Anna Borucka

• Doctor of Engineering
• Military University of Technology

Zmieniające się wyzwania dotyczące bezpieczeństwa państwa, zmiana struktury demograficznej społeczeństwa powodują konieczność rozszerzenia i intensyfikacji działań zapewniających Polsce skuteczną obronę i odstraszanie. Polska na przestrzeni lat prowadziła programy mające na celu wpływanie na liczebność i jakość Sił Zbrojnych RP jako jednego z eleme...

This article discusses key aspects of deposit–refund system design in Poland, highlighting the importance of energy-sustainable collection logistics. The main role in this system is played by the operator responsible for collecting and transporting packaging to metering centers and recycling plants. The research focused on the optimal placement of...

Every year, thousands of accidents occur in Poland, often resulting in severe injuries or even death. The implementation of solutions supporting road safety analysis and management processes is necessary to reduce the risk of accidents and minimize their consequences. One of the rapidly developing tools that can play a key role in this area is mach...

The collection and transportation of municipal solid waste create a significant energy and carbon footprint, resulting in a significant environmental impact. Proper waste management organization is necessary to minimize this impact. This research aims to identify differences and similarities in waste collection sectors, distinguish affiliation clus...

The global electric vehicle (EV) market is dominated by three global powers: China, the USA, and the European Union. Each of these three regions has adopted unique strategies and differs in terms of regulations, government policies, and market structure. The growth of the EV market in these countries is driven by both climate policies and economic...

The use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in logistics is becoming increasingly popular because it brings many benefits, such as increased operational efficiency, reduced process costs, and shortened delivery times. Therefore, many companies decide to implement them. However, this also involves certain challenges, such as the need to comply with l...

The increase in mobility in Poland is one of the most visible manifestations of the country’s dynamic socio-economic development since joining the European Union in 2004. This phenomenon reflects both technological advances and the changing needs and expectations of citizens. The increasing number of vehicles, and thus traffic participants, poses n...

Achieving climate neutrality has become an environmental goal for all European Union (EU) Member States. Thanks to numerous projects and subsidies, EU countries are able to achieve the goal of decarbonizing energy sources. The aim of the presented study is to assess the validity of Member States’ actions to reduce CO2 emissions based on data provid...

The 21st century is a time of rapid development, marked by technological advances, globalization, and international cooperation. It is also a period that has witnessed numerous global crises. In light of recent events, such as the migration crisis, the COVID-19 pandemic, and the escalation of the conflict between Ukraine and Russia, it is crucial t...

The article analyzes the impact of selected operational parameters of internal combustion engine vehicles on CO2 emissions. The study was preceded by a detailed analysis of the issues related to CO2 emissions in the EU, with a focus on Poland, where the tests were conducted. The key scientific assumption is that individual vehicle users’ behaviors...

Since 1999, Poland has become a member of the North Atlantic Alliance. The aftermath of this event was that women were allowed to serve in all military positions. At the same time, military academies gave women the opportunity to study on terms previously available only to men. The forerunner in this area was the Military University of Technology (...

Public transport focuses on meeting the transport needs of people both within the city and in the suburban area. Passenger transport is a key element of sustainable development and improving the quality of life in agglomerations because it provides mobility for residents and tourists. In recent years, residents have become increasingly willing to u...

Environmental protection is a pivotal element of sustainable development, both essential and indispensable in the construction of smart, green cities. Road transport contributes significantly to atmospheric pollution, accounting for as much as 25% of annual emissions within the European Union (EU). To combat the adverse effects of road transport, t...

Energy consumption in electric vehicles is a key element of their operation, determining energy efficiency and one of its main indicators, i.e., range. Therefore, in this article, mathematical models were developed to evaluate the impact of selected factors on energy consumption in electric vehicles. The phenomenon of energy recuperation was also e...

As automotive technology advances in the realm of digitization, vehicles are becoming smarter and, at the same time, more vulnerable to various threats. This paper focuses on techniques for detecting faults to mitigate the risk of freight transportation. Our observations show that vehicle uptime varies significantly even under similar operating con...

In crisis situations, it is essential to mobilise all available forces and resources as quickly and efficiently as possible to counteract the threat. Therefore, the key is to utilise the entire available potential. The aim of the article is to present — using the example of the Covid-19 pandemic — the role that military academies can play in such s...

Mechanization of forestry work is crucial in forest management, and the specific nature of the tasks performed requires reliable machines with a high level of technical readiness. Therefore, models describing the exploitation process of multi-operational machines used to obtain wood raw materials, and especially assessing the level of their technic...

