais derivadas da Teoria do Prospecto em uma amostra composta por universitários brasileiros, analisando em profundidade com...

Este estudo tem o objetivo de analisar operações de carry trade entre o Brasil e Estados Unidos, com foco no longo prazo (período de 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 anos), o que não é contemplado atualmente em outros estudos. A ausência de análises com foco no longo prazo para tais operações gera um gap para avaliações de investimentos mais duradouros o que pode tr...

This article analyzes the pricing of innovations in the Brazilian stock market during periods of economic uncertainty. Cross-sectional data were analyzed using the generalized method of moments technique, and our findings indicate that during such periods, innovations negatively impact excess stock returns. Furthermore, our findings suggest that in...

A bolsa de valores de São Paulo, a B3, apresentou grande crescimento nos últimos anos, onde o IBOVESPA saiu de cerca de 45.000 pontos em 2015 para mais de 100.000 em 2020. O crescimento não se mostrou apenas no aumento expressivo do IBOVESPA, mas também pelo aumento do número e mudança do perfil de investidores, com maior participação pessoas físic...

This article sought to understand the behavior of young low-income university students through an experiment based on prospect and hyperbolic discounting theory, with risk and time preferences, and their relationships with financial literacy with regard to choice probability distortions. There is a notable lack of studies that simultaneously addres...

This article sought to understand the behavior of young low-income university students through an experiment based on prospect and hyperbolic discounting theory, with risk and time preferences, and their relationships with financial literacy with regard to choice probability distortions. There is a notable lack of studies that simultaneously addres...

This article extends the evidence of maximum (MAX) and minimum (MIN) daily return effects on stock performance to the Brazilian market. Our sample includes data on daily and monthly stock returns of the firms listed on the Brazilian stock exchange between January 2001 and December 2018. To test whether extreme returns can predict the cross-section...

This article investigates the effects of economic policy uncertainty on the Brazilian stock market. We link excess returns and dividend growth rates to the economic policy uncertainty index of Baker et al. (2016) and other control variables. In recent years, Brazil has experienced political tensions, which affected its economic policy. Therefore, t...

This study examines the tracking efficiency of a sample of exchange-traded funds (ETFs) from seven different emerging and developed markets, in bullish and bearish market conditions, using the data from daily closing prices. It seeks to address two major questions. First, do ETFs from both developed and emerging markets have the same behaviour rega...

Purpose Brazil is characterized by the inexistence of a more robust system of guarantees and rules to minimize risks and protect agents in energy futures contracts. In this sense, this study aims to answer the question of how a centralized clearing agent can compute safety margin requirements to help reduce the systemic risk of the energy futures c...

We used the method employed in Kothari, Lewellen and Warner (2006) to show the relationship between aggregate earnings and market returns in Brazil in the period from 1995 to 2017. Considering the findings found by Kothari, Lewellen and Warnet (2006), our results indicate that the theory of Bernard and Thomas (1990) is more consistent with the US m...

This study investigates the effects of political risk on the exchange rate returns of Brazil, Chile, Mexico, and Russia. The results indicate the presence of a risk premium for all currencies. Political risk was observed to negatively impact trade returns for only the Brazilian real, a result of depreciating the exchange rate. This effect was not o...

Using prospect theory, we analyzed the narrow framing bias in investment decisions in certain emerging countries: Brazil, China, Russia, Mexico and South Africa. In all cases, we empirically identified the predictive power of prospect theory for stock returns. We also found that the probability weighting function is the most important factor in thi...

In 2015, the Financial Economics Research Center (NEFIN) of the University of São Paulo proposed an implicit volatility index for the Brazilian stock market based on the daily prices of options for the Bovespa index (Ibovespa) and that measures the expected volatility of the Ibovespa in the next two months. The aim of this study is to determine whe...

Este trabalho buscou avaliar a existência do efeito de feedback trading para as criptomoedas Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin e Dash usando o modelo VAR proposto por Hasbrouck (1991). Este efeito busca avaliar a utilização de dados passados para tomar decisões futuras, utilizando para tanto, dados de alta frequência, divididos em quatro períodos (dia, h...

