Anthony N Turner

Middlesex University, UK · London Sport Institute

The kinetic analysis of joint work and joint contribution provides practitioners with information regarding movement characteristics and strategies of any jump test that is undertaken. This study aimed to compare joint works and contributions, and performance metrics in the countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ), and countermovement rebound jum...

The kinetic analysis of joint work and joint contribution provides practitioners with information regarding movement characteristics and strategies of any jump test that is undertaken. This study aimed to compare joint works and contributions, and performance metrics in the countermovement jump (CMJ), drop jump (DJ) and countermovement rebound jump...

Background: There is no consensus on the optimal testing procedure to determine return-to-sport (RTS) readiness after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Current approaches use limb symmetry across a range of tests, but this does not consider a patient’s level of athleticism or benchmarks relative to his or her noninjured counterparts....

The purpose of this study was to: i) assess the validity of the FlightScope Mevo+ against the TrackMan 4, and ii) determine the within-session reliability of both launch monitor systems when using a driver and 6-iron. Twenty-nine youth golfers, with a minimum of 3-years' playing experience, volunteered for this study. All golfers completed ten shot...

The countermovement jump (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) are widely employed jump tests to evaluate an athlete's neuromuscular performance. Nevertheless, conducting both the CMJ and DJ assessments during one testing session can demand a considerable time investment that practitioners or coaches might not always have available. This study investigated whet...

Purpose: The association between vertical jump and weightlifting performance have been well established often using discrete performance measures such as jump height or peak power which provides little insight into temporal strategies. The purpose of this investigation was to identify currently unassessed temporal countermovement jump metrics and t...

Single leg drop jump (SLDJ) assessment is commonly used during the later stages of rehabilitation to identify residual deficits in reactive strength but the effects of physical capacity on kinetic and kinematic variables in male soccer players following ACL reconstruction remains unknown. Isokinetic knee extension strength, kinematics from an inert...

Context: Deficits in plyometric abilities are common after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Vertical rebound tasks may provide a targeted evaluation of knee function. Objective: To examine the utility of a vertical hop test for assessing function after ACLR and establishing factors associated with performance. Design: Cross-se...

Background: Strength and power is often reduced on the involved vs. contralateral limb and healthy controls following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction but no study has compared to pre-injury values at the time of return to sport (RTS). Hypothesis: Divergent recovery patterns in strength and power characteristics will be present at RT...

The aims of this systematic review were to assess the association between physical performance and measures of golf performance, and the effects of physical training on measures of golf performance, in female golfers. A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Medline, and Cinahl. Inclusion criteria required studies to: 1)...

Background The heights obtained during the countermovement jump and drop jump tests have been measured by numerous studies using different calculation methods and pieces of equipment. However, the differences in calculation methods and equipment used have resulted in discrepancies in jump height being reported. Objectives The aim of this systemati...

Hamstring strain injuries (HSI) represents a significant burden in soccer. High speed running is one of the most common HSI mechanism, in particular during match congested periods. Peak force and rate of force development (RFD) of the hamstring muscles tested at long muscle length have shown reductions following fatiguing tasks. However, no study h...

The aim of this study was to provide an updated view of the common practices, ideologies, education level, and professional environment of strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches in elite male ice hockey. Nineteen S&C coaches from professional, semi-professional and top-tier collegiate hockey teams in North America completed an anonymous online sur...

Understanding the total likely required to achieve a specific rank within a specific competition can aid in the long-and short-term preparation and tactics for performance teams. The primary objective of this investigation was to develop a set of predictive models for new weight categories across five performance zones for 3 major weightlifting com...

The countermovement jump (CMJ) is one of the most used performance assessments in strength and conditioning. While numerous studies discuss the usability of different metrics in this test, this is often done within the context of a specific aim. However, to our knowledge, no information currently exists providing practitioners with some over-archin...

In the golfing literature, clubhead speed is the most commonly reported metric to assess golf performance. However, a rise in the availability and use of launch monitor technologies in recent years has gathered a wide range of metrics for any given golf shot. In addition, with distance and dispersion (accuracy) being the outcome measures of any giv...

Objective It is currently unknown if people with musculoskeletal pain display different multi-joint strength capacities than healthy cohorts. The aim was to investigate whether people with musculoskeletal pain show differences in global measures of strength in comparison to healthy cohorts. Data sources A systematic review was conducted using thre...

The aims of this study were: a) to investigate the effects of a unilateral training program, compared to a control group, on F-V profile in soccer players; b) to explore such effects on linear speed. Twenty-four soccer players, randomly assigned to a 6-week unilateral strength and ballistic jump training (UNI) (n = 12) or a control group (CON) (n =...

