Anthea L Raisis

Murdoch University · School of Veterinary and Life Sciences

Red blood cell (RBC) transfusion is associated with recipient inflammation and infection, which may be triggered by excessive circulating iron. Iron chelation following transfusion may reduce these risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of deferoxamine on circulating iron and inflammation biomarkers over time and in vitro growth of...

Synthetic colloid fluids containing hydroxyethyl starch (HES) have been associated with impairment of coagulation in dogs. It is unknown if HES causes coagulation impairment in dogs with naturally occurring critical illness. This study used banked plasma samples from a blinded, randomized clinical trial comparing HES and balanced isotonic crystallo...

Background: Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) produces lung ventilation images via a thoracic electrode belt. Robust electrode design and material, providing low electrode skin contact impedance (SCI), is needed in veterinary medicine. The aim of this study was to compare three EIT electrode designs and materials. Methods: Simulations of cyl...

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a non-invasive real-time non-ionising imaging modality that has many applications. Since the first recorded use in 1978, the technology has become more widely used especially in human adult and neonatal critical care monitoring. Recently, there has been an increase in research on thoracic EIT in veterinary m...

Equine respiratory physiology might be influenced by the presence of an endotracheal tube (ETT). This experimental, randomized cross-over study aimed to compare breathing pattern (BrP) and ventilation distribution in anesthetized horses spontaneously breathing room air via ETT or facemask (MASK). Six healthy adult horses were anesthetized with tota...

Live animal models can be used to train anaesthetists to perform emergency front-of-neck-access. Cannula cricothyroidotomy success reported in previous wet lab studies contradicts human clinical data. This prospective, observational study reports success of a cannula-first ‘can't intubate, can't oxygenate’ algorithm for impalpable anatomy during hi...

Objective: A linear relationship between impedance change (△Z) measured by thoracic electrical impedance tomography (EIT) and tidal volume (VT) has been demonstrated. This study evaluated the agreement between the displayed VT calculated by the EIT software (VTEIT) and spirometry (VTSPIRO) after an indirect two-point calibration. Approach: The E...

Objectives To document changes in urinary biomarker concentration and conventional diagnostic tests of acute kidney injury (AKI) following hypotension and fluid resuscitation in anaesthetised dogs. Study design Experimental, repeated measures, prospective study Animals A group of six male adult greyhound dogs Methods Following general anaesthesi...

Background Left-sided cardiac volume overload (LCVO) can cause fluid accumulation in lung tissue changing the distribution of ventilation, which can be evaluated by electrical impedance tomography (EIT). Objectives To describe and compare EIT variables in horses with naturally occurring compensated and decompensated LCVO and compare them to a heal...

Resveratrol has been shown to preserve organ function and improve survival in hemor-rhagic shock rat models. This study investigated whether seven days of oral resveratrol could improve hemodynamic response to hemorrhage and confer benefits on risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) without inducing coagulopathy in a canine model. Twelve greyhound dogs w...

Novel urinary biomarkers are increasingly utilized for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs. Magnetic-bead based immunoassays for the simultaneous measurement of multiple biomarkers represent a potentially efficient and cost effective tool for investigators; however there is limited data to support their reliable use in dogs. Analytic...

This study explores the application of electric impedance tomography (EIT) to estimate tidal volume (VT) by measuring impedance change per breath (∆Zbreath). Seventeen healthy horses were anaesthetised and mechanically ventilated for elective procedures requiring dorsal recumbency. Spirometric VT (VTSPIRO) and ∆Zbreath were recorded periodically; u...

Background Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) generates images of the lungs based on impedance change and was able to detect changes in airflow after histamine challenge in horses. Objectives To confirm that EIT can detect histamine‐provoked changes in airflow and subsequent drug‐induced bronchodilatation. Novel EIT flow variables were develope...

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) provides clinically useful lung images; however, it would be an advantage to extract additional cardiovascular information from the data. The aim of this study was to evaluate if cardiac-related changes measured by EIT can be used to measure pulse rate (PR) under physiological as well as high and low blood pres...

Objective: To evaluate the effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4, compared with a Hartmann's solution control (CRYST), on urine biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs prescribed a fluid bolus. Design: Randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial January 2018 to February 2019. Setting: University teaching hospital. Animals: Forty...

