Anne Eskild

Anne Eskild
University of Oslo · Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (OBSTGYN)

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279
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Publications (279)
Article
Age at menopause varies considerably among women and is linked to health after menopause. Body mass index is associated with age at natural menopause, but the influence of weight change remains unclear. Thus, we studied associations of adolescent to midlife weight change with age at natural menopause. We performed a retrospective population-based c...
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We studied mean changes in birthweight from the first to the second delivery according to length of the inter-pregnancy interval. We also studied recurrence risk of low birthweight, preterm birth and perinatal death. We followed all women in Norway from their first to their second singleton delivery at gestational week 22 or beyond during the years...
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Background Fetal growth restriction is associated with perinatal morbidity and mortality. Early identification of women having at-risk fetuses can reduce perinatal adverse outcomes. Objectives To assess the predictive performance of existing models predicting fetal growth restriction and birthweight, and if needed, to develop and validate new mult...
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( Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand . 2023;102:158–173) While induction of labor (IOL) is implemented with the goal to reduce the risk of maternal and perinatal adverse outcomes, it is uncertain whether risks are decreased. The aim of this study was to determine whether prevalence of IOL in term pregnancies (37 to 42 wk gestation) is accompanied by adverse...
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Background: Birth rates in Norway are declining, and fewer women are having more than two children. Pregnancy termination may impact birth rates. We aimed to study the distribution of pregnancies in Norway according to parity, and whether the proportions of pregnancies ending in termination has changed. Material and method: We retrieved figures...
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Introduction We aimed to compare placental size and placental size relative to fetal size (ratio) in ongoing pregnancies examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at gestational week 36 with placental size among all deliveries at gestational week 36 during the same time period. Material and methods Ongoing unselected singleton pregnancies (n =...
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Background Previous research suggests that alcohol consumption is associated with high age at menopause. Yet, knowledge about the dose–response relationship is inconsistent. Thus, we studied the pattern of the association of pre-menopausal alcohol consumption with age at natural menopause. Methods We performed a retrospective population-based stud...
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Introduction We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) deep learning algorithm to efficiently estimate placental and fetal volumes from magnetic resonance (MR) scans. Methods Manually annotated images from an MRI sequence was used as input to the neural network DenseVNet. We included data from 193 normal pregnancies at gestational week 2...
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Introduction Induction of labor is often performed to prevent adverse perinatal and maternal outcomes, and has become increasingly common. We studied whether changes in prevalence of labor induction in gestational weeks 37–42 weeks were accompanied by changes in adverse pregnancy outcomes or mode of delivery. Material and methods We used data from...
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Background Existing evidence on the effects of race and ethnicity on pregnancy outcomes is restricted to individual studies done within specific countries and health systems. We aimed to assess the impact of race and ethnicity on perinatal outcomes in high-income and upper-middle-income countries, and to ascertain whether the magnitude of dispariti...
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Introduction ST segment analysis (STAN) of the fetal electrocardiogram was introduced as an adjunct to cardiotocography for intrapartum fetal monitoring 30 years ago. We examined the impact of the introduction of STAN on changes in the occurrence of fetal and neonatal deaths, Apgar scores of <7 at 5 min, intrapartum cesarean sections, and instrumen...
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Introduction We aimed to provide percentiles of intrauterine placental growth and placental growth relative to fetal growth (placental to fetal ratio) by measuring placental and fetal volumes by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods In this prospective study, 107 unselected singleton pregnancies were examined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI...
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STUDY QUESTION Does age at natural menopause increase with increasing of number of childbirths? SUMMARY ANSWER Age at menopause increased with increasing number of childbirths up to three childbirths; however, we found no further increase in age at menopause beyond three childbirths. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY Pregnancies interrupt ovulation, and a hi...
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Objective: Stillbirth is a potentially preventable complication of pregnancy. Identifying women at risk can guide decisions on closer surveillance or timing of birth to prevent fetal death. Prognostic models have been developed to predict the risk of stillbirth, but none have yet been externally validated. We externally validated published predict...
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Introduction: Our aim was to estimate the difference in birthweight and in placental weight in pregnancies with type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes as compared to pregnancies without diabetes. Material and methods: By using data from the Medical Birth Registry of Norway during the years 2009-2017, we included 319,076 single...
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Background The aim of the present study was to examine the effect that the introduction of Doppler ultrasound in obstetric care has had on fetal death in Norway. One mechanism by which Doppler ultrasound may reduce fetal death may be through the increased use of Caesarean delivery. Therefore, we also examined the effect that the use of Doppler ultr...
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Introduction: Ultrasound is the diagnostic tool of choice in pregnancy. We lack valid ultrasound methods for placental size measurements. Our aim was therefore to compare three-dimensional (3D) ultrasound with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for measurements of placental volume. Material and methods: We measured placental volume by 3D ultrasoun...
