Antonio Encina

Antonio Encina
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Antonio verified their affiliation via an institutional email.
  • PhD Biological Sciences
  • Professor (Full) at University of Leon

About

100
Publications
33,054
Reads
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1,838
Citations
Current institution
University of Leon
Current position
  • Professor (Full)
Additional affiliations
January 2002 - July 2023
University of Leon
Position
  • Professor (Full)
Description
  • Plant Physiology, Applied Plant Physiology, Plant Biotechnology, Plant Secondary Metabolism
January 2002 - present
University of Leon
Position
  • Docent and Research staff
May 2001 - May 2002
University of Edinburgh
Position
  • PostDoc Position

Publications

Publications (100)
Chapter
Aphid-induced galls provide the gall-inducing organisms with shelter from climatic adversities, safe places from predators, and access to the elaborated sap that circulates through the phloem. These galls are formed by tissue hyperplasia and cell hypertrophy, especially in the vascular bundles. They are induced by a single wingless individual, whic...
Article
Full-text available
Grafting is a horticultural technique that involves a healing process that requires grafted plants to develop physiological responses to overcome oxidative stress. In this study, oxidative damage, total antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymatic activities were analysed in functional and non-functional tomato autografts for eight days after gra...
Article
Full-text available
Pine needles are specialized leaves bearing distinctive anatomical features whose function is to minimize water loss. At the molecular level, needle specialization is expected to lead to heterogeneity in cell wall (CW) composition. By immunohistochemical analysis of CW epitopes in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) needles, we described the variability...
Article
Full-text available
While evolutionary studies indicate that the most ancient groups of organisms on Earth likely descended from a common wall-less ancestor, contemporary organisms lacking a carbohydrate-rich cell surface are exceedingly rare. By developing a cell wall to cover the plasma membrane, cells were able to withstand higher osmotic pressures, colonise new ha...
Article
Full-text available
The plant cell wall is a plastic structure of variable composition that constitutes the first line of defence against environmental challenges. Lodging and drought are two stressful conditions that severely impact maize yield. In a previous work, we characterised the cell walls of two maize inbreds, EA2024 (susceptible) and B73 (resistant) to stalk...
Article
Full-text available
Cell walls play essential roles in cell recognition, tissue adhesion, and wound response. In particular, pectins as cell-adhesive agents are expected to play a key role in the early stages of grafting. To test this premise, this study focused on examining the dynamics of the accumulation and degree of methyl-esterification of pectic polysaccharides...
Article
Full-text available
“Savia Sabia” es un grupo de innovación docente integrado por docentes del Área de Fisiología Vegetal de la Universidad de León, dedicado a crear entornos educativos motivadores para la enseñanza de la Biología de las Plantas. Entre sus objetivos está la puesta en marcha de recursos de enseñanza-aprendizaje basados en la fascinación por las plantas...
Chapter
Full-text available
La educación superior necesita adaptarse constantemente a un entorno cambiante y dinámico que demanda una constante evolución en la forma de entender el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, y es en este contexto que surge la innovación docente como un elemento clave para asegurar la calidad y el progreso de la educación superior y, por lo tanto, el éx...
Preprint
Full-text available
The plant cell wall is a plastic structure of variable composition that constitutes the first line of defense against environmental challenges. Lodging and drought are two stressful conditions that severely impact on maize yield. In a previous work, we characterized the cell walls of two maize inbreds susceptible (EA2024) or resistant (B73) to stal...
Poster
Full-text available
Pine needles are specialized leaves bearing distinctive anatomical features that function to minimize water loss as an adaptation to drought. At the molecular level, needle specialization is expected to lead to heterogeneity in cell wall (CW) composition. By immunohistochemical analysis of CW epitopes in pine needle followed by cluster analysis, we...
Poster
Full-text available
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important crops worldwide in terms of production, providing a huge reservoir of biomass for being used as biofuel and/or animal feedstock. In this respect, it has been widely shown that stover assimilation and saccharification yield are compromised by the recalcitrance of maize biomass. This matter can be appr...
Article
Full-text available
Grafting involves a sequence of modifications that may vary according to genotypes, grafting techniques and growing conditions. This process is often monitored using destructive methods, precluding the possibility of monitoring the entire process in the same grafted plant. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of two non‐invasive meth...
