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Annette Bongardt

Annette Bongardt
CICP Center or Research in Political Science University of Évora

PhD

About

56
Publications
6,481
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216
Citations
Introduction
Annette Bongardt is currently a Full Member of CICP, U. Évora and Visiting Associate Professor at FCH-UCP Lisbon. Previously she was a Senior Research Fellow at London School of Economics. Annette does research in European Political Economy, EU integration and Environmental Economics and sustainability. She is working on various current projects like the 'EU's Sustainability', 'EU Trade', and on the 'European Green Deal'.

Publications

Publications (56)
Chapter
Full-text available
Introduction to the book: The Political Economy of Europe’s Future and Identity: Integration in Crisis Mode Annette BONGARDT and Francisco TORRES (eds) (2023)
Book
Full-text available
This textbook applies a political economy lens and an interdisciplinary approach to the European integration process, analysing its sustainability. It aims at complementing the lectures on the topic in order to capacitate students to critically analyse the on-going process of European integration as well as the current challenges facing the EU. It...
Book
Full-text available
From different perspectives and angles, contributors shed light and outline their thoughts on what are the current challenges facing European integration. Those feature both broader issues encompassing Europe’s identity and solidarity as well as more specific ones related to climate, economic, fiscal and monetary policy challenges, or EU trade, def...
Book
Full-text available
This book provides a political economy analysis of new globalization challenges and EU trade policy, at a time when the Union faces multiple crises and a weakened multilateral trade order. It analyses governance and sustainability challenges and evaluates the EU’s response. Chapters examine the need for cooperation in global governance in the light...
Article
Full-text available
The EU is in a prime position in trade but faces an onslaught of challenges where a weakened open trading order, recent shocks with impacts on the international economic system (the Covid-19 pandemic, the Ukraine war, climate change), geopolitics and changing globalization patterns combine. This article (and special issue) takes stock of what we ha...
Article
Full-text available
This article argues that European Union (EU) trade dynamics and (old and new) globalization challenges cannot be seen in isolation from their implications for the European (economic, social, environmental) model. The EU, a staunch defender of free trade and multilateralism, faces an increasingly messy international trading system and new realities...
Book
Full-text available
This book applies a political economy lens and an interdisciplinary approach to the European integration process, analysing its sustainability. It aims at complementing the lectures on the topic in order to capacitate students to critically analyse the on-going processes of European integration as well as the current challenges facing the EU. It di...
Chapter
This chapter assesses the transformation of the Chinese business community in Portugal as a result of the interaction between China’s “go global” policy and the impact of the 2008/2009 global crisis. It analyses the small business community’s coping strategies, the impact of recent Chinese large direct investments and changes to Portuguese immigrat...
Technical Report
Full-text available
This paper assesses the transformation of the Chinese business community in Portugal in result of the interaction between China’s ‘Go Global’ policy and the impact of the 2008/2009 global crisis. It analyses the small-business community’s coping strategies; the impact of recent large-scale Chinese direct investments; and changes to Portuguese immi...
Article
This article puts forward that the European Green Deal (EGD) is more than just another initiative for green growth. Instead, it adds a building block to the European economic model, alongside the single market and economic and monetary union. The pandemic crisis would therefore need to be addressed also through the EGD framework. We find that the C...
Article
Full-text available
The collective action on vaccine procurement has attracted much criticism, but not necessarily for the right reasons. It successfully protected the internal market and EU values from vaccine nationalism. BioNTech became a European success story, and EU vaccine deliveries and vaccination are gaining speed. Yet, the demand side to vaccines brings the...
Research
Full-text available
The UK will continue to attempt to renegotiate and get privileged access to EU common goods like financial services (not granted to Switzerland) or data flows. On its part, the EU must protect European integration and not cede on issues like regulatory oversight and data protection, where there is an indispensable role for both the European Parliam...
Chapter
Variable geometry ought to imply “variably geometry Europe” as variable geometry or differentiated integration in the European Union has reached its limits. Drawing on the lessons of the Eurozone crisis and of Brexit, this chapter argues that (treaty-based) variable geometry or differentiated integration in the core European Union (EU) institutions...
