Antonella Rossi

• Professor
• Professor at University of Cagliari

Sustainable storage and transport of hydrogen are challenges in the transition to renewable energy sources. Hydrogen embrittlement (HE), caused by atomic hydrogen absorption and diffusion into steel, influences the mechanical properties of steel pipelines and reservoirs. This work focuses on the hydrogen diffusion on X60 pipeline steel using electr...

XPS is used to characterize the surface of commercial X60 pipeline steel after chemical cleaning with a sequence of five solvents and following mechanical polishing. This steel is used as material for pipeline construction aiming to green hydrogen transportation.

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x-ray-induced Auger electron spectroscopy analyses were performed to characterize NiP coating on the iron substrate. This electroless coating is commonly used for its outstanding corrosion resistance, but it is currently of interest as a hydrogen permeation barrier (HPB) for green hydrogen storage and transporta...

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) magnetic stir bars are widely used in laboratorial, industrial, and biomedical routine activities due to their chemical inertness. Here the physical exfoliation of PTFE magnetic stir bars, previously revealed in specific experimental conditions, was confirmed in the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles. Moreover, the chemic...

This study focuses on the dissolution process and surface characterization of amosite fibres following interaction with a mimicked Gamble’s solution at a pH of 4.5 and T = 37 °C, up to 720 h. To achieve this, a multi-analytical approach was adopted, and the results were compared to those previously obtained on a sample of asbestos tremolite and UIC...

Microplastics are recognized as an emerging critical issue for the environment. Here an innovative chemical approach for the treatment of microplastics is proposed, based on an oxidative process that does not require any direct energy source (irradiation or heat). Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) was selected as target commodity polymer, due...

The environmental impact of natural occurrences of asbestos (NOA) and asbestos-like minerals is a growing concern for environmental protection agencies. The lack of shared sampling and analytical procedures hinders effectively addressing this issue. To investigate the hazard posed by NOA, a multidisciplinary approach that encompasses geology, miner...

The composition of natural saliva is strongly variable and unstable outside the oral cavity, therefore corrosion tests are usually performed in artificial saliva solutions. In this study the effect of the composition of various saliva solutions on the corrosion behavior of a CuZn37 alloy, exposed for 1, 3, and 16 h to the solutions, is investigated...

Several formulations of artificial saliva have been used for corrosion studies. The present work focuses on the effect of different saliva formulations on the composition of the surface film formed on CuZn37 brass alloy by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in order to clarify the corrosion mechanism of historical brass wind instruments when u...

Low-cost and largely available industrial by-products such as calcite (CaCO3) have been considered as sorbents to remediate wastewaters from toxic elements, such as lead, in compliance with the European circular economy strategy. To date few articles are reporting results on lead sorption at the calcite-water solution interface by X-ray photoelectr...

Der vorliegende Band versammelt Ergebnisse eines vom SNF unterstützten, multidisziplinären Forschungsprojekts zu Korrosion im Innern von historischen Blechblasinstrumenten und ergänzt sie mit weiteren Beiträgen zum Thema der Konservierung insbesondere im Museumsbetrieb. Musikwissenschaftliche und organologische Fragestellungen treffen dabei auf che...

Der vorliegende Band versammelt Ergebnisse eines vom SNF unterstützten, multidisziplinären Forschungsprojekts zu Korrosion im Innern von historischen Blechblasinstrumenten und ergänzt sie mit weiteren Beiträgen zum Thema der Konservierung insbesondere im Museumsbetrieb. Musikwissenschaftliche und organologische Fragestellungen treffen dabei auf che...

Powdered marble waste (MW) resulting from cutting processes in the Orosei marble district is tested as sorbent for toxic elements from wastewater in compliance with the European circular economy strategy. MW consists of a calcite polymorph of CaCO3 with a Mg content of about 0.28 wt%. This article focuses on surface analysis by X-ray photoelectron...

ISO 18516:2019 Surface chemical analysis—Determination of lateral resolution and sharpness in beam‐based methods with a range from nanometres to micrometres revises ISO 18516:2006 Surface chemical analysis—Auger electron spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy—Determination of lateral resolution. It implements three different methods deli...

