Anna Rutgersson

Uppsala University | UU · Department of Earth Sciences

To bridge the gap between in situ and laboratory estimates of sea spray aerosol (SSA) production fluxes, we conducted two research campaigns in the vicinity of an eddy covariance (EC) flux tower on the island of Östergarnsholm in the Baltic Sea during May and August 2021. To accomplish this, we performed EC flux measurements simultaneously with lab...

Extreme sea levels may cause damage and disruption of activities in coastal areas. Thus, predicting extreme sea levels is essential for coastal management. Statistical inference of robust return level estimates critically depends on the length and quality of the observed time series. Here we compare two different methods for extending a very short...

The role of ocean variability is at a focal point in improving the weather and climate forecasts at different spatial and temporal scales. We study the effect of antecedent southwestern Indian Ocean mean sea level anomaly (MSLA) and sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTA) as a proxy to upper ocean heat capacitance on all India summer monsoon rainf...

Accounting for temporal changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) effluxes from freshwaters remains a challenge for global and regional carbon budgets. Here, we synthesize 171 site-months of flux measurements of CO2 based on the eddy covariance method from 13 lakes and reservoirs in the Northern Hemisphere, and quantify dynamics at multiple temporal scales....

The drag coefficient, Stanton number and Dalton number are of particular importance for estimating the surface turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and water vapor using bulk parameterization. Although these bulk transfer coefficients have been extensively studied over the past several decades in marine and large-lake environments, there are no studi...

To characterize the effects of subgrid surface heterogeneity, the blending height concept has been developed as a coupling strategy for surface parameterization schemes used in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. Previous modelling studies have tested this concept using stationary conditions with one-dimensional strips of surface roughness....

The Clouds and the Earth's Radiant Energy System program, which uses the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (CM), has been updated with the launch of new satellites and the availability of newly upgraded radiation data. The spatial and temporal variability of daily averaged synoptic 1-degree CM version 3 (CMv3) (old) and version 4 (CMv4)...

Reducing uncertainties in the air-sea CO2 flux calculations is one of the major challenges when addressing the oceanic contribution in the global carbon balance. In traditional models, the air-sea CO2 flux is estimated using expressions of the gas transfer velocity as a function of wind speed. However, other mechanisms affecting the variability in...

Coastal upwelling (CU) is an elementary phenomenon in coastal waters. CU brings up deep, often cold, saline water rich of nutrients and carbon, and plays a vital role in local air-sea exchange of gases and heat, marine ecosystem maintenance, and ocean physical dynamics. In this study, regional CU in the Baltic Sea was mapped on the daily MODIS SST...

Wave decay in the marginal ice zones (MIZ) plays a crucial role in shaping the Arctic Ocean behaviors. Parameterizing wave decay in the MIZ is indispensable in climate models for better capturing the climate change in the Arctic. However, current wave decay parameterizations were developed without considering the influences of wave source terms. Th...

We analyze approximately four years of heat-flux measurements at two levels, profiles of air temperature, and multiple measurements of the water temperature collected at a coastal zone site. Our analysis considers underestimation of the sea-surface flux due to vertical divergence of the heat flux between the surface and the lowest flux level. We ex...

The drag coefficient (CDN), Stanton number (CHN) and Dalton number (CEN) are of particular importance for the bulk estimation of the surface turbulent fluxes of momentum, heat and water vapor at water surfaces. Although these bulk transfer coefficients have been extensively studied over the past several decades mainly in marine and large-lake envir...

In this study we examined how outdoor climate affects indoor conditions of a cleanroom used for the preparation of radiopharmaceuticals in the Uppsala university hospital pharmacy, Sweden. Further objectives were to identify associated risk factors to ensure a consistent extemporaneous manufacturing process. Data for two years from the facility mon...

Reducing uncertainties in the air–sea CO2 flux calculations is one of the major challenges when addressing the oceanic contribution in the global carbon balance. In traditional models, the air–sea CO2 flux is estimated using expressions of the gas transfer velocity as a function of wind speed. However, other mechanisms affecting the variability in...

Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of global warming on past and future changes in climate of the Baltic Sea region is summarised and assessed. The study is an update of the Second Assessment of Climate Change (BACC II) pu...

A natural hazard is a naturally occurring extreme event that has a negative effect on people and society or the environment. Natural hazards may have severe implications for human life and can potentially generate economic losses and damage ecosystems. A better understanding of their major causes, probability of occurrence, and consequences enables...

Recent rapid changes in the global climate and warming temperatures increase the demand for local and regional weather forecasting and analysis to improve the accuracy of seasonal forecasting of extreme events such as droughts and floods. On the other hand, the role of ocean variability is at a focal point in improving the forecasting at different...