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Background Pre-eclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. Early identification of women at risk is needed to plan management. Objectives To assess the performance of existing pre-eclampsia prediction models and to develop and validate models for pre-eclampsia using individual participant data meta-analysis. We...
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This commentary is on the original article by Peris et al. on pages 183–189 of this issue.
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In Reply We thank Zhang et al for the interest in our article, “Placental Weight and Risk of Neonatal Death.”¹ They address concerns about the validity of our results. First, they ask whether the age of the mother could have biased the results because both placental weight and the risk of neonatal death are influenced by maternal age. In our study,...
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Study question: Have mean age at menarche or mean age at natural menopause changed from the 1939 birth cohort to the 1964 birth cohort? Summary answer: We estimated a minor decrease in mean age at menarche and an increase by nearly 3 years in mean age at natural menopause. What is known already: In the Western world, age at menarche decreased...
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Introduction: We aimed to estimate differences in offspring birthweight and placental weight between Norwegian women and immigrants in Norway from countries with armed conflicts. We also studied whether length of residence in Norway was associated with offspring birthweight and placental weight. Material and methods: We included in our study all...
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The placenta is a determinant of fetal growth, and infants who are born small for gestational age have an increased risk of infant death.¹,2 Such knowledge suggests that placental factors may be associated with infant death, particularly in deaths shortly after birth.
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Background: Previous studies suggest that birthweight may influence age at natural menopause, but the evidence remains inconclusive. Thus, we aimed to estimate the association of birthweight with age at natural menopause. Methods: A retrospective population study of 164 608 women in Norway, aged 48-71 years. Data were obtained by two self-admini...
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Research question: Does a successful spontaneous pregnancy in the years close to natural menopause depend on age at menopause? Design: A retrospective population based study of 4,157 parous postmenopausal women in Norway, born during the years 1925–1940. Data were obtained by two self-administered questionnaires in the HUNT2 Survey (1995–1997). We...
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It is not known whether increased breast cancer risk caused by menopausal hormone therapy (HT) depends on body mass patterns through life. In a prospective study of 483,241 Norwegian women aged 50–69 years at baseline, 7656 women developed breast cancer during follow-up (2006–2013). We combined baseline information on recalled body mass in childhoo...
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Objectives: To study the associations of preeclampsia with fetal death risk within percentiles of offspring birthweight, and whether these associations have changed during 1967-2014. Study design: In this population study, we included all singleton pregnancies in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway during 1967-2014 (n = 2 607 199). Odds ratios...
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Background: Intrauterine conditions may be important in the development of cerebral palsy in the child. The hormone, human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), is synthesized in the placenta, and hCG plays an important role in placental angiogenesis and development. Thus, maternal hCG concentrations may be an indicator of placental function and thereby t...
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Background: We studied associations of number of daily cigarettes in the first trimester with placental weight and birthweight in women who smoked throughout pregnancy, and in women who stopped smoking after the first trimester. Methods: We included all women with delivery of a singleton in Norway (n = 698 891) during 1999-2014, by using data fr...
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Research question: Are maternal concentrations of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) on a fixed day after embryo transfer associated with duration of pregnancy? Design: A follow-up study of 1917 singleton pregnancies after IVF was performed. Embryos were cultured for 2 days and maternal HCG concentration quantified on day 12 after embryo transfe...
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Study question: Is age at menarche associated with age at menopause or with duration of the reproductive period (interval between menarche and menopause)? Summary answer: The association of age at menarche with age at menopause was weak and non-linear, and the duration of the reproductive period decreased by increasing age at menarche. What is...
Conference Paper
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THE RELATION OF AGE AT MENARCHE WITH AGE AT MENOPAUSE: A POPULATION STUDY OF 336,788 WOMEN IN NORWAY Objectives. A woman’s age at menopause influences her life course fertility, aging and risk of early death. Also age at menarche has been associated with future health, but it remains uncertain whether age at menarche is related to age at menopause...
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Objective: To examine the effect that the introduction of new diagnostic technology in obstetric care has had on fetal death. Data source: The Medical Birth Registry of Norway provided detailed medical information for approximately 1.2 million deliveries from 1967 to 1995. Information about diagnostic technology was collected directly from the m...
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Objective: We investigated the association of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) concentrations on a fixed day in very early pregnancy with development of hyperemesis gravidarum. Study design: This retrospective cohort study included 3107 singleton and 1265 twin pregnancies after in vitro fertilization treated at Department of Reproductive Medi...
Conference Paper
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Background. A woman's age at menopause influences her life course fertility, aging and risk of early death. Also age at menarche has been associated with future health, but it remains uncertain whether age at menarche is related to age at menopause. Our aim was to study whether age at menarche is associated with age at menopause. Methods. In this r...