This study aimed at investigating both the surface and bulk modifications occurring on fibrous erionite during leaching in a mimicked Gamble’s solution (MGS) at pH of 4.5 and T = 37 °C, up to one month of incubation. Samples were characterized by a multi-analytical approach: field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) was employed to inves...

Minimizing the spread of viruses in the environment is the first defence line when fighting outbreaks and pandemics, but the current COVID-19 pandemic demonstrates how difficult this is on a global scale, particularly in a sustainable and environmentally friendly way. Here we introduce and develop a sustainable and biodegradable antiviral filtratio...

This study aimed at investigating the surface modifications occurring on amphibole asbestos (crocidolite and tremolite) during leaching in a mimicked Gamble’s solution at pH of 4.5 and T = 37 °C, from 1 h up to 720 h. Results showed that the fibre dissolution starts with the release of cations prevalently allocated at the various M- and (eventually...

p>The efficient and bioorthogonal chemical ligation reaction between potassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) and hydroxylamines (HAs) was used for the surface functionalization of a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) with biomolecules. An alkane thioether molecule with one terminal KAT group (S-KAT) was synthesized and adsorbed onto a gold surface, plac...

Spatially controlled single-molecule oxidation of DNA was performed by photocatalytic generation of singlet oxygen on chemically functionalized AFM tips. A waffle-type DNA origami deposited on a mica surface is site-specifically destroyed by generation of reactive oxygen species at the AFM tip, which was modified with C₆₀-tripod photocat...

The development of energy-efficient nanoelectronics based on ferroelectrics is hampered by a notorious polarization loss in the ultrathin regime caused by the unscreened polar discontinuity at the interfaces. So far, engineering charge screening at either the bottom or the top interface has been used to optimize the polarization state. Yet, it is e...

The catalytic and electro-optical properties of TiO 2-based materials depend on the defectivity of their electronic structures and in turn on the synthesis conditions. It is however less clear how to control the number of defects in this oxide. In this paper, spectroscopic and structural characterization of chemical [acetylacetonate−TiO 2 , hybrid...

This study deals with the identification of the degradation products present on some Byzantine glasses coming from an archaeological excavation in Northern Tunisia. The main purpose of the present investigation is the identification of the products and the characterization of surface altered points, namely iridescent and black patinas, which are pr...

Imaging and small-spot (small area) XPS have become increasingly important components of surface chemical analysis during the last three decades, and its use is growing. Some ambiguity in the use of terminology, understanding of concepts, and lack of appropriate reference materials leads to confusing and not always reproducible data. In this paper,...

Imaging and small-spot (small area) XPS have become increasingly important components of surface chemical analysis during the last three decades, and its use is growing. Some ambiguity in the use of terminology, understanding of concepts, and lack of appropriate reference materials leads to confusing and not always reproducible data. In this paper,...

Small‐area/spot photoelectron spectroscopy (SAXPS) is a powerful tool for the investigation of small surface features like microstructures of electronic devices, sensors or other functional surfaces, and so forth. For evaluating the quality of such microstructures, it is often crucial to know whether a small signal in a spectrum is an unwanted cont...

Oxidation strongly influences the properties of magnetic layers employed in spintronic devices. We study the effect of oxidation on the structural, magnetic, and electrical properties as well as current-induced spin-orbit torques (SOTs) in Pt/Co/AlOx, Pt/CoOx/Co/AlOx, and PtOx/Co/AlOx layers. We show how the saturation magnetization, perpendicular...

The present work focuses on the characterization of brass surfaces after contact with artificial saliva solution at pH 7.4 and phosphate buffer solution at pH 7 simulating two extreme conditions that might occur when playing ancient brass wind instruments in the context of historically informed performance practice. The composition and the morpholo...

Oxidation strongly influences the properties of magnetic layers employed in spintronic devices. We study the effect of oxidation on the structural, magnetic, and electrical properties as well as current-induced spin-orbit torques (SOTs) in Pt/Co/AlOx, Pt/CoOx/Co/AlOx, and PtOx/Co/AlOx layers. We show how the saturation magnetization, perpendicular...

