Anne Blavette

• PhD in Electrical Engineering from University College Cork Ireland
• CNRS Permanent Researcher at IETR laboratory, École normale supérieure de Rennes

Wave energy provides a variable, intermittent source of electrical power with significant power fluctuations occurring over short time scales of seconds. Because of these inherent features, the electricity generated from wave power plants may have a negative impact on the power quality of a local electricity grid. Hence, before large scale wave far...

Generating synthetic scenarios for time-series data is crucial for various applications, including predictive modeling, data augmentation, and scenario analysis. In this study, we focus on creating scenarios in purpose of data augmentation for the optimal design of renewable energy systems within microgrids by testing two methods: directly ge...

Control of small-scale resources in low and medium voltage electricity networks is being decentralised, which increases the need and frequency of use of smart grid security assessment tools. This paper compares three data-driven approaches to classify if a smart grid is “safe” or “unsafe” (i.e., if grid constraints are respected) given an operation...

In an era of growing water demand and amplifying climatic dis- ruptions, water is an increasingly limited and precious resource. As datacenters continue to proliferate due in particular to grow- ing artificial intelligence demand, datacenter reliance on water for cooling is drawing increasing criticism. In this paper, we investigate the water and e...

Edge Computing has emerged from the Cloud to tackle the increasingly stringent latency, reliability and scalability imperatives of modern applications, mainly in the Internet of Things arena. To this end, the data centers are pushed to the edge of the network to diversify and bring the services closer to the users. This spatial distribution offer a...

Optimal control of new grid elements, such as electric vehicles, can ensure an efficient, and stable operation of distribution networks. Decentralization can result in scalability, higher reliability, and privacy (which may not be present in centralized or hierarchical control solutions). A decentralized multi-agent multi-armed combinatorial bandit...

The drastic growth of electric vehicles and photovoltaics can introduce new challenges, such as electrical current congestion and voltage limit violations due to peak load demands. These issues can be mitigated by controlling the operation of electric vehicles i.e., smart charging. Centralized smart charging solutions have already been proposed in...

We study the optimal energy management of an offshore wind farm which combines “overplanting” (more production than transmission capacity), “dynamic thermal rating” (DTR, transiently exporting more than the steady-state transmission capacity thanks to the large thermal inertia of the soil surrounding the export cable) and an energy storage (to miti...

The drastic growth of electric vehicles and photovoltaics can introduce new challenges, such as electrical current congestion and voltage limit violations due to peak load demands. These issues can be mitigated by controlling the operation of electric vehicles i.e., smart charging. Centralized smart charging solutions have already been proposed in...

The overplanting of an offshore wind farm (OWF) with dynamic thermal ratings (DTR) is a promising solution for enhancing OWF performance. As the overplanted OWF generates an additional energy and DTR ensures its better transfer, the research question is if final OWF profits would be higher than associated costs. While there has been growing attenti...

In the field of microgrids with a significant integration of Renewable Energy Sources, the efficient and practical power storage systems requirement is causing DC microgrids to gain increasing attention. However, uncertainties in power generation and load consumption along with the fluctuations of electricity prices require the design of a reliable...

Integrating larger shares of renewables in data centers' electrical mix is mandatory to reduce their carbon footprint. However, as they are intermittent and fluctuating, renewable energies alone cannot provide a 24/7 supply and should be combined with a secondary source. Finding the optimal infrastructure configuration for both renewable production...

Increasing the penetration of variable and uncertain renewables and electric vehicles in power systems may give rise to problems (such as network congestion and commitment mismatches) if not controlled strategically. This demands control solutions in the form of energy management strategies for active distribution networks which would control the c...

The electricity cost from offshore wind turbines has significantly declined over the past decade. However, in the context of energy transition, the further reduction in electricity generation costs remains a forefront subject. One possibility is to enable offshore wind farms to have a greater installed capacity than their transmission infrastructur...

Existing electrical networks are going through a transition and distributed energy resource, if not managed properly, can hinder this transition. Uncontrolled introduction of photovoltaics and electric vehicles in distribution networks would lead to substantial issues such as commitment mismatches, line congestions, voltage deviations, etc. This pa...