Alpha2 receptor agonists (alpha2-agonists) are useful sedative and analgesic agents in sheep, but have adverse pulmonary effects, which are reportedly similar between different alpha2-agonists. This randomized crossover study compared pulmonary function after intravenous administration of an alpha2-agonist, either xylazine or an equipotent dose of...

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is used in lung physiology monitoring. There is evidence that EIT is linearly associated with global tidal volume (VT) in clinically healthy patients where no positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) is applied. This linearity has not been challenged by altering lung conditions. The aim of this study was to dete...

Several protein biomarkers have been shown to be useful for the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury (AKI) in animals and people. Multiplex assays for measurement of a panel of renal biomarkers in canine samples have recently become available. This study compared the use of two such assays, versus previously validated ELISAs, to measure five biom...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00279.].

Introduction: Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) administration has been associated with hypocoagulability in dogs. There is a lack of evidence relating HES administration causing sustained hypocoagulability in dogs with naturally occurring critical illness. We used banked samples to compare plasma coagulation assays in dogs randomized to receiveHES or Hart...

Interest is growing in measurement of novel biomarkers for the diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Multiplex assays may provide a rapid and cost-effective way of measurement; however, sparse information is published regarding their use in dogs. We aimed to validate a commercial magnetic bead–based assay for 5 biomarkers: clusterin (Clus), cystatin C...

Hepcidins are an evolutionarily conserved class of liver-expressed peptide, from which the twenty-five amino acid hormone, hepcidin-25 (herein hepcidin), has gained significant notoriety as the master regulator of iron homeostasis in mammals. Hepcidin maintains iron homeostasis by controlling the dietary absorption of iron and the mechanisms of rec...

Background Synthetic colloid solutions, administered by rapid infusion to volume‐depleted dogs, might be present in high concentrations in subsequent urine samples. The potential for these solutions to affect the performance of ELISA measurements due to sample matrix effects when studying kidney injury biomarkers requires investigation. Objective...

Introduction: Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) has been associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in people, but there is limited evidence in dogs. We performed a randomized, blinded, phase II clinical trial to compare urine biomarkers of AKI in dogs randomized to receive HES or Hartmann’s solution (CRYST). Methods: Dogs (n=40) treated by the emergency a...

Objective To determine if low molecular weight synthetic colloid fluids administered to dogs interfere with refractometric estimates of total plasma protein (TPPr) and urine osmolality (UOsm). Study design Experimental study Animals Eighteen healthy greyhound dogs Methods Anaesthetized greyhounds subjected to haemorrhage for 60 minutes were give...

The aim of this study was to determine the influence of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) on Tidal Volume (V T) estimation using electrical impedance tomography (EIT) technology, and spirometry (L/breath). Anaesthesia was induced in ten steers, volume controlled ventilation was initiated. An EIT belt was applied around the thorax. PEEP levels...

Objective: To investigate the association between synthetic colloids and biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs with hemorrhagic shock. Design: Experimental interventional study. Setting: University. Animals: Twenty‐four healthy ex‐racing Greyhounds. Interventions: Anesthetized Greyhounds subjected to hemorrhage for 60 min were resuscitate...

Background: Hemorrhagic shock and volume replacement can alter coagulation. Synthetic colloids, hydroxyethyl starch (HES) and gelatin, may enhance hypocoagulability. Our primary objective was to describe the effect of four fluid products on coagulation in canine hemorrhagic shock. Our secondary objective was to compare measurements of coagulation d...

This study was funded by the Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Foundation Research Grant. Introduction: Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) has been associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) in humans, but there is limited evidence in dogs. We present the protocol and feasibility analysis of an ongoing prospective randomized blinded phase II clinical t...

Shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx precedes leukocyte activation and adherence in acute inflammation. Rapid administration of crystalloid or colloid fluids for treating hemorrhagic shock may cause endothelial glycocalyx shedding, thereby increasing inflammation. This study aimed to compare the effect of different fluid treatments in a canine sh...

Background Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is a method to measure regional impedance changes within the thorax. The total tidal impedance variation has been used to measure changes in tidal volumes in pigs, dogs and humans. Objectives To assess the ability of EIT to quantify changes in tidal volume in anaesthetised mechanically ventilated ho...