Hydrogen production by photocatalytic water splitting is one of the most promising sustainable routes to store solar energy in the form of chemical bonds. To obtain significant H2 evolution rates (HERs) a variety of defective TiO2 catalysts were synthesized by means of procedures generally requiring highly energy-consuming treatments, e.g. hydrogen...

Stainless steel reinforcing bars show excellent corrosion resistance in concrete structures exposed to harsh environments. Only a little information on the surface chemistry of these materials in alkaline media is available. This study reports the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy surface analytical results (thickness, composition of the passive fil...

This work examines gold thin films of various thicknesses varying from 5 to over 100 nm along a 7 cm distance to investigate the effect on the surface sensitivity of the XPS Au4f signal. Increasing the relative intensity of the surface XPS signal can be useful for studying properties of the surface atoms in case of functionalized gold, and for shed...

The recent trends in scintillator technologies stimulate research efforts toward the development of novel materials morphologies, such as nanoparticles, able to efficiently convert ionizing radiations into light. For example, scintillating nanoparticles attract great interest in medical oncological therapies. In this work, the structural and morpho...

Studying the frictional properties of interfaces with dynamic chemical bonds advances understanding of the mechanism underlying rate and state laws, and offers new pathways for the rational control of frictional response. In this work, we revisit the load dependence of interfacial chemical-bond-induced (ICBI) friction experimentally and find that t...

Nanostructured spinel cobalt ferrite samples having crystallite size ranging between 5.6 and 14.1 nm were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy in order to determine the chemical state of the elements, the iron/cobalt ratio and the cation distribution within tetrahedral and octahedral sites....

In this work, two acidic Nb-P-Si mixed oxide gel-derived materials characterized by Nb/P molar ratios equal to 2 (5Nb2.5P) and 1 (2.5NbP) were investigated for their surface and bulk properties in relation with the catalytic performances in the fructose dehydration reaction. The structural characteristics of the studied samples and the changes occ...

The functional properties of metal oxide semiconductors depend on intrinsic and extrinsic defects. The population of intrinsic defects is strongly affected by the synthesis method and subsequent treatments of the material, while extrinsic defects can originate from suitable doping. Stoichiometric ZrO2 is a nonreducible oxide with a large band gap....

This work aims to elucidate the role of environmental humidity on the tribological behavior of steel surfaces lubricated with an ionic liquid comprised of a fluorinated phosphonium cation—tributyl-3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,8-tridecafluoro-octyl-phosphonium—and a dicyanamide anion (i.e. N(CN)2⁻). Ball-on-disk tribotests were carried out at room temper...

Memristive devices based on mixed ionic–electronic resistive switches have an enormous potential to replace today's transistor‐based memories and Von Neumann computing architectures thanks to their ability for nonvolatile information storage and neuromorphic computing. It still remains unclear however how ionic carriers are propagated in amorphous...

In this work PM2.5 was collected during winter and summer in a Sardinian village (Gonnostramatza, Italy) highly affected by biomass burning emissions. A multi-technique approach was adopted for the complete PM chemical characterization. The bulk characterization was performed by IC (Ion Chromatography), HPAEC (High-Performance Anion-Exchange Chroma...

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is a surface‐sensitive laboratory technique exploited to obtain elemental analysis, chemical state information, and quantitative composition of materials of historical interest in a nondestructive way. The sample has to be stable in ultra‐high vacuum, and limitation on the size requires sometimes an appropriat...

This work aims to elucidate the role of water on the tribological behavior of silicon-based surfaces lubricated with a hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL), by means of a multi-technique, multi-scale approach. At the nanoscale, the presence of water at the interface was found to promote adhesion between a sharp silicon tip and a silicon substrate, when su...

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has been used to study the adsorption of two related imidazolium ionic liquids: 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (HMIM NTf2 and HMIM Cl) onto silver. In both cases, adsorption occurred from ethanol solutions. Conventional XPS allowed us to detect...