Article
Full-text available
A large part of the production of tomato plants is grafted. Although it has recently been described that cell walls play an important role in tomato graft healing, the spatiotemporal dynamics of cell wall changes in this critical process remains largely unknown. The aim of this work was to immunolocalize changes in the major cell wall matrix compon...
Article
Full-text available
The field of plant-microbe interactions mediated by Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (BVOCs) still faces several limitations due to the lack of reliable equipment. We present a novel device designed to evaluate in vitro plant-microbe volatile interactions, the plant-microbe VOC Chamber. It was tested by evaluating the effects exerted on wheat de...
Article
You can find this article in The Conversation: "https://theconversation.com/plantas-quimera-arte-y-ciencia-de-los-injertos-175853"
Article
Plant cell walls provide essential functions in cell recognition, differentiation, adhesion and wound responses. Therefore, it is tempting to hypothesize that cell walls play a key role in grafting, but to date there are no quantitative studies targeting on cell wall changes during grafting. The aim of this work was to investigate the dynamics of p...
Article
Full-text available
The cell wall (CW) is a dynamic structure extensively remodeled during plant growth and under stress conditions, however little is known about its roles during the immune system priming, especially in crops. In order to shed light on such a process, we used the Phaseolus vulgaris-Pseudomonas syringae (Pph) pathosystem and the immune priming capacit...
Poster
Full-text available
Grafting is a widespread horticultural technique with applications in numerous crops due to its great advantages for yield and crop health. In tomato cultivation, this technique is well recognised and it has a huge economic impact. Nevertheless, this technique is limited by the occurrence of unfunctional grafts, which decreases the success rate and...
Poster
Full-text available
Cell walls provide essential functions in cell-cell recognition, cell differentiation, cell adhesion and wound responses. Therefore, it is likely to hypothesize that cell walls play a key role in grafting, a developmentally regulated process in which wound repairing, tissue adhesion, and vascular reconnection are major players. Despite this, not ma...
Article
Full-text available
Grafting is a technique applied to a considerable number of crops, with tomato standing out. However, this technique is limited by the obtaining of unfunctional grafts, which decrease the success rate and therefore the benefits achieved. The aim of this work was to analyze the failure in intraspecific grafting of tomato plants, focusing on tissue d...
Article
Full-text available
Background Besides the use of maize grain as food and feed, maize stover can be a profitable by-product for cellulosic ethanol production, whereas the whole plant can be used for silage production. However, yield is reduced by pest damages, stem corn borers being one of the most important yield constraints. Overall, cell wall composition is key in...
Article
Lodging is one of the causes of maize (Zea mays L.) production losses worldwide and, at least, the resistance to stalk lodging has been positively correlated with stalk strength. In order to elucidate the putative relationship between cell wall, stalk strength and lodging resistance, twelve maize inbreds varying in rind penetration strength and lod...
Article
Saxifraga paniculata is a subalpine succulent perennial plant arranged in a rosette that is usually found in shallow soil among limestone rocks. Stereoscopic, light and scanning electron microscopy were used to describe the anatomical structure of S. paniculata leaves, paying special attention to structures related to CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) rele...
Article
Full-text available
Despite the importance of grafting in horticultural crops such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), the structural changes that occur during the graft establishment are little understood. Using histological techniques, the present work examines the time course of changes on the anatomical structure of the graft junction in functional tomato homogra...
Preprint
Full-text available
Background: Besides the use of maize grain as food and feed, maize stover can be a profitable by-product for cellulosic ethanol production, whereas the whole plant can be used in silage production. However, yield is reduced by pest damages, where stem corn borers are one of the most important factors limiting yield. Overall, cell wall composition i...
Article
Full-text available
Plant cell and organ cultures of Helianthella quinquenervis, a medicinal plant whose roots are used by the Tarahumara Indians of Chihuahua, Mexico, to relieve several ailments, were established to identify and quantify some chromenes with biological activity, such as encecalin, and to evaluate their potential for biotechnological production. Gas ch...