This study aimed to assess whether post-warm-up body mass only alternate leg bounding performed on grass or a hard surface acutely improves pre-planned change of direction performance in women's team sports players relative to a control condition and, if so, profile the time-course of such changes. On three occasions, 14 amateur women's team sports...

The aim of this brief narrative review is to summarize the present evidence, provide recommendations for data analysis, and appropriate training methods to reduce strength and power asymmetries within athlete populations. Present evidence shows that a strong interest in the assessment of asymmetry exists. Despite the perceived associated relationsh...

The aims of this study were: a) to investigate the effects of a unilateral training program in reducing inter-limb asymmetry in male soccer players; b) to explore such effects on measures of physical performance and unilateral inter-limb asymmetry. Twenty-four soccer players, randomly assigned to a 6-week unilateral strength and power training (UNI...

The primary aim of this narrative review was to outline the historical genesis of resistance training strategies that incorporate high-load, low-velocity exercises and low-load, high-velocity exercises in the same training session allowing for different "exercise sequences" to be simultaneously implemented. Discrepancies between scientific works an...

The aim of the present study was to analyse the validity and reliability of the newly developed My Jump Lab smartphone app, which includes the option to calculate time to takeoff and the reactive strength index modified (RSI_Mod-calculated as jump height divided by time to takeoff), in addition to jump height. Twenty-seven postgraduate sport scienc...

The aims of the current study were to: 1) determine between-session reliability of peak force during the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) in professional soccer players during the pre-season, and 2) determine the subsequent magnitude and direction of peak force asymmetry from the NHE between all test sessions. The NHE was used as a weekly monitoring...

This paper outlines how coaches can analyse the data of a single athlete so they can determine if their athlete responded favourably to their training programme and improved from test to test. The method presented is simple and can be calculated in excel or comparable programmes like google sheets. The paper also presents a discussion of Type I and...

Background Reactive strength index (RSI) is used frequently in the testing and monitoring of athletes. Associations with sports performance measures may vary dependent on the task but a literature synthesis has not been performed. Objectives The aim of this meta-analysis was to examine associations between RSI measured during rebound jumping tasks...

This study aimed to report seasonal variations for: 1) physical performance, 2) inter-limb asymmetry and, 3) BLD data over the course of a competitive soccer season, and determine which metrics are sensitive to change. This study used a repeated measures observational design for 19 under-20 elite academy soccer players (age: 17.58 ± 0.61 years; hei...

The purpose of this investigation was to examine intra- and inter-day reliability of kinetic and kinematic variables assessed during the clean, assess their relationship to clean performance, and determine their suitability in weightlifting performance analysis. Eight competitive weightlifters performed 3 sets of single repetition cleans with 90% o...

Inter-limb asymmetries have been recently investigated in athletic populations. However, the effects of training interventions on inter-limb asymmetries have been scarcely examined. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of training interventions on changes in inter-limb asymmetries from pre-to post-training. Furthermore, to...

This study aimed to examine the frequency and modes of psychological priming techniques and strategies being implemented by athletes of a variety of performance levels. A 15-question, anonymous questionnaire was developed and shared via social media sites. The survey implemented a quantitative method approach to collect background information (e.g....

Background: Establishing the reliability and repeatability of both the movement demands and the consequential responses of athletes applied settings is important. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to assess the between- week reliability of potential fatigue monitoring methods in soccer players. Secondary aims were to establish the repea...

BACKGROUND: Establishing the reliability and repeatability of both the movement demands and the consequential responses of athletes applied settings is important. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to assess the between-week reliability of potential fatigue monitoring methods in soccer players. Secondary aims were to establish the repeata...

The aims of the present study were to: 1) determine within and between-session reliability of multiple metrics obtained during the triple hop test and, 2) determine any systematic bias in both the test and inter-limb asymmetry scores for these metrics. Thirteen male youth American football athletes performed three trials of a triple hop test on eac...

Typically, a coach may follow a process in which they first identify the key performance indicators of their sport, determine the physical attributes that map back to them, and then distribute the development of those capacities over the allocated timeframe. Furthermore, effective training plans are based on a theoretical or biological basis for ho...

Researchers and practitioners have highlighted the necessity to monitor jump strategy metrics as well as the commonly reported outcome measures during the countermovement (CMJ) and drop jump (DJ) tests. However, there is a risk of confusion for practitioners, given the vast range of metrics that now seem to be on offer via analysis software when co...