The discovery of the spontaneous reaction of boric oxides with moisture in the air to form lubricious H3BO3 films has led to great interest in the tribology of boron compounds in general. Despite this, a study of the growth kinetics of H3BO3 on a B2O3 substrate under controlled relative humidity (RH), has not yet been reported in the literature. He...

NiP alloys are very often used in industry, due to their outstanding performance in corrosion and wear. Alloys with high phosphorus content (≥16 atom % P) are amorphous and show high corrosion resistance in both neutral and acidic solutions irrespective of the presence of chloride ions. The reason for this behavior is attributed to the formation of...

A number of ultramarine paint samples were analysed by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to determine the binding energies of the S3.- (blue) and S2.- (yellow) radical anions responsible for the pigment colour. The two sulphur radicals (chromophores) have well assigned Raman signals, however, no previous XPS study has been abl...

Tribotests performed on boron-based thermal films have revealed higher mechanical durability and lower wear coefficients compared to results from tests performed on boron-free thermal films. In the current study, in order to follow and identify the tribochemical reactions taking place in the contact regions, post-characterization has been carried o...

Micropatterns and nanopatterns of gold embedded in silver and titanium embedded in gold have been prepared by combining either photolithography or electron-beam lithography (EBL) with a glue-free template-stripping procedure. The obtained patterned surfaces have been topographically characterized by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanni...

Iron-deficiency anaemia (IDA) is a major global public health problem. A sustainable and cost-effective strategy to reduce IDA is iron fortification of foods, but the most bioavailable fortificants cause adverse organoleptic changes in foods. Iron nanoparticles are a promising solution in food matrices, although their tendency to oxidize and rapidl...

In this study, the tribological behavior of a silica/silicon tribopair lubricated with anhydrous fluorinated ionic liquids was investigated by pin-on-disk tribometry. A first series of tests was designed to detect the onset of surface damage as a function of sliding speed. 1-ethyl-, 1-hexyl and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl-sulf...

Factors tuning the functional performances of the various TiO2-based materials in the wide range of their possible applications are poorly understood. Here the electronic structure of TiO2-based materials characterized by Ti³⁺ self-doping, obtained by a sol–gel route wholly performed in air at room temperature, is reported. In the amorphous hybrid...

Boron oxide plays a key role in many applications of glass that are of great technological signifcance, such as biomedical applications, bio-tribology and lubrication. In the present work, the mechanical and tribological properties of zinc borate glasses with different compositions are investigated, as well as the mechanical and tribological proper...

Thermally formed, additive-derived films are often a key precursor to tribologically protective films that are formed under the influence of mechanical stress. We have examined the tribological stability of model thermal films, tested in pure base oil under severe experimental conditions. Our aim was to exclude the self-healing mechanism of the pro...

Understanding the interactions among the various additives in a lubricant is important because they can have a strong influence on the performance of the blends under tribological conditions. The present investigation is focused on the interactions occurring between ZnDTP and dispersant molecules in an oil formulation, and on their reactivity under...

The ageing process of brass alloys, the dissolution rate versus time, was studied in artificial saliva (pH 7.4) and in phosphate buffer solution (pH 7). Mechanically polished brass alloys (Zn content 18 – 38 wt%) were exposed for 1, 3 and 16 hours to the solutions open to air at room temperature. Open circuit potential (OCP) and linear polarization...

Nanostructured surfaces offer a great deal in view of the control of biological processes at subcellular level. An innovative methodology has been developed to fabricate large-scale hexagonally close-packed arrays of polymer/gold nanowells of tunable diameter and depth, ranging between about 70 and 100 nm (diameter) and 15 and 40 nm (depth). Nanowe...

In this work we report the results of the crystal chemical, structural and surface characterization of erionite-K fibres from Rome (Oregon, USA) after interaction with Fe (III) chloride solutions at different concentrations. In addition, Fe (III) loaded samples were investigated after incubation in ascorbic acid in order to monitor the mobility of...

With reference to our previous surface-force study on 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([HMIM] EtSO4) using an extended surface forces apparatus, which showed an ordered structure within the nanoconfined dry ionic liquid (IL) between mica surfaces that extended up to ∼60 nm from the surface, this work focuses on the influence of the environ...