Article
Full-text available
Class III plant peroxidases (Prxs) are involved in the oxidative polymerization of lignins. Zinnia elegans Jacq. Basic peroxidase (ZePrx) has been previously characterized as capable of catalyzing this reaction in vitro and the role in lignin biosynthesis of several of its Arabidopsis thaliana homologous has been previously confirmed. In the presen...
Preprint
Full-text available
Background. Despite the importance of grafting in agriculture, particularly in horticultural crops such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), the structural changes that occur during the establishment of a graft are little understood. Using histochemical techniques, the present work examines the progression of the structure of the graft junction in...
Poster
Full-text available
Grafting is an ancient agronomic technique that involves cutting and joining two plants to form a new entire one. The graft part with the radicular system is called rootstock, and the other part is called scion. The use of grafting is crucial in some crop species yield, as grapevine, citrus, watermelon, eggplant, and specially tomato. The ability t...
Poster
Full-text available
The cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, or CBIs, are of great importance because of their utility to study the structural plasticity of plant cell walls (Acebes et al., 2010). Among the CBIs, three groups have been defined, depending on their mechanism of action. Cobtorin has been placed in group three, with other compounds that interfere with the c...
Poster
Full-text available
The technique of cutting and joining different plants together is known as grafting. From an economical point of view, grafting is an important agronomic technology with different uses and a long history. The influence of the stock (plant providing the root system) in the scion (added piece of tissue from a different plant) or vice versa has been r...
Poster
Full-text available
This poster is a brief illustrated review of the plant cell wall components and structure and the possible biotchnological applications of them.
Article
Full-text available
La floración es uno de los procesos clave en el ciclo vital de una planta que inaugura su fase adulta o reproductiva. El estudio de los mecanismos reguladores de la floración ha sido crucial para entender este proceso y poder desarrollar aplicaciones biotecnológicas con beneficios para la agricultura. Este estudio se ha centrado en las especies Ara...
Article
Full-text available
En noviembre del año pasado (2011) moría repentinamente a causa de un derrame cerebral Lynn Margulis, una de las biólogas más influyentes de la historia de esta ciencia; tenía 73 años. La recordaremos siempre por su escelente labor como divulgadora científica a través de sus numerosos, rigurosos y excelentes libros. Pero sin duda pasará a la histor...
Article
Full-text available
Main conclusion: Ancymidol inhibits the incorporation of cellulose into cell walls of maize cell cultures in a gibberellin-independent manner, impairing cell growth; the reduction in the cellulose content is compensated with xylans. Ancymidol is a plant growth retardant which impairs gibberellin biosynthesis. It has been reported to inhibit cellul...
Article
Maize (Zea mays L.) suspension-cultured cells habituated to a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) have a modified cell wall, in which the reduction in the cellulose content is compensated by a network of highly cross-linked feruloylated arabinoxylans and the deposition of lignin-like polymers. For both arabinoxylan cross...
Article
Mediterranean Corn Borer (MCB), Sesamia nonagrioides Lef, is an important pest of maize in temperate areas causing significant stalk lodging and yield losses. The main focus of the current study were to determine possible changes in chemical traits (phenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, sugars, fibers, and lignin) during plant development after the fl...
Article
As a consequence of the habituation to low levels of dichlobenil (DCB), cultured maize cells presented an altered hemicellulose cell fate with a lower proportion of strongly wall-bound hemicelluloses and an increase in soluble extracellular polymers released into the culture medium. The aim of this study was to investigate the relative molecular ma...
Poster
Full-text available
Litter quality is crucial for the exchange of carbon and nutrients between aboveground and belowground ecosystem compartments through its effect on litter decomposition. Although the effect of grazing on forest ecosystems has been investigated in various studies, the interactive effect that native ungulates and forest management can have on litter...
Article
Caffeoyl Coenzyme A 3-O-Methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) and Caffeic acid-O-Methyltransferase (COMT) are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of coniferyl and sinapyl alcohols, the precursors of guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) lignin subunits. The function of these enzymes was characterised in single and double mutant maize plants. In this work, we determined...
Conference Paper
Ancymidol (α-cyclopropyl-α-[4-methoxyphenyl]-5-pyrimidine-methanol) is a plant growth retardant whose primary mode of action is the inhibition of ent-kaurene oxidase activity, impairing the gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis [1]. Besides this well-known activity, ancymidol has been reported to inhibit the cellulose synthesis of BY-2 tobacco cells in a G...