Modern manufacturing companies should adapt to the needs and requirements of customers, and the products manufactured should meet the needs of customers. Meeting these requirements is the key to maintaining an appropriate position on the market. In production systems, an important element of the efficient functioning of the production process is pr...

Objectives The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on all areas of human life has been great. The prevailing disease also turned out to be a challenge for managers and the entire educational environment, which is the genesis of this article. Therefore, the aim of this article is to compare interest in the issue of improving managerial competences in th...

The COVID-19 pandemic unexpectedly and drastically impacted the entire global economy, wreaking havoc on many industries. The transport and tourism sector was particularly affected, and the changes that have taken place there have been incomparable to any other crisis in history. The situation due to the coronavirus pandemic has also affected the r...

Technological advancements and market changes force the pursuit of continuous improvement of processes implemented in the enterprise. This is largely due to the increasing demands of customers regarding the price of products, their quality, durability, and delivery time. Society’s changes, including the ongoing Industrial Revolution 4.0 and 5.0, al...

Quality is a concept that primarily denotes the degree to which specific requirements are met, achieving the desired level of excellence. Quality management aims to influence and organize the management system for the managed system, encompassing everything that leads to quality objectives. By performing traditional management functions such as pla...

The main tasks of the Training Air Base concern the practical training of cadets in piloting techniques as well as maintaining and improving the piloting skills of the instructors. It is essential to maintain the infrastructure of the airfield and the Base as a whole ready for operation. This allows for fulfilling the fundamental mission of such mi...

Sustainable development and the creation of smart, green cities requires cooperation in many scientific fields, including those related to ecology, mobility, or sustainable management, among others. Environmental protection is a particularly important element here. Atmospheric pollution, due to air movements, spreads over very large areas; therefor...

The basic unit of analysis is social pathology in the context of social order. The main research problem is expressed in the question: how to diagnose the development of the disposition of individuals forming a group of minors to engage in deviant criminal behavior? The aim was to conduct an exploratory study. The strategy of theory before research...

Cel pracy Głównym celem badawczym było zbadanie przydatności systemu BSP do zapewnienia efektywnego wsparcia jednostek penitencjarnych w trakcie realizacji codziennych zadań służbowych. Główny problem badawczy sformułowano w postaci pytania: Jakie funkcjonalności systemu BSP są przydatne do realizacji zadań realizowanych przez SW? Główna hipoteza b...

Road accidents are affected by various factors, but many of them are not monitored and collected, and some of them are not even known. Important factors that are often overlooked in research are legislative issues and legal changes regulating road safety, which are the subject of the study in this article. As it is extremely difficult to prove a si...

Modelling the time that the system remains in a given state using classical distributions is not always possible. In many cases, empirical distributions are multimodal due to the influence of external, hidden factors and the selection of the best classical distributions may lead to erroneous results. In the article the method of diagnosis of influe...

The Covid-19 pandemic has drastically affected the transport sector, because of the restrictions introduced to limit the spread of the threat. They concerned primarily passenger traffic, but trade in goods also faced completely new challenges, related to increased consumption and the dynamic development of e-commerce on the one hand and restriction...

The actions taken by companies today are increasingly precise, dedicated to specific market expectations therefore require an increasingly solid basis for decision-making, especially at the strategic level. A key support in this area is forecasting methods that allow probing about the future with a certain probability. Therefore, methods for determ...

Emissions from transport account for 20%–25% of global carbon dioxide emissions, with more than 70% coming from road transport, making it an extremely important topic in the context of decarbonization. The aim of the article is to analyze the trend of CO2 generated from road transport, taking into account the its various sources, and also to examin...

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected daily life and the functioning of the global economy. Due to this situation, many sectors have experienced serious disturbances, including the air transport sector, which is crucial for meeting the needs related to the transport of goods and people. The rapid spread of the virus and the introduction...

The growing intensity of fire hazards is increasing the need for incorporating aerial vehicles including unmanned aerial vehicles, which are now becoming a valuable tool in the hands ofvarious state bodies and institutions, including the State Fire Service (SFS) in Poland, in supportingactivities aimed at saving human life, health or property. The...

The process quality capability indicators Cp and Cpk are widely used to measure process capability. Traditional metric estimation methods require process data to be explicit and normally distributed. Often, the actual data obtained from the production process regarding the measurements of quality features are incomplete and do not have a normal dis...

Demand forecasting plays a key role in supply chain planning, management and its sustainable development, but it is a challenging process as demand depends on numerous, often unidentified or unknown factors that are seasonal in nature. Another problem is limited availability of information. Specifically, companies lacking modern IT systems are cons...