An electrochemical sensor has been tested on brass reference samples and applied on a mouthpiece of a historical brass instrument. Using a phosphate buffer solution pH 7 with 10-2, 10-3 and 10-4M NaCl, the electrochemical response (open circuit potential, polarisation resistance) of the sensor corresponds to the results obtained in a traditional el...

In this work the detection limits of arsenic, zinc and lead in silica matrix by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis were evaluated. These elements were selected since they are particularly relevant in environmental investigations. Pure oxides and several binary mixtures with silica at different concentrations of As (III), Zn (II) and Pb...

Roman and Byzantine glass shards collected during excavation campaigns around the ancient city of Thugga in northern Tunisia have been characterised by means of various analytical techniques. Portable X-ray Fluorescence (pXRF) was used to determine the glass matrix elemental composition and to identify the elements responsible for the colour. Fibre...

Nowadays, there is a strong demand to replace CrNi stainless steels used for biomedical applications such as brackets in orthodontics with a new generation of more biocompatible austenitic, nickel-free alloys. The aim of this work is the investigation of the growth and stability of the surface films formed on DIN 1.4456 Ni-free stainless steel (18%...

Chemical state identification and quantification based on photoelectron spectra is challenging in the case of copper and zinc and their alloys. In this work an analytical strategy for simultaneous chemical state identification and quantification of copper and zinc chemical states in complex layered systems is presented. This approach is based on th...

A catalyst series consisting in platinum nanoparticles photodeposited on pure titania and on W/Ti mixed oxides, these latter prepared by the sol-gel method, were tested in the hydrogenation of 4-nitrostyrene. A remarkable increase in the reaction rate occurred when the catalyst support contained tungsten, with a parallel boosting in the selective r...

In this study, the tribological behavior of silica/silicon surfaces lubricated with the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([EMIM] EtSO4) was investigated. Tests were carried out in the presence of either humid air (45-55 % RH) or in a nitrogen atmosphere, and the results compared with those obtained using pure water as a lubrica...

Understanding the behavior of ionic liquids (ILs) either confined between rough surfaces or in rough nanoscale pores is of great relevance to extend studies performed on ideally flat surfaces to real applications. In this work we have performed an extensive investigation of the structural forces between two surfaces with well-defined roughness (<9...

Brass instruments of the 19th and early 20th centuries get more and more used to be played in historically informed performance practice. Monitoring of the corrosion state inside these historical brass instruments before and after being played is essential to check the efficiency of preventive conservation protocols. As corrosion of metal artifacts...

The identification of surface sulfide and polysulfide species based on the curve fitting of S2p photoelectron spectra and, for the first time, of X-ray excited S KLL Auger spectra has been performed. The different sulfur chemical states present on the surface (sulfide S2-, central S and terminal S in polysulfide chains) could be unambiguously assig...

Non-occupational, environmental and unintentional exposure to fibrous tremolite, one of the most widespread naturally occurring asbestos, represents a potentially significant geological risk in several parts of the world. The toxicity of amphibole asbestos is commonly related to iron content and oxidation state, but information available on surface...

Studies of 1-hexyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ethyl sulfate ([HMIM] EtSO4) using an extended surface forces apparatus show, for the first time, an ordered structure within the nanoconfined ionic liquid (IL) between mica surfaces that extends up to ~60 nm from the surface. Our measurements show the growth of this ordered IL-film upon successive nanoconfin...

A chronoamperometric method has been applied for the growth of a surface coating on AZ31B magnesium alloy, using the imidazolium alkylphosphonate room-temperature ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylphosphonate ([EMIM][EtPO3H]) as electrolyte. A surface coating layer is obtained after 4 hours under a constant voltage bias of -0.8V with re...

Since it was proposed for the first time, desorption electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) has been evaluated for applicability in numerous areas. Elucidations of the ionization mechanisms and the subsequent formation of isolated gas-phase ions have been proposed so far. In this context, the role of both surface and pneumatic effects...