Article
Full-text available
The habituation of bean cells to quinclorac did not rely on cell wall modifications, contrary to what it was previously observed for the well-known cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors dichlobenil or isoxaben. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether or not the bean cells habituation to quinclorac is related to an enhancement of antioxi...
Poster
Full-text available
Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors have been widely used to study several aspects of cell wall biology in the last years [1]. By stepwise habituation of maize suspension cultured cells to dichlobenil, a well-known inhibitor of cellulose biosynthesis, cellulose-deficient maize cells have been obtained in our laboratory. DCB-habituated cells have a mo...
Poster
Full-text available
Maize lodging represents a significant loss in grain yield. Several studies indicated that the physico-chemical properties of the secondary cell wall are key factors in determining the degree of stalk strength in different maize varieties. Secondary cell wall is a dynamic structure mainly composed of lignin, cellulose and hemicelluloses. However, t...
Article
Full-text available
The cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor 2,6-diclorobenzonitrile (DCB) has been widely used to gain insights into cell wall composition and architecture. Studies of changes during early habituation to DCB can provide information on mechanisms that allow tolerance/habituation to DCB. In this context, maize cultured cells with a reduced amount of cellulo...
Article
Coumarate 3-hydroxylase (C3H) catalyzes a key step of the synthesis of the two main lignin subunits, guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) in dicotyledonous species. As no functional data are available in regards to this enzyme in monocotyledonous species, we generated C3H1 knock-down maize plants. The results obtained indicate that C3H1 participates in li...
Article
Full-text available
Maize (Zea mays L.) suspension-cultured cells with up to 70% less cellulose were obtained by stepwise habituation to dichlobenil (DCB), a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor. Cellulose deficiency was accompanied by marked changes in cell wall matrix polysaccharides and phenolics as revealed by FTIR spectroscopy. Cell wall compositional analysis indica...
Article
Cell-suspension cultures habituated to 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (DCB) survive with reduced cellulose owing to hemicellulose network modification. We aimed to define the hemicellulose metabolism modifications in DCB-habituated maize cells showing a mild reduction in cellulose at different stages in the culture cycle. Using pulse-chase radiolabelling...
Article
Full-text available
Bean cells habituated to grow in the presence of dichlobenil exhibited reduced cellulose and hemicellulose content and an increase in pectic polysaccharides. Furthermore, following the extraction of pectins and hemicelluloses, a large amount of neutral sugars was released. These sugars were found to be part of a soluble β-1,4-glucan in a preliminar...
Article
Full-text available
The effect of water and nutrient availability on the performance of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) against Ophiostoma ips (Rumb.), a bark beetle-associated phytopathogenic blue-stain fungus, was investigated. Field-grown trees were subjected for 18 months to water-stress and/or fertilization, and the effects of such treatments on the needle nutri...
Book
Full-text available
This monograph deals with a heterogeneous group of structurally unrelated compounds, called cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs). This group includes dichlobenil, isoxaben, thaxtomin A, flupoxam, triazofenamide, compound 1, CGA 325-615 and AE F150944. Other putative CBIs that inhibit cellulose biosynthesis in a secondary effect, such as quinclo...
Article
Full-text available
The variety of bioassays developed to evaluate different inhibition responses for cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors makes it difficult to compare the results obtained. This work aims (i) to test a single inhibitory assay for comparing active concentrations of a set of putative cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors and (ii) to characterize their effect...
Article
Full-text available
Cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase (CAD) is a key enzyme involved in the last step of monolignol biosynthesis. The effect of CAD down-regulation on lignin production was investigated through a transgenic approach in maize. Transgenic CAD-RNAi plants show a different degree of enzymatic reduction depending on the analyzed tissue and show alterations in...
Article
Full-text available
Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR) spectroscopy is a powerful and rapid technique for analysing cell wall components and putative cross-links, which is able to non-destructively recognize polymers and functional groups and provide abundant information about their in muro organization. FTIR spectroscopy has been reported to be a useful tool for monit...