Electrical power generated from sustainable energies, such as marine renewable energy (MRE), is a key to the future. However, the cost of production still remains higher than for conventional energy sources. This paper describes a preliminary techno-economic study about the energy production management of a modelled point absorber-based wave energy...

Dynamic rating is an approach which implies to operate an electrical network closer to its thermal limits. This approach may be very beneficial for wave farms, as they are expected to present a highly fluctuating electrical current profile while benefiting from the large thermal inertia of the soil where their export cable will be buried. However,...

Demand-side management relies on the flexibility of consumers’ load to avoid electrical network issues, including grid congestion. Recent advances in smart grid systems (also called Energy Internet) allow using demand-side management reactive strategies based on the dynamical shedding of residential consumers appliances. Both centralized and decent...

Simulation-oriented research requires precise and validated simulators. Each community has its set of preferred and widely adopted software tools. Some works are multidomain and require the use of dedicated tools and semantic of each domain to produce largely accepted results. In this work, we demonstrate how to realize co-simulation between power...

So far, only few studies have addressed the techno-economic optimization of an export cable sizing in the specific case of wave energy farms. However, in these works, the cable current rating is determined based on conservative steady-state conditions regarding the farm current output whereas considering dynamic conditions may be more relevant in t...

Marine renewable energy (MRE) is an interesting sustainable source of power. However, planning the cost-effective integration of MRE, and in particular of wave energy, in the energy mix remains a challenge as its levelized cost of energy (LCOE) is still greater than these of more conventional energy sources. This paper describes a preliminary study...

Multi-Agent System for Smart-Grid Control with Commitment Mismatch and Congestion

Smart grids allow to efficiently perform demand-side management in electrical grids in order to increase the integration of fluctuating and/or intermittent renewable energy sources in the energy mix. In this paper, we consider a distributed computing cloud partially powered by photovoltaic panels as a self-consumer that can also benefit from geogra...

Distributed Clouds are nowadays an essential component for providing Internet services to always more numerous connected devices. This growth leads the energy consumption of these distributed infrastructures to be a worrying environmental and economic concern. In order to reduce energy costs and carbon footprint, Cloud providers could resort to pro...

The production of PhotoVoltaic (PV) energy depends on the solar irradiance level. The PV power plant fluctuations may have a significant impact on the frequency regulation in sufficiently small power systems, such as islands. The objective of this paper is to present a method using cooperative multi-agent systems to reduce the frequency fluctuation...

Optimised strategies regarding the coordinated grid connection of a fleet of electric vehicles often consider the simultaneous connection of a large number of these vehicles. This may induce voltage fluctuations of significant amplitude and provoke objectionable light intensity variations when applied to lighting equipment, which is defined as flic...

Wave energy farms may cause voltage flicker on the local grid to which they will be connected due to the strong fluctuations that their output power may present. IEC standard 61400-21 describes methods for estimating the flicker level for different short-circuit ratios as well as for different numbers of devices composing the farm. This method was...

This article compares the sizing of distributed Energy Storage Systems (ESS) with two control types in order to smooth a Direct Wave Energy Converter(DWEC) Farm Production, namely a centralized one that deals with the PCC power with aggregated information and a decentralized one that deals with each unit with only local information. The main object...

http://authors.elsevier.com/a/1SPoC3QJ-dPs8z This paper proposes a flicker severity study for Wave Energy Converter farms. The flicker severity is introduced and the reason why it is an important constraint for a wave farm is explained. A new representation called intrinsic flicker severity is introduced which describes the flicker severity indepen...

The inherently fluctuating nature of sea waves can be reflected to a significant extent in the power output of tidal turbines. However, these fluctuations can give rise to power quality issues such as flicker. Hence, it is important to assess the impact which tidal farms may have on their local network before such power plants are allowed to connec...

The inherently fluctuating nature of sea waves can be reflected to a significant extent in the power output of tidal turbines. However, these fluctuations can give rise to power quality issues such as flicker. Hence, it is important to assess the impact which tidal farms may have on their local network before such power plants are allowed to connec...