Recent rapid changes in the global climate and warming temperatures increase the demand for local and regional weather forecasting and analysis to improve the accuracy of seasonal forecasting of extreme events such as droughts and floods. On the other hand, the role of ocean variability is at a focal point in improving the forecasting at different...

We study the spatio-temporal variability of Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) and associated integrated water vapor and atmospheric parameters over the Euro-Atlantic region using long-term reanalysis datasets. Winds, temperature, and specific humidity at different pressure levels during 1979–2018 are used to study the water vapor transport integrated betwee...

Motivated by previous studies, we examine the underestimation of the sea-surface stress due to the stress divergence between the surface and the atmospheric observational level. We analyze flux measurements collected over a six-year period at a coastal tower in the Baltic Sea encompassing a wide range of fetch values. Results are posed in terms of...

Nonlinear responses to externally forced climate change are known to dampen or amplify the local climate impact due to complex cross-compartmental feedback loops in the Earth system. These feedbacks are less well represented in the traditional stand-alone atmosphere and ocean models on which many of today's regional climate assessments rely (e.g.,...

Organic matter production by cyanobacteria blooms is a major environmental concern for the Baltic Sea, as it promotes the spread of anoxic zones. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) measurements carried out on Ships of Opportunity (SOOP) since 2003 have proven to be a powerful tool to resolve the carbon dynamics of the blooms in space and tim...

Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge about the effects of global warming on past and future changes in climate of the Baltic Sea region is summarized and assessed. The study is an update of the Second Assessment of Climate Change (BACC II)...

Air‐sea exchange of gaseous elemental mercury (Hg⁰) is not well constrained, even though it is a major component of the global Hg cycle. Lack of Hg⁰ flux measurements to validate parameterizations of the Hg⁰ transfer velocity contributes to this uncertainty. We measured the Hg⁰ flux on the Baltic Sea coast using micrometeorological methods (gradien...

Air–sea gas fluxes are commonly estimated using wind-based parametrizations of the gas transfer velocity. However, neglecting gas exchange forcing mechanisms—other than wind speed—may lead to large uncertainties in the flux estimates and the carbon budgets, in particular, in heterogeneous environments such as marginal seas and coastal areas. In thi...

A natural hazard is a naturally occurring extreme event with a negative effect on people and society or the environment. Natural hazards may have severe implications for human life and they can potentially generate economic losses and damage ecosystems. A better understanding of their major causes, probability of occurrence, and consequences enable...

Coastal vegetated habitats like seagrass meadows can mitigate anthropogenic carbon emissions by sequestering CO2 as “blue carbon” (BC). Already, some coastal ecosystems are actively managed to enhance BC storage, with associated BC stocks included in national greenhouse gas inventories. However, the extent to which BC burial fluxes are enhanced or...

Non-linear responses to externally forced climate change are known to dampen or amplify the local climate impact due to complex cross compartmental feedback loops in the earth system. These feedbacks are less well represented in traditional standalone atmosphere and ocean models on which many of today's regional climate assessments rely on (e.g. Eu...

This work evaluates the survivability of a point-absorbing wave energy converter at sea states along and inside the 50-year environmental contour for a selected-site in North Sea, by utilizing CFD simulations. Focused wave groups based on NewWave theory are used to model the extreme waves. The numerical breaking waves have been previously predicted...

Organic matter production by cyanobacteria blooms is a major environmental concern for the Baltic Sea as it promotes thespread of anoxic zones. Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) measurements carried out on Ships of Opportunity (SOOP) since 2003 have proven to be a powerful tool to resolve the carbon dynamics of the blooms in space and time....

Inland freshwater bodies form the largest natural source of carbon to the atmosphere. To study this contribution to the atmospheric carbon cycle, eddy-covariance flux measurements at lake sites have become increasingly popular. The eddy-covariance method is derived for solely local processes from the surface (lake). Non-local processes, such as ent...

Ocean waves can spatiotemporally redistribute the momentum flux at the air‐sea interface, which varies with the sea state. Traditional atmosphere‐ocean coupled systems assume the ocean‐side stress (τoc) to be identical to the air‐side stress (τa); consequently, the role of ocean waves is neglected. In this study, the wave impacts on the air‐sea mom...

At the stage of design load analysis for offshore installations such as wave energy systems, a critical step is the determination of environmental cases to be evaluated for the definition of the characteristic design load. A commonly used methodology for load case selection, applied in multiple studies and recommended by technical specifications an...

Marginal seas are a dynamic and still to large extent uncertain component of the global carbon cycle. The large temporal and spatial variations of sea-surface partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2) in these areas are driven by multiple complex mechanisms. In this study, we analyzed the variable importance for the sea surface pCO2 estimation in t...

Despite many investigations/studies on the surface wave‐induced stress, the global feature of the wave‐induced stress has not been obtained previously as that requires a simultaneous observation of wave spectra and wind on a global scale. The China France Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) provided an opportunity for the first time to evaluate the glo...