Article
Full-text available
The habituation of cell cultures to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors such as dichlobenil (DCB) represents a valuable tool to improve our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in plant cell wall structural plasticity. Maize cell lines habituated to lethal concentrations of DCB were able to grow through the acquisition of a modified cell wall in whic...
Article
Full-text available
Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors, such as dichlobenil (DCB), have become a valuable tool for the analysis of structural and compositional plasticity of plant cell walls. By stepwise increasing the concentration of DCB in the culture medium, we obtained maize cells able to cope with DCB through the acquisition of a modified cell wall in which cellu...
Article
Few regulators of phenylpropanoids have been identified in monocots having potential as biofuel crops. Here we demonstrate the role of the maize (Zea mays) R2R3-MYB factor ZmMYB31 in the control of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We determined its in vitro consensus DNA-binding sequence as ACC(T)/(A) ACC, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) estab...
Article
Full-text available
Cultured maize cells habituated to grow in the presence of the cellulose synthesis inhibitor dichlobenil (DCB) have a modified cell wall in which the amounts of cellulose are reduced and the amounts of arabinoxylan increased. This paper examines the contribution of cell wall-esterified hydroxycinnamates to the mechanism of DCB habituation. For this...
Article
Full-text available
The biochemical and molecular processes involved in the habituation of maize cells to growth in the presence of the cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor dichlobenil (DCB) were investigated. DCB affects the synthesis of cellulose both in active and stationary growth phases and alters the expression of several CesA genes. Of these, ZmCesA5 and ZmCesA7 se...
Article
Full-text available
Bean cells that have been habituated to grow in a lethal concentration (12 μM) of 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile (dichlobenil or DCB, a cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor) are known to have decreased cellulose content in their cell walls. Xyloglucan, which is bound to cellulose and together with it forms the main loading network of plant cell walls, has al...
Chapter
Full-text available
Cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors (CBIs) form a heterogeneous group of structurally unrelated compounds that specifically affect the assembly or the deposition of cellulose. With the exception of thaxtomin A, the only naturally occurring CBI, all other CBIs are synthetic compounds. A number of them (dichlobenil, isoxaben and flupoxam) are used as h...
Article
Full-text available
The habituation of cell cultures to cellulose biosynthesis inhibitors constitutes a valuable method for learning more about the plasticity of plant cell wall composition and structure. The subculture of habituated cells in the absence of an inhibitor (dehabituation) offers complementary information: some habituation-associated modifications revert,...
Article
Few regulators of phenylpropanoids have been identified in monocots having potential as biofuel crops. Here we demonstrate the role of the maize (Zea mays) R2R3-MYB factor ZmMYB31 in the control of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We determined its in vitro consensus DNA-binding sequence as ACC T / A ACC, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) establ...
Article
Full-text available
Suspension-cultured bean cells habituated to growth in a lethal concentration of dichlobenil were cultured for 3-5 years in a medium lacking the inhibitor in order to obtain long-term dehabituated cell lines. The growth parameters, cell morphology and ultrastructure of cells in the absence of dichlobenil reverted to that of non-habituated cells. Th...
Article
The involvement of the maize ZmMYB42 R2R3-MYB factor in the phenylpropanoid pathway and cell wall structure and composition was investigated by overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana. ZmMYB42 down-regulates several genes of the lignin pathway and this effect reduces the lignin content in all lignified tissues. In addition, ZmMYB42 plants generate a...
Article
Full-text available
Growth of maize (Zea mays L.) callus-culture cells was inhibited using dichlobenil (2,6 dichlorobenzonitrile, DCB) concentrations ≥1 μM; I 50 value for the effect on inhibited fresh weight gain was 1.5 μM. By increasing the DCB concentration in the culture medium, DCB-habituated cells became 13 times more tolerant of the inhibitor (I 50: 20 μM). In...
Article
In the present work we study the microscopic anatomy of three galls located on Pistacia terebinthus leaflets. The galls were induced by three species of gallicolous aphids: Paracletus cimiciformis, Forda marginata and Forda formicaria. With respect to the complex life cycle of these three species, the galls studied here represent sites in which a f...