INTRODUCTION: This article reports the content validation of a Critical Appraisal Tool designed to Review the quality of Analgesia Studies (CATRAS) involving subjects incapable of self-reporting pain and provide guidance as to the strengths and weakness of findings. The CATRAS quality items encompass 3 domains: level of evidence, methodological sou...

Objective To determine the agreement of invasive blood pressure measured in the facial, metatarsal and carotid arteries, and evaluate the effects of two haemodynamic conditions on agreement. Study design Prospective randomized study. Animals A group of eight horses aged 7 (4–23) years with a body weight of 493 ± 33 kg. Methods Horses were anaest...

Introduction: Rapid administration of crystalloid or colloid fluids may cause endothelial glycocalyx shedding, thereby increasing inflammation. Methods: Greyhounds under general anesthesia subject to hemorrhage for 60 minutes were given 20 mL kg-1 of either fresh whole blood (FWB), hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4, 4% succinylated gelatin (GELO),...

Objective To determine agreement between invasive blood pressure measured in three peripheral arteries in anaesthetized horses undergoing elective surgery. Study design Prospective balanced incomplete block design. Animals A total of 18 client owned horses Methods Invasive blood pressure (IBP) was measured simultaneously in one of the following...

Background: The isolated heart apparatus is over 100 years old, but remains a useful research tool today. While designs of many large animal systems have been described in the literature, trouble-shooting and refining such a model to yield a stable, workable system has not been previously described. This paper outlines the issues, in tabular form,...

The automated oscillometric method is a common method for measuring blood pressure non-invasively and is broadly and confidently used in the veterinary setting. Twenty-one pigs undergoing anesthesia for exploratory laparotomy were enrolled in a study to evaluate the performance of the Surgivet V9203 non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) monitor. The a...

Introduction: This study investigated the effect of low molecular weight (MW) hydroxyethyl starch (HES) (130/0.4) and 4% succinylated gelatine (GELO) on refractometric measurement of total plasma protein (TPP) and urine specific gravity (USG), compared to a crystalloid control (Plasmalyte-148 [P148]). Methods: Blood was removed from anesthetized g...

Objective To determine the cardiovascular and acid-base effects of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 and 0.9% sodium chloride (NaCl) administered to anaesthetized greyhounds with haemorrhagic shock. Study design Prospective, experimental, complete randomized block design. Animals Twelve healthy adult greyhounds. Methods After 60 minutes o...

Objective: To describe the anesthetic management of a dog undergoing caudal vena cava (CVC) occlusion during adrenalectomy, and to discuss a reflex bradycardia that was observed during the procedure. Case summary: General anesthesia of a 10-year-old Rhodesian ridgeback for excision of an adrenal mass and associated CVC tumor thrombus was perform...

OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of acepromazine maleate premedication on cardiovascular function before and after infusion of dobutamine hydrochloride for 30 minutes in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. ANIMALS 6 healthy adult horses. PROCEDURES Each horse was anesthetized once following premedication with acepromazine (0.02 mg/kg, IV) administere...

This case report describes the occurrence of a rapidly-developing pneumoretroperitoneum during coeliotomy in an anaesthetised cat. This was the first indication of a problem, however inadvertent endobronchial intubation initially, and accidental extubation, had occurred in the period immediately prior to surgery. The presence of the pneumoretroperi...

Background: Our group previously used a canine haemorrhagic shock model that removed a set volume of blood over a short period of time before comparing resuscitation interventions. We found wide variability in the degree of shock achieved. Removal of blood guided by blood pressure may be more synergistic with the individual’s ability to compensate...

Introduction: Artificial colloids may contribute to kidney injury. This study compared kidney injury after administering two different artificial colloids to dogs in shock, using whole blood and a crystalloid fluid as controls. Methods: Blood was removed from anesthetized Greyhounds to maintain a mean arterial pressure <60 mmHg for 60 minutes, foll...

Introduction: It is unknown whether coagulation deficits occur in dogs that receive balanced HES 130/0.4 or gelatine colloids for shock. This study assessed platelet function and viscoelastic tests in dogs with hemorrhagic shock treated with balanced HES 130/0.4,4%succinylated gelatine (GELO), fresh whole blood (FWB) or Plasmalyte-148 (P148). Metho...