Innovations in variables describing future investment opportunities command a risk premium and are correlated with Fama-French factors. As showed in literature, shocks to the aggregate dividend yield and term spread, default spread, and one-month T-bill rate are proxies for HML and SMB factors. However, in the context of five-factor model, they can...

Many properties can be attributed to accounting information. Besides being essentially informative, other characteristics are considered important, such as relevance, conservatism, timeliness and persistence of earnings (Lopes & Walker, 2008). According to Dechow et al. (2010), six factors are responsible for determining the quality of accounting n...

Using prospect theory, we analyzed the narrow framing bias in investment decisions in certain emerging countries: Brazil, China, Russia, Mexico and South Africa. In all cases, we empirically identified the predictive power of prospect theory for stock returns. We also found that the probability weighting function is the most important factor in thi...

Research has shown that behavioral anomalies affect investors' choices and decisions in the financial markets. One such behavioral anomaly is feedback trading, a phenomenon wherein the investor uses past data to make future decisions. Using Sentana and Wadhwani's (1992) methodology, the 50 most liquid digital currencies (with the most extensive dai...

The role of speculation in the commodities market is still controversial. While several studies use linear models of causality to explain the relationship between speculation and price movements, there is a gap regarding the application of these analyses to detect causality. We compare linear and nonlinear methodologies to analyze whether speculati...

This paper puts forward an in-depth investigation of the nonlinear associations between Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and international crude oil prices using the Brazilian aggregate as case study. We provide evidence on the existence of two sharply defined regimes in the Brazilian GDP since 1947: the first, very oil-dependent in the short-run and m...

This study examines beta herding in the commodities market, using the methodology developed by Hwang and Salmon (2004) and a standardized beta adaptation by Hwang, Rubesam, and Salmon (2018) for a state-space model. We analyze the behavior of fifteen commodities between 2000 and 2018 and then extract the food commodities to test their effect separa...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a study on investor behavior in exchange-traded fund (ETF) markets. The standard feedback trading model of Sentana and Wadhwani (1992) is used in a sample of 18 ETFs contracts in Brazil, China, South Africa, Korea, Mexico and India, as well as three ETFs contracts in the US market. Des...

This study analyses beta herding in the Brazilian stock market using a state–space model, controlled by two company groupings: those listed on the market index and those listed on the stock exchange as a whole. The findings revealed high herding in the Brazilian stock exchange, with only small differences between the groupings. Concerning the contr...

This study aimed to analyze herding behavior and contagion phenomena in the cryptocurrency market. We selected 50 of the most liquid and capitalized currencies in the period from March 2015 to November 2018 (daily data). The methodology used for detecting herding behavior comprised adaptations of the cross-sectional absolute deviation (CSAD) and cr...

This paper presents the results of a study on investor behavior in exchange-traded fund (ETF) markets. The standard feedback trading model of Sentana and Wadhwani (1992) was used in a sample of fifteen ETFs contracts in Brazil, South Africa, Korea, Mexico and India, as well as three ETFs contracts in the U.S. market. Our empirical analysis suggests...

O presente artigo tem como objetivo estudar a relação entre os retornos de índice de mercado de ações e taxas de câmbio de seis países da América Latina. De acordo com a abordagem do portfólio, ambas as variáveis devem ser negativamente correlacionadas. Tendo em vista que a regressão linear capta a relação linear média, não apresentando resultados...

Resumo: A preferência ao risco é um fator importante que influencia uma ampla gama de decisões financeiras pessoais (SNELBECKER; ROSZKOWSKI; CUTLER, 1990) e é definida como a quantidade máxima de incerteza que alguém está disposto a aceitar ao tomar uma decisão financeira ou a disposição de se envolver em comportamentos cujos resultados são incerto...

This paper investigates the political dimension underlying the phenomenon of carry trade excess returns in emerging economies. Excess carry trade returns are underpinned by an anomaly called the “forward rate bias”. Several authors have argued that this anomaly can be partly explained by country-related risk factors. To investigate this claim, we u...

Diversos estudos apontam a presença de anomalias de mercado que desafiam explicações por meio das teorias clássicas de precificação, formação de portfólios e de eficiência de mercado. Uma destas anomalias comportamentais é o conhecido feedback trading, um efeito no qual o investidor utiliza dados passados para tomar decisões futuras. Por meio da me...