Wilson, LJ, Dimitriou, L, Hills, FA, Gondek, MB, van Wyk, A, Turek, V, Rivkin, T, Villiere, A, Jarvis, P, Miller, S, Turner, A, and Cockburn, E. Cold water immersion offers no functional or perceptual benefit compared to a sham intervention during a resistance training program. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2021-Cold water immersion (CWI) is...

The practices of strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches have been reported in various professional sports. This study aims to comprehensively assess this available evidence to help establish whether theoretical, practical, and evidence-based guidelines align with the practices employed by these experienced S&C coaches. Three databases were searche...

Background Resistance training has been used to enhance a range of athletic abilities through correct manipulation of several variables such as training load, training volume, set configuration, and rest period. Objective The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to compare the acute and chronic responses of lower body cluster, contr...

This is the first study to report the whole match, ball-in-play (BiP), ball-out-of-play (BoP), and Max BiP (worst case scenario phases of play) demands of professional soccer players competing in the English Championship. Effective playing time per soccer game is typically <60 min. When the ball is out of play, players spend time repositioning them...

Wheelchair fencing (WF) is a Paralympic sport which is practised by athletes with physical disabilities and is classified into three categories according to the degree of activity limitation the impairment causes in the sport. All Paralympic sports are requested to develop their own evidence-based classification system to enhance the confidence in...

The purpose of this study was 1) to present the strength, speed and power characteristic of elite youth soccer players and provide benchmark data for strength and conditioning coaches; 2) to compare the speed, strength and power characteristics of youth soccer players by competition structure age categories; and 3) to determine the relationships be...

In this study, we aimed to analyze the magnitude and direction of interlimb asymmetries in ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), power (using iso-inertial devices), and a neuromuscular skill (change of direction). Secondarily, we aimed to determine the relationship between interlimb asymmetry scores for each test and also between these scores a...

The strength and conditioning (S&C) industry can appear as a saturated market, with a lack of balance between supply and demand of strength and conditioning coaches, with the former outweighing the latter. Job descriptions may be an effective tool for aspiring coaches to identify what current skill sets employers look for, in particular those deeme...

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pre-season strength training on bilateral and unilateral jump performance and the bilateral deficit (BLD) in Premier League academy soccer players. Fourteen male academy players (age: 16.36 ± 0.50 years; body mass: 73.45 ± 8.43 kg; height: 1.80 ± 0.09 m) performed one upper body and one lower bo...

Background Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction has a detrimental impact on athletic performance. Despite rehabilitation guidelines and criterion-based progressions to ensure safe restoration of fundamental physical capacities and maladaptive movement strategies, residual deficits in maximal strength, rate of force development (RFD), pow...

Today's strength and conditioning coach must extend their skill set to include data analysis, understating the validity and utility of p values, effect sizes, confidence intervals, and terms such as the smallest worthwhile change, and minimal difference. The aim of part two of this two-part review is to now build on our discussion of null hypothesi...

The role of a strength and conditioning coach (SCC) has evolved over the last 10 years to accommodate the large influx of data now available. As such, today's SCC must extend their skill set to include data analysis, understanding the validity and utility of p values, effect sizes, confidence intervals, and terms such as the smallest worthwhile cha...

Due to the negative effects that injuries have on performance, club finances, and long-term player health (permanent disability after a severe injury), prevention strategies are an essential part of both sports medicine and performance. Purpose : To summarize the current evidence regarding strength training for injury prevention in soccer and to in...

The use of core training is very common in the field of strength and conditioning. The Pallof press is one such exercise, which is considered a transverse plane or trunk rotation exercise. The use of this trunk-based exercise is implemented in strength and conditioning programs to aid in core stability. Exercise technique and the benefits of this e...

Strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches are tasked with reducing injuries and optimizing physical and sports performance. Although various literature advises the practices of S&C coaches, relatively little is known regarding their views and opinions. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the current issues, desired changes and perceived future...

This study describes the contemporary practices of strength and conditioning (S&C) coaches in professional cricket. Thirty-three S&C coaches working with international and professional club teams across seven countries completed an online survey. The survey consisted of 45 questions (35 fixed responses and 10 open-ended), with eight sections: (a) b...

Background Residual deficits in athletic performance are common despite rehabilitation guidelines following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction including criterion-based progressions to protect healing structures, ensure safe restoration of fundamental physical capacities, and guide appropriate return to sports activities. A synthesis of the...