Reason for performing the study: Cardiac output does not always increase with dobutamine administration in anaesthetised horses and information on peripheral perfusion is lacking. Objective: To determine the effect of intravenous dobutamine infusion with and without a concurrent 20 mL/kg bodyweight bolus of crystalloid fluids on the cardiovascul...

Objective To determine changes in urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentration (uNGAL) in anaesthetized Greyhound dogs that developed acute tubular damage following haemorrhage and resuscitation with colloid-based fluids.Study designProspective experimental study.AnimalsSeven healthy adult entire male Greyhound dogs.Methods During...

Objective: To describe the clinical findings and management of a case of retrobulbar hematoma formation secondary to performance of a maxillary nerve block in a dog. Case summary: An 11-year-old dog was presented for a routine dental procedure including dental extraction to be performed under general anesthesia. After premedication with intramus...

Objective: To measure platelet closure time (PCT) in dogs during controlled hemorrhagic shock and after fluid resuscitation with hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4 or 0.9% sodium chloride. Design: Experimental interventional study. Setting: University veterinary teaching hospital. Animals: Eleven healthy Greyhounds. Interventions: Dogs were...

Objectives To determine the bias and precision of noninvasive versus invasive blood pressure measurements obtained using the Surgivet V9203 in anaesthetized horses; to compare these with the current American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Hypertension Consensus Panel (AHCP) and Veterinary Blood Pressure Society (VBPS) recommendations; and...

Objectives Document the proportion of dogs with perioperative hypotension and explore the association of sex, age and body mass and indices of hydration with mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) in two cohorts of young, healthy anaesthetised dogs.Methods Dogs were anaesthetised with a standardised protocol. The proportion of dogs with invasively meas...

Hypotension is the most common cardiovascular complication encountered during equine inhalational anaesthesia, for which a dobutamine intravenous constant rate infusion (DCRI) is often the sole treatment. There is limited literature available on the combined use of crystalloid boluses and inotropic agents during equine hypotensive episodes. To dete...

Objective To compare adequacy of oxygen delivery and severity of shock during maintenance of anaesthesia with isoflurane or alfaxalone infusion in greyhounds experiencing blood loss.Study designProspective, randomised study.AnimalsTwenty-four greyhounds (ASA I).Methods All greyhounds were premedicated with methadone (0.2 mg kg−1) intramuscularly. A...

To determine the agreement between blood pressure obtained with a noninvasive technique and direct technique using the Surgivet V9203 at varying blood pressure levels created using a canine hemorrhage model. Experimental study. University Teaching Hospital. Twenty-nine greyhounds with an average weight of 30 kg. Approval from the Murdoch University...

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of hypotension (based on mean arterial pressure measurements; MAP) in healthy dogs that were anaesthetised for elective desexing at Murdoch University Veterinary Hospital (MUVH). the secondary aim was to explore any association between gender, age, body mass, heart rate and anaesthetic induction...

Objective Evaluation of the accuracy of Masimo signal extraction technology (SET) pulse oximetry in anaesthetized late gestational pregnant sheep. Study design Prospective experimental study. Animals Seventeen pregnant Merino ewes. Methods Animals included in study were late gestation ewes undergoing general anaesthesia for Caesarean delivery or fo...

Objective: To describe sudden onset of generalized pulmonary atelectasis following thoracic lavage in 3 dogs. Series summary: Thoracic lavage was performed following ligation of a patent ductus arteriosus in case 1, prior to closure of a large traumatic full thickness wound in the chest wall in case 2, and during investigation of an idiopathic s...

To investigate the frequency of seizures associated with acepromazine administration when used as a premedicant with methadone for dogs undergoing myelography. Retrospective clinical case study. University veterinary teaching hospital. Sixty-six dogs (mixed and pure breeds), aged between 4 months and 15 years, weighing between 3.5-61 kg. All animal...

An 11-year-old, 7 kg male neutered domestic shorthair cat, presented to the University Veterinary Hospital (UVH) for investigation of chronic tachypnoea and dyspnoea. Radiographs, bronchoscopy and computerised tomography (CT) demonstrated an intra-tracheal mass measuring 13 mm × 5 mm × 6 mm arising from the right wall of the caudal trachea immediat...