This work aims to analyze the interventions conducted by the Central Bank of Brazil in the Brazilian foreign exchange market from 2003 to 2014. For this purpose, we use quantile regression analysis and some of its new formulas to examine the effects of government interventions on exchange rate volatility. In particular, we apply quantile regression...

This article examines the relationship between the monetary policy implemented by the Central Bank of Brazil and the stock market. We implement event study analysis and analyze the effect of the anticipated and unanticipated components of monetary policy decisions on the returns of the IBOVESPA index and 53 stocks. We find that monetary policy has...

Esta pesquisa tem caráter descritivo e analisou, por intermédio de análise documental, 32 características distintas dos Conselhos de Administração brasileiros em 414 empresas, objetivando explorar de forma crítica, descritiva e ampla como essas estruturas estão configuradas e como têm se comportado ao longo dos últimos anos. A leitura, interpretaçã...

Internal operational risk models have not yet been established as a methodology for calculating regulatory capital. These models, which must be integrated with operational risk management, have been criticized for the subjectivity of some of their fundamental elements. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the use of the "scenario analysis" e...

In this study, we investigate how the Fama and French three-, four-, and five-factor models perform in emerging markets. We find that the four- and five-factor models perform better than the three-factor model in most of our tests. We note that the value factor seems to be somewhat redundant in the presence of profitability and investment factors....

O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar o impacto da concentração bancária na alavancagem de empresas na América Latina (Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, México e Uruguai), fazendo referência às teorias Market Power e Relationship-based. Os resultados mostram relação negativa significativa entre o grau de concentração e o nível de alavancagem das empresas d...

Este trabalho busca analisar a capacidade das empresas brasileiras de se apropriarem de benefícios associados aos investimentos em P&D, seguindo a metodologia proposta por Cohen, Dietther e Malloy (2013), a fim de refletir a capacidade das firmas em converter tais investimentos em vendas (habilidade em vendas). Durante o período de 07/2009 a 07/201...

The estimation of cross-section returns for defining investment strategies based on financial multiples has been proven to be relevant following Fama and French's (1992) research. One of the challenges for such studies is to identify the main variables that are suitable for explaining the returns in a particular context because the variables that a...

Este trabalho busca analisar a capacidade das empresas brasileiras de se apropriarem de benefícios associados aos investimentos em P&D, seguindo a metodologia proposta por Cohen, Dietther e Malloy (2013), a fim de refletir a capacidade das firmas em converter tais investimentos em vendas (habilidade em vendas). Durante o período de 07/2009 a 07/201...

The objective of this study is to estimate the credibility of the monetary policy followed by the Central Bank of Brazil (BCB) during the period from January 2006 to July 2017. To estimate this credibility, we use the Kalman filter in two measures of inflation expectations (breakeven inflation and Focus survey) with a medium/long-term forecast hori...

This study evaluates whether the undervaluation of R&D firms, as observed in developed markets, is due to mispricing or to risk adjustment for innovative activity. Analyzing stocks listed on the São Paulo Stock Exchange from 2006 through the first half of 2014, we compare returns to portfolios of firms differing in industry-adjusted R&D intensity (...

This study aims to analyze risk preferences in Brazil based on prospect theory by estimating the risk aversion parameter of the expected utility theory (EUT) for a select sample, in addition to the value and probability function parameter, assuming various functional forms, and a newly proposed value function, the modified log. This is the first su...

O prêmio de risco dos ativos é a variável central dos modelos de finanças que buscam estimar o custo do capital das empresas, custo esse empregado, por exemplo, na avaliação do preço das ações. São diversos os modelos empregados para o cálculo do prêmio de risco. Os modelos de Fama e French são amplamente conhecidos e difundidos. Em 2015, Fama e Fr...

This work has analyzed the performance of 31 behavioral mutual funds in the USA, Europe and Japan described in Santoni and Kelshiker (2010). Were observed the performances of the funds and their respective benchmarks in four indicators: the Sharpe index, Sortino Index, Omega Measure and the Behavioral Performance Measure. The horizon of analysis wa...