Celem artykułu jest wskazanie różnic między ogólnodostępnym narzędziem prognozującym wykorzystywanym w planowaniu dostaw a dedykowanym, stworzonym specjalnie dla danej firmy. Autorzy na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań ukazują różnice w działalności sieci sklepów, prognozowaniu dostaw i ich wartości z użyciem dwóch różnych systemów wspomagających p...

This article presents comparative tests of contact strength and tribological wear resistance of polymer sliding materials of the polyamide group. The aim of this work was to study Shore hardness, indentation hardness, modulus, creep, relaxation, Martens hardness and sliding wear resistance of two commercial materials. One of these materials was pro...

The article proposes a method for assessing the stability of the production process using the analysis of variance ANOVA. For this purpose, factors that have a significant impact on the stability of production were analyzed and selected. The following variables were considered the best: year, month, day of the week and factors causing delays (machi...

The Covid-19 pandemic unexpectedly shook the entire global economy, causing it to destabilize over a long period of time. One of the sectors that was particularly hit hard was air traffic, and the changes that have taken place in it have been unmatched by any other crisis in history. The purpose of this article was to identify the time series descr...

The COVID-19 pandemic has prompted governments to take radical measures to contain the virus and protect their citizens. These included successive restrictions on social distance, which have led to closing many enterprises in various industries and dismissing their employees. Introducing restrictions has significantly weakened many countries’ econo...

Logistics processes, their effective planning as well as proper management and effective implementation are of key importance in an enterprise. This article analyzes the process of supplying raw materials necessary for the implementation of production tasks. The specificity of the examined waste processing company requires the knowledge about the s...

The Border Guard (BG) has a very important function in ensuring the proper pro-tection of the state border. Poland's accession to the Schengen Area itself has con-tributed to the freedom of movement within the territory of the Parties to the Agreement. The above event imposed a number of duties and powers on various services in Poland, including th...

The aim of this article is to assess the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions of three types of cars: two internal combustion cars and one Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV), measured on the basis of type approval regulations. The article also assesses the CO 2 emission costs resulting from the production of fuel and the production of the car. It was as...

Teza, że zmienność warunków funkcjonowania organizacji nie pozostaje bez wpływu na dokonywane rozstrzy-gnięcia związane z ich funkcjonowaniem, jest punktem wyjścia do osiągnięcia założonego celu i prezentacji wyników badań. Celem podjętych badań było wykazanie znaczenia systemu informacyjnego w organizacji i unaocznienie wpływu informacji na proces...

Czwarta rewolucja przemysłowa i związana z nią transformacja cyfrowa rozwija się niezwykle dynamicznie wprowadzając istotne ulepszenia w przemyśle. Szczególnie obecna jest w procesach wytwórczych, zmieniając w sposób fundamentalny funkcjonowanie przedsiębiorstw. Jednak wiele rozwiązań technologicznych stosowanych w tym obszarze może być z powodzeni...

Purpose of the article The purpose of the article is to present the possibilities of using selected Lean Management instruments to rationalize the way of managing an enterprise. It is a modern concept that allows to simplify all processes and flows so as to avoid errors and waste. The study was presented using a distribution warehouse of a large co...

Purpose: This paper is devoted to evaluating the efficiency of production systems usingclassification methods. These methods are not popular in application to manufacturingcompanies, therefore the possibility of their use in the process of system improvement andenhancement of business models is presented. Design/methodology/approach: The article u...

The study analyzed the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the carbon dioxide emissions from electricity generation. Additionally, monthly seasonality was taken into account. It was assumed (research hypothesis) that both the COVID-19 pandemic (expressed in individual waves of infection cases) and the month have a significant impact on CO2 emissions...

Planning the frequency of rail services is closely related to forecasting the number of passengers and is part of the comprehensive analysis of railway systems. Most of the research presented in the literature focuses only on selected areas of this system (e.g. urban agglomerations, urban underground transport, transfer nodes), without presenting a...

Monitoring the condition of conveyor belt joints by measuring and continuously analysing changes in their length raises a number of research challenges. One of them is the need for a more advanced method of assessment of the condition of each individual joint. Suitable mathematical modelling that would allow to identify the change in the length of...

The effectiveness of production processes is a measure of the proper control of an enterprise, its development and effective meeting the market's needs. Production capacity planning and process scheduling is undoubtedly the key to success. However, in many cases, it is first of all necessary to analyse the current situation, eliminate waste and loo...

Effective planning and optimization of rail transport operations depends on effective and reliable forecasting of demand. The results of transport performance forecasts usually differ from measured values because the mathematical models used are inadequate. In response to this applicative need, we report the results of a study whose goal was to dev...