Still largely untapped, wave energy may represent an important share in the energy mix of many countries in the future. However, the power fluctuations generated by most wave energy devices with little to no storage means, or without suitable control strategies, may cause power quality issues that must be solved before large wave energy farms are a...

This article compares the sizes of an Energy Storage System (ESS) with two control types in order to smooth a Direct Wave Energy Converter (DWEC) Farm Production, namely a centralized one that deals with the PCC power and a decentralized one that deals with each unit power production. The main objective is to compare the two controls on the basis o...

The power output of wave energy farms may be very fluctuating, which may give rise to power quality issues such as flicker. However, although there existed a method for estimating the flicker level generated by a wave farm in relation to its short-circuit ratio (as described in IEC standard 61400-21), until recently, no method had been defined rega...

Power fluctuations generated by most oscillating wave energy converters may have a negative impact on the power quality of the local grid to which the wave farms will be connected. Hence, assessing their impact is an important step in the selection process of a suitable deployment location. However, site-specific grid impact assessment studies are...

The present paper gives an overview of the lessons learnt from the project called Components for Ocean Renewable Energy Systems (CORES). In the context of this European funded 7th Framework Programme research project, new components and systems for ocean energy devices were developed and trialed. The present paper also details the work packages, ma...

The importance of complying with power quality requirements is essential as failing to meet them is a sufficient reason for any grid operator to deny grid connection applications. However, limits specified by these requirements may differ among different grid connection codes, rendering compliance with power quality requirements somewhat site-speci...

The work presented in this thesis covers four major topics of research related to the grid integration of wave energy. More specifically, the grid impact of a wave farm on the power quality of its local network is investigated. Two estimation methods were developed regarding the flicker level Pst generated by a wave farm in relation to its rated po...

Still largely untapped, wave energy is particularly abundant and may represent an important share in the energy mix of many countries in the future. However, the power fluctuations generated by most wave energy converters with little to no storage means or without suitable control strategies may deteriorate the power quality of the local network to...

Environmental concerns, coupled with dwindling fossil fuel supplies, and growing government support, have resulted in increasing amounts of electricity generated from renewable energy. As the number of these installations rise, their influence on the behaviour of the electrical power system becomes more apparent. Transmission System Operators (TSO)...

Most oscillating wave energy converters without significant amounts of energy storage capacity generate significant electrical power fluctuations in the range of seconds. Because of these fluctuations, a wave farm may have a negative impact on the power quality of the local grid to which it is connected. Hence, the impact of these devices on both d...

Significant electrical power fluctuations in the range of seconds may be generated by most oscillating wave energy converters without significant amounts of energy storage capacity. Because of these fluctuations, a wave farm may have a negative impact on the power quality of the local grid to which it is connected. Hence, the impact of these device...

Wave and tidal energy provide a renewable source of electricity. However, their inherent fluctuations may have a negative impact on the power quality of a local electrical network. Grid operators assess this impact through the use of dynamic models of the generation units, which are inserted into the overall power system model. Providing these mode...

Ocean renewable energy is an emerging resource option. In the long term, ocean renewable energy has the potential to provide a significant share of global energy needs. Currently, some of the conversion technologies for harnessing variable wave and tidal current energy resources are reaching commercial stage. Several pilot projects, having sizes up...

As ocean wave and tidal stream technologies approach commercial readiness, grid operators need to assess the impact a wave or tidal device will have on the electrical grid under both normal and fault conditions. In order to achieve this, it will be necessary for each device developer to supply dynamic models of their device to the grid operator. A...

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY In order to connect an electricity generating plant to the electrical grid there are a series of rules and guidelines that must be adhered to. One of these is that the generator owner must provide a dynamic electrical model of their system that is compatible with the network planners and operators software. This model should take...

In less than a century, electricity has become the cornerstone of our modern society. Thanks to it, living conditions have changed more dramatically in 50 years than in two centuries. However, whereas electricity has provided well-being to billions of people over these past few decades, its ever-growing consumption is more and more threatening us....