The objective of this study is to estimate the credibility of the monetary policy followed by the Central Bank of Brazil (BCB) during the period 2006–2015. To estimate this credibility, we use the Kalman filter in three measures of inflation expectation. The results provide evidence of the existence of three shifts in the perceived credibility of B...

The objective of this study is to estimate the credibility of the monetary policy followed by the Central Bank of Brazil (BCB) during the period 2006–2015. To estimate this credibility, we use the Kalman filter in three measures of inflation expectation: two collected via market survey and via consumer polling, as well as the breakeven inflation. T...

A relação entre ciclos econômicos com o desempenho das empresas no mercado brasileiro Resumo: Um acompanhamento dos ciclos econômicos (CEs) pelas empresas pode ajudar a melhorar o desempenho das mesmas, alinhando suas expectativas com as do mercado. Este estudo visa analisar os CEs brasileiros, de 2002 até 2013, por meio de técnicas econométricas e...

A tolerância ao risco é um fator importante que influencia uma ampla gama de decisões financeiras pessoais e é definida como a quantidade máxima de incerteza que alguém está disposto a aceitar ao se tomar uma decisão financeira ou a disposição de se envolver em comportamentos cujos resultados são incertos com possibilidade de se ter um resultado ne...

Fundos de investimento Private Equity e Venture Capital (PE/VC) investem principalmente em empresas de capital fechado (de maior porte e em fase inicial respectivamente). Sua atuação junto as companhias, tem como objetivo proporcionar rápido crescimento e desinvestir com elevada rentabilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar a relação entre...

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as preferências ao risco no Brasil seguindo os preceitos da Teoria do Prospecto. Para tal, foram estimadas para uma amostra selecionada não só o parâmetro de aversão ao risco da Teoria da Utilidade Esperada, como os parâmetros da função valor e probabilidade supondo diversas formas funcionais, incluindo...

As opções financeiras são instrumentos derivativos utilizados na gestão de risco de mercado das empresas e investidores. O apreçamento das mesmas, segundo a literatura, se dá por meio de diversas metodologias que podem se basear no desenvolvimento de expressões analíticas, que fornecem soluções fechadas para a determinação dos preços, bem como no e...

Tendo em vista a importância do Value at Risk (VaR) como medida de risco para instituições financeiras e agências de risco, o presente estudo avaliou se o modelo ARLS é mais preciso no cálculo do VaR de longo prazo que os modelos tradicionais, dada sua maior adequação para a previsão da volatilidade. Considerando a utilização do VaR pelos agentes d...

This paper studies the evidence of risk premiums in Emerging Market carry trade currencies. We verified evidence of a forward bias puzzle and the presence of risk premium for all currencies. Furthermore, unanticipated shocks are of greater influence than fundamental variables in explaining long-term (permanent) risk-premium volatility components. O...

A geração de energia elétrica brasileira é baseada na geração hidrelétrica, causando uma dependência do regime de chuvas que resulta em possíveis situações de estresse energético, como o racionamento vivido no início do século e a crise hídrica recente (2014). Esses momentos de escassez de água são acompanhados pelo aumento do preço da energia, que...

This paper aims to evaluate the effects of the aggregate market volatility components - average volatility and average correlation - on the pricing of portfolios sorted by idiosyncratic volatility, using Brazilian data. The study investigates whether portfolios with high and low idiosyncratic volatility - in relation to the Fama and French model (1...

The present work attempts to evaluate the risk attached to electricity price forecasts. Initially, an analysis of prices series from different observation frequencies and, as expected, the volatility attenuation as a function of decreased observation frequency, for the same data, is observed. Next, a price forecast is made using a widely establishe...

No início do século XX, surgem as primeiras empresas privadas de rating, nesse contexto, as avaliações realizadas por tais agentes começam a constituir uma importante fonte de informação para os investidores. Este trabalho buscou verificar se as ações das estatais negociadas no mercado nacional apresentaram retornos anormais nos dias próximos, tant...

Dentro da temática da utilização da volatilidade implícita ao invés da volatilidade histórica, o presente estudo procurou comparar o desempenho do modelo Black-Scholes, amplamente estudado no Brasil e mundo afora, com o modelo da Árvore Trinomial Implícita, pouco explorado pelas pesquisas nacionais. Em virtude da árvore trinomial implícita fornece...