Article
Full-text available
The herbicide quinclorac has been reported to inhibit incorporation of glucose both into cellulose and other cell wall polysaccharides. However, further work has failed to detect any apparent effect of this herbicide on the synthesis of the wall. In order to elucidate whether quinclorac elicits the inhibition of cellulose biosynthesis directly, in...
Article
Full-text available
The present work describes the structural characterization of Pistacia terebinthus leaflets, focusing on changes in structure during the maturation process. P. terebinthus leaflets are characterized by the presence of: (1) abundant crystals, mainly in mesophyll cells; (2) both unicellular and glandular tri- chomes; (3) a large amount of tannins; (4...
Article
Full-text available
Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs; EC 2.4.1.207 and/or EC 3.2.1.151) are enzymes involved in the modification of cell wall structure by cleaving and, often, also re-joining xyloglucan molecules in primary plant cell walls. Using a pool of antibodies raised against an enriched cell wall protein fraction, a new XTH cDNA in maize, ZmXTH...
Article
In the present work we study the microscopic anatomy of three galls located on Pistacia terebinthus leaflets. The galls were induced by three species of gallicolous aphids: Paracletus cimiciformis, Forda marginata and Forda formicaria. With respect to the complex life cycle of these three species, the galls studied here represent sites in which a f...
Article
Full-text available
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cells have been habituated to grow in lethal concentrations of dichlobenil (DCB), a specific inhibitor of cellulose biosynthesis. Bean callus cells were successively cultured in increasing DCB concentrations up to 2 microM. The 2-microM DCB habituated cells were impoverished in cellulose and xyloglucan, had an increased...
Article
The effects of the cellulose inhibitor dichlobenil on the cell wall composition and structure during the habituation/dehabituation process of suspension-cultured bean cells were assessed. A range of techniques were used including cell wall fractionation, sugar analysis, immunofluorescence and fluorochrome labelling of resin-embedded sections, and i...
Article
Full-text available
Feruloyl-polysaccharides can be oxidatively coupled in isolated cell walls by peroxidase plus exogenous H(2)O(2) in vitro, but the extent to which similar reactions may occur in the apoplast in vivo was unclear. Numerous cellular factors potentially control feruloyl coupling in vivo, and their net controlling influence is not readily studied in vit...
Article
Full-text available
The habituation of bean calluses to dichlobenil results from the acquisition of a modified cell wall, with an enhancement in pectins and a decrease in cellulose and hemicelluloses. In this work, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in conjunction with a set of multivariate analyses and other statistical tools, such as principal component...
Article
The aim was to determine the inoculation density above which Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) is overcome by the blue-stain fungus Ophiostoma ips that is associated with the bark beetle Ips sexdentatus. In north-western Spain, stems of 16 Scots pines were inoculated at various densities (0, 400, 800 or 1600 inoculi/m 2) along circumferential 100 or 15...
Article
Full-text available
After 12 h incubation at 35°C, cell walls isolated from bean calluses released approximately 3% of the cell wall dry weight as pectic polysaccharides (2.7%), largely composed of a t-1,2-diaminecyclohexane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid-soluble homogalacturonan, and monosaccharides (0.3%). The release of sugars occurred over a broad pH range and was aff...
Article
Full-text available
Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cell suspensions were adapted for growth in 12 &mgr;M dichlobenil (2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile or DCB) by a stepwise increase in the concentration of the inhibitor in each subculture. Non-tolerant suspensions (I50 = 0.3 &mgr;M) gave rise to single cells or small clusters while tolerant cell suspensions (I50 = 30 &mgr;M) gr...
Article
Full-text available
The increase in dry weight during the culture of bean callus cultures was inhibited by the herbicide dichlobenil (2,6-dicholorobenzonitrile) with an I(50) of 0.5 µM. However bean calli became tolerant to a concentration of 12 µM by a stepwise increase in the concentration of the inhibitor in each subculture. Tolerant calli growing in 2,6-dicholorob...
Article
Full-text available
Cultures of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) callus were adapted for growth in a 12 μM concentration of the herbicide isoxaben; 1 200-fold greater than the I50 calculated. Tolerant calluses grew slower, were browner and harder than nontolerant ones and formed large globular corpuscles on their surface. Cell wall fractionation of tolerant cells indicate...

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