The hydrodynamics within small boreal lakes have rarely been studied, yet knowing whether turbulence at the air-water interface and in the water column scales with metrics developed elsewhere is essential for computing metabolism and fluxes of climate-forcing trace gases. We instrumented a humic, 4.7 ha, boreal lake with two meteorological stations...

Subtropical seagrass meadows play a major role in the coastal carbon cycle, but the nature of air–water CO2 exchanges over these ecosystems is still poorly understood. The complex physical forcing of air–water exchange in coastal waters challenges our ability to quantify bulk exchanges of CO2 and water (evaporation), emphasizing the need for direct...

In-cloud ice mass accretion on wind turbines is a common challenge that is faced by energy companies operating in cold climates. On-shore wind farms in Scandinavia are often located in regions near patches of forest, the heterogeneity length scales of which are often less than the resolution of many numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The re...

An analysis of the effect of low‐level wind maxima (LLWM) below hub height on sound propagating from wind turbines has been performed at a site in northern Sweden. The stably stratified boundary layer, which is typical for cold climates, commonly features LLWM. The simplified concept for the effects of refraction, based on the logarithmic wind prof...

We study and revisit the Atmospheric Rivers (AR) over Euro-Atlantic sky using long term reanalysis datasets and widely used methods and parameters. The atmospheric winds, temperature and specific humidity at different pressure levels during 1979-2018 were used to study the spatiotemporal variability of water vapour transport integrated between 1000...

We study and revisit the Atmospheric Rivers (AR) over Euro-Atlantic sky using long term reanalysis datasets and widely used methods and parameters. The atmospheric winds, temperature and specific humidity at different pressure levels during 1979-2018 were used to study the spatiotemporal variability of water vapour transport integrated between 1000...

We study the spatiotemporal variability of Atmospheric Rivers (ARs) over Euro-Atlantic region using long-term reanalysis datasets. Winds, temperature and specific humidity at different pressure levels during 1979-2018 are used to study the water vapour transport integrated between 1000-300 hPa (IVT300) as a proxy to ARs. The intensity of ARs in the...

In this study, we show the relationship between sea-level anomalies (SLA) and upper-ocean parameters in the Equatorial Indian Ocean (EIO). This work also focuses on the variability of SLA obtained from satellite altimeter data in different spatial and temporal scales and its relationship with computed ocean heat content (OHC), dynamic height (DH),...

In-cloud ice mass accretion on wind turbines is a common challenge faced by energy companies operating in cold climates. On-shore wind farms in Scandinavia are often located in regions near patches of forest, the heterogeneity length scales of which are often less than the resolution of many numerical weather prediction (NWP) models. The representa...

A number of studies have indicated that non-stationarity of the wind field over the sea significantly disrupts the equilibrium between the wind, stress, and wave fields. However, no studies have systematically examined the impact of non-stationarity using a large dataset. Here, we examine the effect of non-stationarity of the wind field on the stre...

From observations in a High Arctic valley and ice-free fjord in Svalbard during March and April 2013 we show that, while some caution needs to be applied, ordinary slow-response instruments placed over a snow-water-snow surface can be effectively used as a proxy for more sophisticated measuring techniques at complex sites such as leads or a polynya...

The formation of convective sea-effect snowfall (i.e., snow bands) is triggered by cold air outbreaks over a relatively warm and open sea. Snow bands can produce intense snowfall which can last for several days over the sea and potentially move towards the coast depending on wind direction. We defined the meteorological conditions which statistical...

Here, accessibility to near-shore and offshore marine sites is evaluated based on wave and ice conditions. High-resolution third-generation wave model results are used to examine the operation and maintenance conditions for renewable energy sources with a focus on wave energy. Special focus is given to the wave field and ice characteristics for are...

Amplitude modulation is assumed to be a major annoyance factor of wind turbine sound. However, studies on the generation of amplitude modulation and the impact of atmospheric conditions on amplitude modulation are limited, especially in cold climates. Long-term acoustic and meteorological measurements in the vicinity of a wind farm in northern Swed...

The cover image is based on the Research Article Energy absorption from parks of point‐absorbing wave energy converters in the Swedish exclusive economic zone by Jens Engström et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.507.

In situ measurements representing the marine atmosphere and air–sea interaction are taken at ships, buoys, stationary moorings and land-based towers, where each observation platform has structural restrictions. Air–sea fluxes are often small, and due to the limitations of the sensors, several corrections are applied. Land-based towers are convenien...

Climate change is not only about changes in means of climatic variables such as temperature, precipitation and wind, but also their extreme values which are of critical importance to human society and ecosystems. To inspire the Swedish climate research community and to promote assessments of international research on past and future changes in extr...