This paper compares the performance of long-memory models (FIGARCH) with short-memory models (GARCH) in forecasting volatility for calculating value-at-risk (VaR) and expected shortfall (ES) for multiple periods ahead for six emerging markets stock indices. We used daily data from 1999 to 2014 and an adaptation of the Monte Carlo simulation to esti...

This article evaluates whether firms that invest in research and development (R&D) have better future performance and if stock market fully value such intangible investment. The results of annual cross-sectional regressions indicate a strong association between the intensity of R&D and future performance, even after controlling for other variables...

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether nonlinearities could be present in electricity loads observed in subtropical environments, where none or little heating is required, and whether threshold autoregressive (TAR)-type regime switching models could be advantageous in the modeling of those loads. Design/methodology/approach –...

Several studies suggest implied volatility and options trading volume as a proxy for risk analyses and forecast returns. The skewness of the volatility smirk also appears in this field. Xing, Zhang and Zhao (2010) demonstrated the effect of this skew on the stock returns in the U.S. market and attempt to explain the results by the activity of insid...

The expansion of the derivatives market both globally and particularly in Brazil has driven users to enhance and develop tools for more efficient pricing. However, despite this expansion of the derivatives market, certain characteristics of the Brazilian options market still impose limits on its analysis and thus the studies performed. Despite the...

The present study has the objective of testing if the volatility cone applied to the option market can improve the decision process of buying and selling volatility. Another contribution from this study is to evaluate the difference in the results when the volatility cone is used to structure operations, depending on the moneyness of the option. Th...

The present study aimed to investigate whether, in fact, creditors can perceive and price the level of information asymmetry generated by earnings management (EM) in terms of the required interest rate. This investigation proved important because, given the competitive scenario faced by companies, the possibility of obtaining lower interest rates f...

Based on studies developed over recent years about the use of high-frequency data for estimating volatility, this article implements the Heterogeneous Autoregressive (HAR) model developed by Andersen, Bollerslev, and Diebold (2007) and Corsi (2009), and the Component (2-Comp)model developed by Maheu and McCurdy (2007) and compare them with the Gene...

This paper aims to analyze the tax benefits of hedging for Brazilian exporting and importing companies. Initially, situations in which it is possible to generate this benefit are analyzed. Simulations are developed to reveal the effect of hedging. Thus, it is possible to measure the effect on the companies' tax burden from hedging by demonstrating...

Financial markets require an accurate estimate of asset volatility for various purposes such as risk management, decision-making and portfolio selection. Moreover, for risk management, volatility estimation is critical in Value-at-Risk (VaR) calculation models. However, there is still no consensus on a model that performs best in estimating volatil...

Financial markets require an accurate estimate of asset volatility for various purposes such as risk management, decision-making and portfolio selection. Moreover, for risk management, volatility estimation is critical in Value-at-Risk (VaR) calculation models. However, there is still no consensus on a model that performs best in estimating volatil...

Many studies have searched for a risk variable that possesses a positive and significant empirical relation with conditional market returns. In most cases, the choice falls on new approaches involving the conditional variance of returns. In this study, we will analyze if the trade-off between risk and return using the Value at Risk (VaR) on the Bra...

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar, no setor de energia elétrica, se a composição dos conselhos afetam o valor e o desempenho das empresas. Para tal foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico com aplicação em um estudo de caso empírico do setor em questão. Foram utilizados dados secundários baseados em uma amostra de 38 companhias de grande po...

The models of the GARCH family, normally used for the estimates of volatility for longer periods, keep unchanged the relative weights assigned to the observations both old and new, regardless of the volatility´s forecasted horizon. The purpose of this article is to verify if the increase in relative weights assigned to the earlier observations due...

The present work attempts to evaluate the advantages inherent to the use of exogenous variables highly correlated to the electric load, for the forecast of future demand. Here we utilize time series models of the auto-regressive moving average types incorporating seasonal treatment and exogenous variables. The details relevant to good modeling are...

Future volatility forecasting intrigues many scholars, researchers, and people from the financial markets. The model and methodology used for forecasting are fundamental for asset pricing in general, since future volatility deeply influences the final result. Thus, this study uses databases from the companies Vale and Petrobrás, in the period from...