The paper describes synthesis and characterization of novel TiO2-Metal Hexacyanometallates (MHCMs) composite materials. The starting material, TiO2, was modified by addition of cobalt-hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF) or iron-hexacyanocobaltate (FeHCC) at various concentrations. The resulting composites were charcterized as follows: cyclic voltammetry (CV)...

In this study, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium trifluoro tris(pentafluoroethyl) tris(perfluoroalkyl)trifluorophosphate [EMIM] FAP and 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl) tris(perfluoroalkyl)trifluorophosphate [HMIM] FAP were selected as lubricants for silica/silicon surfaces. Pin-on-disk tribometry was used to test the performance of t...

The photoresist material SU-8 has found a variety of applications in microfabricated systems, such as microelectromechanical (MEMS) and lab-on-a-chip devices. While the bulk properties of SU-8 are appropriate for many such applications, tailoring its surface-chemical properties has, until now, proven to be challenging, but is essential in order to...

Samples of particulate matter (PM) collected in the city of Milan during wintertime were analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), thermal optical transmittance (TOT), ionic chromatography (IC) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in order to compare quantitative bulk analysis and surface analysis. In particular, the analysis of surface carbon is...

While calcium phosphate–based ceramics are currently the most widely used materials in bone repair, they generally lack tensile strength for initial load bearing. Bulk titanium is the gold standard of metallic implant materials, but does not match the mechanical properties of the surrounding bone, potentially leading to problems of fixation and bon...

The amorphous MM (EDTA)(H XPS enables to ascertain that the coordination of the EDTA ligand in the amorphous phase is identical to that in the crystalline phase, i.e., hexacoordination toward the M atom and two bridging groups in the Ni -Ni, Co - Co compounds.

We have investigated the influence of ambient humidity on the nanoconfined structure and response to shear of ionic liquids. Three ionic liquids (ILs) were selected, namely, 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium ethylsulfate ([EMIM][EtSO4]), 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate ([EMIM][FAP]), and 1-hexyl-3-methyl imidazolium...

The analytical characterization of surfaces of sulfur-bearing samples that present sulfides, polysulfides and/or elemental sulfur as reaction products can be difficult by simply relying on the binding energy of the S2p X-ray photoelectron signals, due to the small chemical shifts. In such cases the Auger parameter concept can be used to distinguish...

The dissolution reaction and the surface modifications of crocidolite asbestos fibres incubated for 0.5, 1, 24, 48, 168 and 1440 h in a phosphate buffered solution at pH 7.4 with and without hydrogen peroxide were investigated. Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) was used to monitor the ion release into solution, X-ra...

Grazing-incidence Rutherford backscattering and angle-resolved x-ray photoelectron spectrometry are used to determine the ion-concentration profiles near the surface of a solution consisting of a salt (TEABr) in a weakly polar organic liquid (polyethylene glycol) with atomic-layer depth resolution. The predictions of a model, in which ions in solut...

We have measured forces between mica surfaces across two hydrophobic ionic liquids with a surface forces apparatus. Both surface-adsorbed water and alkyl-chain length on the imidazolium cation influence the structure of the nano-confined film and the dynamics of film thickness transitions. Friction shows accumulative micro-slips as precursors to co...

Oligofunctional terpyridine-based monomers are spread at an air/water interface, where they are connected with transition metal salts such as Fe(II) into mechanically coherent monolayer sheets of macroscopic dimension. The conversions of these processes are determined by XPS for several monomer/metal ion combinations. The sheets are transferred ont...

Ultraflat gold surfaces with coplanar, embedded titanium micro-patterns, exhibiting extremely low roughness over the entire surface, have been obtained by a modified template-stripping procedure. Titanium is deposited onto photolithographically predefined regions of a silicon template. Following photoresist lift-off, the entire surface is backfille...

The increasing interest in phosphate glasses is due to the fact that they are considered to be bioactive functional materials in applications such as hard and soft tissue engineering and also that they possess interesting optical properties. These include low dispersion, high refractive index and high transparency for ultraviolet light. They have a...