Book
The Politics and Economics of Brexit Edited by Annette Bongardt, Professor of European Political Economy, INA and Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Porto and Senior Associate Researcher, CICP, Universidade De Évora, Portugal Leila Simona Talani, Chair in International Political Economy, European and International Studies Department, King’s College Lon...
Article
Full-text available
The Coronavirus Crisis and European Integration The coronavirus crisis illustrated the fragility of European common goods like the single market and the Schengen agreement and even the Economic and Monetary Union if national measures are incompatible or insufficiently coordinated. Annette Bongardt and Francisco Torres contend that the EU needs add...
Article
Full-text available
The EU’s new generation of deep and comprehensive free trade agreements not only promote EU trade but also have a bearing on the shape of the European model and in consequence on the sustainability of the integration project. They reach much further than conventional free trade agreements. Their benefits hinge on the abolition of non-tariff and reg...
Article
Full-text available
For a global player like the EU, it must adequately respond to US unilateral actions and not give in to threats in order to preserve its credibility. However, it is not in its interest to let trade conflicts escalate and be drawn into trade wars. It is worth noting that through the bilateral rules established in the context of a comprehensive trade...
Article
Full-text available
As vantagens da pertença às instituições e políticas bem como ao espaço comum de circulação, convivência e cidadania da União Europeia encorajam a vontade (entre parte das populações) de regiões como a Escócia ou a Catalunha de reforçarem a sua autonomia ou de se tornarem independentes relativamente aos respectivos estados. Neste contexto, a secess...
Chapter
The fact that EMU’s governance framework had remained incomplete allowed for the building up of competitiveness and fiscal disequilibria in some member states during its first ten years and left the Eurozone unprepared to cope with the sovereign debt crisis. While some of those weaknesses have in the meantime been addressed in response to the crisi...
Chapter
The UK triggered Brexit, as the outcome of a democratic process that involved a referendum, repeated confirmations in parliament by overwhelming majorities and a general election. For the EU, Brexit marks a qualitative change in the nature of European integration. It has opened the door for permanently discontent member states and also for other ou...
Data
O Brexit conduz-nos à questão da dimensão óptima (ou sustentável) da União Europeia. Países com preferências permanentemente divergentes ou mesmo irreconciliáveis com os objectivos da União podem e devem optar pela saída, escolhendo livremente o próprio caminho sem bloquear o processo de integração europeia. O Brexit – escolha livre e democrática d...
Article
Full-text available
Abstract – On the logic of the UK leaving the European Union: defending the European project The UK over time became an outlier in the EU, with many privileges and opt-outs, permanently obstructing European integration. It ended up triggering Article 50, as the outcome of a democratic process that involved a referendum, confirmed in parliament by o...
Chapter
EMU’s governance framework was incomplete at its inception. Its institutional fragilities allowed for the building up of competitiveness and fiscal disequilibria in some Member States during its first 10 years and left the Eurozone unprepared to cope with the sovereign debt crisis. While some of those weaknesses have been addressed in response to t...
Article
Trade dynamics within the EU are presently pushing it towards deepening globalisation through bilateral comprehensive trade agreements which establish far-reaching rules that govern the bilateral trade relationship. The European Commission has defended these agreements as a vehicle through which to promote world trade in accordance with European va...
Article
Full-text available
Although significant progress has been made in various areas since the eruption of the financial and sovereign debt crises, EMU governance is still incomplete today. The incompleteness of EMU governance, notably in its economic sphere, leaves EMU vulnerable to adverse market and to political-economy pressures. This paper argues that the possible EU...
Chapter
This chapter considers the role of economic and structural reform in EMU, starting with the uneven governance of EMU’s economic and monetary parts set out in the Maastricht blueprint. It examines how soft coordination under the heading of the Lisbon Strategy fared before the sovereign debt crisis. It proceeds with analysing the changes that the eru...
Article
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Quote: 'Let us agree not to step on each other's feet' said the cock to the horse (English proverb). Para ser sustentável a UE necessita de completar a UEM e torná-la capaz de gerar resultados económicos e sociais. Os estados membros deverão estar preparados para contribuir para esses objectivos ou, tendo outras preferências não compatíveis com es...
Article