The relationship between idiosyncratic risk and stock returns has been widely studied in various international publications with controversial results. In the Brazilian context, studies on this subject are scarce. This study seeks to verify the relationship between idiosyncratic risk and stock returns in the Brazilian stock market. To achieve this...

Since the fifties, several measures have been developed in order to measure the performance of investments or choices involving uncertain outcomes. Much of these measures are based on Expected Utility Theory, but since the nineties a number of measures have been proposed based on Non-Expected Utility Theory. Among the Theories of Non-Expected Utili...

Based on studies of idiosyncratic volatility developed in the recent literature, this study analyzes its relation with expected returns through the breakdown of idiosyncratic volatility in the Brazilian stock market and presents evidence of the importance of expected idiosyncratic volatility for asset pricing. We study the impact of the expected an...

The commercial dollar in Brazil has been extremely volatile in recent years. The decline of the dollar between 2002 and 2008 led also to losses for the export sector. In this context, this study aims to examine the effectiveness of different hedging strategies in the dollar futures market, in the BM and FBovespa Exchange, during the period. Four ty...

This paper presents an investigation into the relationship between the announcement of mergers and acquisitions, the existence of positive abnormal returns for shares of these firms, and market efficiency in Argentina, Brazil and Chile. Statistically significant Standardized Abnormal Returns were present in the event announcement and the following...

This article analyses the pricing, using autocall mechanisms, of a coupon barrier note issue based on ADRs of Brazil's biggest mining and metals company: Vale S.A. (VALE). The numerical method used was based on a modification of the trinomial tree model with auto-call, barrier and knock-in conditions, and which was modified to calculate present val...

Using the price series of the assets that compose the IBrX in the period from May 2002 to December 2007, this article examines the influence of the variables beta, market value, price-earnings ratio and book-to-market ratio on the behavior of the Brazilian stock market, comparing the results with those of other studies carried out in Brazil. On inv...

In the present study, five volatility prediction models were evaluated using a series of soybeans prices, a commodity traded in the Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT), using high-frequency data. The models used belonged to the GARCH, FIGARCH and ARFIMA families. It was possible to observe entirely different characteristics of this commodity price series...

In recent years, one could observe a very definite surge in dollar prices in Brazil. Many Brazilian Companies, especially those with large amounts of dollar denominated debt incurred substantial losses due to the strong and fast growth of the dollar. The subsequent dollar price collapse from 2002 to 2008 caused great losses to exporters. In the con...

O mercado de capitais das grandes economias mundiais já incorporou o conceito de rating há muitos anos. A existência de agências de rating capazes de fornecer classificações de risco de crédito totalmente independentes é uma condição imprescindível para o desenvolvimento de qualquer mercado de dívida. Este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar se as var...

In recent years, one could observe a very definite surge in dollar prices in Brazil. Many Brazilian Companies, especially those with large amounts of dollar denominated debt incurred substantial losses due to the strong and fast growth of the dollar. The subsequent dollar price collapse from 2002 to 2008 caused great losses to exporters. In the con...

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de testar a hipótese de retornos anormais a partir da estratégia de investimento em ações com mais baixo índice preço/valor patrimonial no mercado de ações brasileiro. Foram utilizadas todas as ações negociadas na Bovespa no período de 1994 a 2006, sendo formadas 6 carteiras segundo o critério original de escolha...

Nos últimos anos, o mercado de dólar comercial experimentou grande volatilidade no Brasil. No ano de 2002, subiu 60% entre maio e outubro, por causa da possibilidade, depois confirmada, de vitória do candidato de esquerda nas eleições presidenciais. Depois disso, acumulou uma queda gradual de mais de 60% entre outubro de 2002 e agosto de 2008. Volt...

The Brazilian electric power industry has been undergoing significant structural changes, including the creation of a free market for electricity. To obtain above average margins, some firms attempt to increase profits by entering into uncovered trading positions, where the long term price is locked in on one side, while on the other side the firm...

This paper has as main objective to present and to test a tool of multivariate statistics in financial models. This methodology, known as clusters analysis, separates the observations in groups through its determined characteristic, in contrast of the traditional methodology, which is only the order through quantiles. This tool was applied in 213 s...