Context: Deficits in plyometric abilities are common following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Vertical rebound tasks may provide a targeted evaluation of knee function. Objective: Examine the utility of a vertical hop test to assess function following ACLR and establish factors associated with performance. Design: Cross-sectional...

Context: Deficits in plyometric abilities are common following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Vertical rebound tasks may provide a targeted evaluation of knee function. Objective: Examine the utility of a vertical hop test to assess function following ACLR and establish factors associated with performance. Design: Cross-sect...

The aims of the present study were to: 1) determine the seasonal variation of physical performance in professional cricket players, 2) determine the seasonal variation of inter-limb asymmetries in the same cohort of professional players. Fifteen male professional cricket players (age: 20.60 ± 1.59 years; height: 1.82 ± 0.08 m; body mass: 78.70 ± 11...

Weightlifting is a highly technical sport which is governed by interactions of phases to optimise the load lifted. Given the technicality of the snatch and clean and jerk, understanding key stable components to identify errors and better prescribe relevant exercises are warranted. The aim of this article is to present an applied method of analysis...

This study describes the practices of strength and conditioning coaches (SCCs) from different sports, countries, and expertise levels. One hundred fifty-six SCCs (31.9 ± 8.9 years old) completed an online survey, consisting of 40 questions (36 fixed response and 4 open-ended), with 8 sections as follows: (a) background information, (b) muscular str...

This study describes the contemporary practices of strength and conditioning coaches in professional soccer. Fifty-two strength and conditioning coaches from professional leagues across 18 countries completed an online survey, consisting of 45 questions, with eight sections: (a) background information, (b) muscular strength and power development, (...

Rugby union is a field-based team sport with a large number of high-intensity actions such as sprinting, change of direction, tackling, scrummaging, rucking, and mauling. Competitive success in female rugby union has previously been related to anthropometric and physical characteristics, and with the recent introduction of professionalism in female...

The use of core training is very common in the field of strength and conditioning. The Pallof press is one such exercise which is considered a transverse plane or trunk rotation exercise. The use of this trunk-based exercise is implemented in strength and conditioning programs to aid in core stability. Exercise technique and the benefits of this ex...

Global health organizations have provided recommendations regarding exercise for the general population. Strength training has been included in several position statements due to its multi-systemic benefits. In this narrative review, we examine the available literature, first explaining how specific mechanical loading is converted into positive cel...

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate kinetic and kinematic bar characteristics differentiating female medallist and non-medallists in the clean, during a national weightlifting competition. Methods: The heaviest successful clean attempts from thirty female weightlifters at the 2019 English Senior Weightlifting Championships were e...

Purpose: Previously, it has been shown that loaded warm-up (LWU) can improve change-of-direction speed (CODS) in professional badminton players. However, the effect of asymmetry on CODS in badminton players and the influence of LWU on asymmetry has not been examined. Methods: A total of 21 amateur badminton players (age 29.5 [8.4] y, playing exp...

The aims of the present study were to compare the magnitude and direction of asymmetry in comparable bilateral and unilateral countermovement jumps (CMJ). Forty-five elite academy soccer players from under-23 (n = 15), under-18 (n = 16) and under-16 (n = 14) age groups performed bilateral and unilateral CMJ as part of their routine pre-season fitne...

The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of bilateral and unilateral-biased strength and power training programs on measures of physical performance in male youth soccer players. Twenty-three elite youth players (age: 17.6  1.2 years) were randomly assigned to either a unilateral (n = 11) or a bilateral (n = 12) group, who completed...

Purpose: Currently, it is unclear which physical characteristics may underpin the change of direction deficit (COD-D). This investigation sought to determine if momentum, speed-, and jump-based measures may explain variance in COD-D. Methods: Seventeen males from a professional soccer academy (age, 16.76 [0.75] y; height, 1.80 [0.06] m; body mas...

In part 1 of this two-part review, we addressed the recent criticisms of the use of terms such as power, rate of force development, and explosiveness, over impulse. These terms were distinguished mechanically and conceptually for the benefit of the scientist and coach. In part 2, we use the key mechanical parameters underpinning power development a...

Injuries have a detrimental impact on team and individual athletic performance. Deficits in maximal strength, rate of force development (RFD), and reactive strength are commonly reported following several musculoskeletal injuries. This article first examines the available literature to identify common deficits in fundamental physical qualities foll...

Objectives: This study examined the acute effect of small-sided-game (SSG) and resistance training sequence on neuromuscular, endocrine and mood response over a 24-h (h) period. Design: Repeated measures. Methods: Fourteen semi-professional soccer players performed SSG-training (4vs4+goalkeepers; 6