The UK exit from the EU represents a qualitative change in the nature of EU membership. On the one hand, it conveyed the lesson that for the Union to be sustainable, membership needs to entail constant caretaking as far as individual members’ contributions to the common good are concerned, with both rights and obligations. Countries with preference...
Article
Full-text available
This paper considers what will be required to make Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) sustainable following the successive crises of recent years. It starts by laying out the policy benchmark, namely the successive ‘President Reports’ produced by EU institutions. It then suggests three dimensions of sustainable integration relevant to EMU, namely th...
Article
Full-text available
The EU has long viewed economic and institutional convergence as important goals, but the results thus far have been decidedly mixed, and there remain several open questions: How exactly should convergence be defined? How much convergence is necessary? What steps can be taken to improve convergence in the EU, and how can success be defined? Finally...
Chapter
This chapter deals with sustainability and economic governance in the European Union (EU). It sets out to map the evolution of the literature on the subject within the economics of European integration. The recent financial and economic crisis as well as the sovereign debt crisis and the global warming issue have come to focus attention on EU envir...
Article
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This article considers how the EU governance setup evolved with respect to environmental protection and sustainable development. It aims at evaluating the EU's progress towards creating the basis for a competitive, low-carbon European economy (a kind of EU industrial strategy) and sustainable production and consumption patterns. The article conclud...
Conference Paper
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According to studies developed by Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC), the earth's temperature has been increasing and, although there is some degree of uncertainty, the human influence is believed to significantly contribute to this as a result of activities that lead to the release of greenhouse gases. The energy sector is considered...
Article
Full-text available
In order to ensure that the internal market delivers (growth, jobs) in the face of a changing market and technological environment (internal market liberalisation, globalisation, the knowledge-based economy) and to take advantage of the opportunities that it presents, the European Union (EU) needs to create an adequate institutional framework that...
Article
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The issue of whether the ‘European model’ is viable in a globalized world raises the question as to what defines and conditions any European model and its competitiveness in the context of globalization and the new economy. For the sake of sustainability of its model but also to sustain support for globalization the European Union (EU) needs to tak...
Article
This paper aims at analysing the characteristics and dynamics of the Chinese business community in Portugal in the context of the growing phenomenon of Chinese migration flows to Portugal and to Europe. By means of original research based on primary data obtained through questionnaires and interviews applied to Chinese entrepreneurs and business as...
Article
Full-text available
This paper examines whether electoral motives and government ideology influence short-term economic performance. I employ data on annual GDP growth in 21 OECD countries over the 1951-2006 period and provide a battery of empirical tests. In countries with two-party systems GDP growth is boosted before elections and, under leftwing governments, in th...
Article
This paper considers the prerequisites for implementing a competitive low-carbon economy in the European Union from the point of view of firms’ incentives, the role of policy and the contribution of public research. It suggests that the reduction of the environmental impact of energy can be a new competitiveness factor. Rather than being treated as...
Article
This paper focuses on competition policy in the European Union from an economic, micro-governance point of view. It analyses recent developments in economic governance in the field of the common competition policy, which had for a long time been the exclusive competence of the European Commission (Community method), notably the nature and governanc...
Article
Full-text available
This paper calculates indices of central bank autonomy (CBA) for 163 central banks as of end-2003, and comparable indices for a subgroup of 68 central banks as of the end of the 1980s. The results confirm strong improvements in both economic and political CBA over the past couple of decades, although more progress is needed to boost political auton...
Article
This chapter focuses on the co-ordination of the supplier interface in the EC automotive industry and its implications for EC competitiveness vis-à-vis the Japanese motor industry. Car producers and parts and component suppliers co-ordinate their activities in supplier systems. The predominant production philosophy and the structure and cohesion of...

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