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( BJOG. 2016;123(13):2131–2138) Cerebral palsy (CP) involves permanent disorders of movement that result from injuries to the developing brain. While it has been common to associate CP with hypoxia during birth, most cases of CP have now been found to be unrelated to delivery and probably result from antenatal events although the exact causes are u...
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Objective: To study whether placental weight in the first pregnancy is associated with preeclampsia in the second pregnancy. Study design: In this population-based study, we included all women with two consecutive singleton pregnancies reported to the Medical Birth Registry of Norway during 1999-2012 (n=186 859). Placental weight in the first pr...
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Introduction: Vaginal delivery is recommended after intrauterine fetal death (IUFD). However, little is known about the risk of shoulder dystocia in these deliveries. We studied whether IUFD increases the risk of shoulder dystocia at delivery. Material and methods: In this population-based register study using the Medical Birth registry of Norwa...
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Introduction: To study whether the associations of maternal body mass index with offspring birthweight and placental weight differ by maternal diabetes status. Material and methods: We performed a population study of 106 191 singleton pregnancies by using data from the years 2009-2012 in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway. We estimated changes...
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From an evolutionary point of view, an overriding biological priority is to ensure offspring survival. Oxygen is essential for the growing fetus, and during pregnancy the fetus has an increasing demand for oxygen. If the oxygen supply to the fetus is threatened, it is likely that compensatory mechanisms are activated. Impaired development of the p...
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Background: Levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH D) during late pregnancy have been linked to type 1 diabetes risk in the offspring. Vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) increases in concentration during pregnancy. We aimed to test whether concentrations of DBP and 25-OH D throughout pregnancy differed between women whose offspring later developed type...
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Objectives: Among women requesting pregnancy termination, we studied the proportion of women who reported having used contraception when they became pregnant, and the contraceptive method that they had used. Study design: We included all requests for pregnancy termination in Norway during the years 2007-2011 (n=80,346) by obtaining information f...
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Introduction: We studied whether female paid employment is associated with pregnancy outcome; childbirth or pregnancy termination. Material and methods: All women in Norway, 16-54 years of age, during the years 2007-2010 were included. Data sources were; the Norwegian Central Person Registry, the Medical Birth Registry of Norway and the Registry...
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The aim of this study was to examine the effect that the introduction of new medical interventions at birth has had on mortality among newborn babies in Norway during the period 1967-2011. During this period, there has been a significant decline in mortality, in particular for low birth weight infants. We identified four interventions that together...
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Objective: To study the risk of cerebral palsy (CP) associated with placental weight, and also with placental weight/birthweight ratio and placental weight/birth length ratio. Design: Population-based cohort study. Setting: Perinatal data in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway were linked with clinical data in the CP Register of Norway. Popu...
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STUDY QUESTION Do number of cells in the transferred cleavage stage embryo and number of oocytes retrieved for IVF influence maternal hCG concentrations in early pregnancies?
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We studied the proportion of all pregnancy terminations that is requested by women with a history of pregnancy termination. We also studied risk factors for repeat pregnancy termination. We used data from the Norwegian Register of Pregnancy Termination during the period 2007-2011, a total of 80 346 requests for pregnancy termination before the end...
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Introduction Underlying maternal factors associated with placental growth in first pregnancy may predispose for the development of preeclampsia in a second pregnancy. Such underlying factors may differ according to preeclampsia status in the first pregnancy. Objective Thus, in women with and in women without previous preeclampsia, we studied wheth...
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Objective. To study the association of placental weight and placental weight/ birthweight ratio with gestational age-specific fetal death. Design. Population-based study. Setting. Medical Birth Registry of Norway. Population. All singleton births in Norway, 1999–2008 (n = 534 892). Methods. Gestational age-specific quartiles of placental weight and...
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We appreciate the interest of Professor Lee and co-workers in our study on maternal age and early serum concentration of hCG in IVF pregnancies (1). Unfortunately, and as pointed out by Lee and co-workers, our study cannot explain why hCG in early pregnancy declines with increasing maternal age. In pregnancy, hCG exists in at least two biologically...
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Objectives: The causes of congenital permanent hearing loss in children are insufficiently understood. We studied the association of Apgar score 5 min after birth with sensorineural hearing loss diagnosed before the age of 5 years. Methods: We performed an epidemiological cohort study with data obtained by linkage between The Medical Birth Regis...
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Objective To study whether placental weight or placental to birthweight ratio are associated with Apgar score in the newborn five minutes after birth.DesignPopulation based registry study.SettingThe Medical Birth Registry of Norway.PopulationAll singleton live births during the period 1999-2008, a total of 522 360 births.Methods The placental to bi...
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Introduction: Women with diabetes are at increased risk of preeclampsia, and women with diabetes tend to deliver placentas and offspring that are large for gestational age. We therefore studied placental weight in preeclamptic pregnancies according to maternal diabetes status. Material and methods: Information on all singleton births from 1999 t...