To describe the clinical management of a case of Candida albicans peritonitis in a dog and discuss the pathogenicity of Candida peritonitis along with treatment using the fungistatic agent, fluconazole. A 15-week-old Papillon developed peritonitis secondary to enterectomy site dehiscence. A pure growth of Candida albicans was obtained from the abdo...

Three dogs were presented with a history of oral administration of a topical endectocide containing imidacloprid and moxidectin. They were diagnosed with imidacloprid and moxidectin intoxication, having ingested doses ranging from 7.5 to 1.4 mg/kg of imidacloprid and 1.9 to 2.8 mg/kg of moxidectin. The three dogs were affected to different degrees...

A 4-year-old Siberian Husky dog was treated with brown snake antivenom by his regular veterinarian after a witnessed episode of brown snake envenomation. The dog was discharged 5 hours post presentation despite an ongoing coagulopathy. The dog was presented to the emergency centre 2 hours later because the owner believed the dog to be in pain. Init...

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a single dose (50 mg/kg) of guaiphenesin on recumbency time, surgical conditions and the ‘quality’ of anaesthesia in ponies anaesthetised for castration. Sixteen ponies were sedated with romifidine 100 μg/kg and anaesthetised with ketamine (2.2 mg/kg). Ponies allocated to Group A received n...

To determine the haemodynamic effects of halothane and isoflurane with spontaneous and controlled ventilation in dorsally recumbent horses undergoing elective surgery. Prospective randomized clinical trial. Twenty-five adult horses, body mass 487 kg (range: 267-690). Horses undergoing elective surgery in dorsal recumbency were randomly assigned to...

Objective: To report intussusception as a complication of methiocarb toxicity in dogs and discuss possible risk factors. Series summary: Intestinal intussusception was diagnosed from 24 hours to 18 days following symptomatic treatment of methiocarb toxicity in three dogs. All cases had persistent clinical signs of methiocarb toxicity despite initia...

The following review discusses the physiology of renal function. This information is used to develop an understanding of the pathogenesis of acute renal failure and a rational approach to its management during the first few hours to days. Emphasis is placed upon the management of anuria and oliguria. It also discusses the most common causes of acut...

To evaluate a total intravenous anaesthetic technique in dogs undergoing craniectomy. Prospective clinical study. Ten dogs admitted for elective surgical resection of rostro-tentorial tumours. All dogs were premedicated with methadone, 0.2 mg kg(-1) intramuscularly 30 minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol...

Objective: The objective of this review was to describe the methodology and limitations of techniques that have been used to measure skeletal muscle blood flow in anaesthetized horses. Database used: Pubmed, personal files. Conclusion: Numerous techniques have been used in horses to study skeletal muscle blood flow during anaesthesia and after...

Objective This review aims at evaluating studies investigating the effects of anaesthesia on skeletal muscle blood flow and associated cardiovascular function in anaesthetized horses and discusses how the results of these studies contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis and prevention of post-anaesthetic myopathy. Database used Pubmed &...

Experimental studies in adult horses have shown that general anaesthesia maintained with isoflurane is associated with less depression of cardiovascular function compared with halothane anaesthesia. Adverse effects of intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) have also been demonstrated. Nevertheless, the haemodynamic effects of these agent...

The aim of this study was to compare two different alpha2 agonist-opioid combinations in ponies undergoing field castration. Prospective double-blind randomized clinical trial. Fifty-four ponies undergoing field castration. The ponies were randomly allocated to receive one of three different pre-anaesthetic medications [intravenous (IV) romifidine...

To evaluate the hemodynamic effects of dobutamine hydrochloride (0.5 microg/kg of body weight/min) in halothane-anesthetized horses. 6 adult Thoroughbred horses. Anesthesia was induced by use of romifidine (100 microg/kg) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg), IV. Anesthesia was maintained by halothane (end-tidal concentration 0.9 to 1.0%). Aortic, left ventric...

The purpose of this study was to compare the haemodynamic effects of equipotent isoflurane and halothane anaesthesia. Six adult horses were investigated on two separate occasions at least 4 weeks apart. On both occasions anaesthesia was induced by ketamine 2.2 mg/kg bwt given 5 min after i.v. administration 100 μg/kg bwt romifidine. Anaesthesia was...