Nanomaterials are a new group that has quickly found a wide range of applications in medicine, cosmetology, the food, weapons or automotive industry. They are also used as a fuel additive. This paper reviews the literature and assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the use of nanoparticles in automotive engine fuels. The results obtained...

The technical conditions and service life of steering elements of vehicles are an important factor directly affecting road safety. Therefore, high reliability of such kind’s components is required. In the paper, on the basis of the stand test, the fatigue durability of a ball joint of a steering tie rod is determined. It is elaborated together with...

Aviation is the youngest of the transport industries, yet despite its short history, it is considered one of the most important spheres of transport, both in terms of passenger and cargo transportation. Civil aviation is used by an increasing number of people, and the number of aircraft used by airlines around the world con-tinues to grow. An inher...

The objective of this study was to assess the effect of selected operational and technical factors on downtime of vehicles. The sample consisted of buses from a municipal transport company (Poland). Estimation of parameters of a linear regression model was performed. Month of failure (downtime event) and its type were used as predictors. Failures w...

With easy-to-process 3D printing materials and fast production, the quality of dental services can be improved. In the conventional procedure, the dentist makes temporary crowns directly in the patient's mouth, e.g., from the most commonly used bis-acrylic composites. Temporary crowns made directly in the office without the use of CAD/CAM are often...

Greenhouse gases emission is an important element in the development of the automotive industry. The unceasing trend of reducing the negative impact of vehicles on the environment is a determinant of setting directions for the improvement of their production and operation. One of the solutions in this regard are low-emission vehicles. However, this...

Road accidents are one of the basic road safety determinants. Most research covers large territorial areas. The results of such research do not take into account the differences between individual regions, which often leads to incorrect results and their interpretation. What makes it difficult to conduct analyses in a narrow territorial area is the...

A special element of road safety research is accidents at the interface of the road and rail system. Due to their low share in the total number of incidents, they are not a popular subject of analyses but rather an element of collective studies, whereas the specificity of the road–rail accidents requires a separate characteristic, allowing, on the...

Background: Clinical success depends on the contact strength and wear resistance of medical devices made of polymer materials. The scientific goal resulted from the problem of using different methods of surface evaluation of materials used in the production of orthodontic appliances. The purpose of the work was an experimental comparative assessme...

In the analysis of the readiness of means of transport, the Markov and semi-Markov processes are particularly applicable, allowing for the description of the usage process over long periods of time, determination of indicators of the exploitability and readiness of the used set of objects, as well as simulation of long-term forecasts of the usage p...

The measurement of exhaust emissions is an important element of the vehicle type-approval. The tests in this area are carried out mainly under laboratory conditions, and the obligatory road tests in force since 2017 supplement them. One of the most important requirements in relation to the laboratory tests is the best possible representation of rea...

The steady increase in the number of road users and their growing mobility mean that the issue of road safety is still a topical one. Analyses of factors influencing the number of road traffic accidents contribute to the improvement of road safety. Because changes in traffic volume follow a daily rhythm, hour of the day is an important factor affec...

Mortality caused by road accidents is a significant problem for most countries, including Poland, where approximately 2,900 people die each year, and another 37,359 are injured. Research in this area has been conducted on a large scale. One of the most important elements is the evaluation of factors leading to fatalities in road accidents, which is...

Urban transport systems operate according to fixed, strict timetables, which requires high timeliness and technical readiness of the fleet. Therefore, this article proposes a detailed study of the punctuality of the public transport system using a multipleregression model for the main modes of transport (trams, buses, and Warsaw Metro). The analysi...

The security system of each country should be capable of identifying and eliminating potential threats. However, the variety and unpredictability of such events makes it impossible to be ready for each scenario, should one materialize. Situations posing a national security threat require that effective actions be undertaken, including risk preventi...

Implementacja idei Przemysłu 4.0 sprawia, że na obecnym etapie rozwoju techniki dąży się do tego, aby każdy system techniczny był coraz bardziej zmechanizowany i automatycznie sterowany. Zastosowany w takim przypadku sterownik powinien mieć możliwość wykorzystywania oraz przetwarzania w czasie rzeczywistym odpowiednich danych pochodzących z systemó...

Transport companies can be regarded as a technical, organizational, economic and legal transport system. Maintaining the quality and continuity of the implementation of transport requisitions requires a high level of readiness of vehicles and staff (especially drivers). Managing and controlling the tasks being implemented is supported by mathematic...

Every year, in the Pomeranian Voivodeship, around 2 600 road accidents occur, resulting in about 140 death casualties and a further 3200 injuries. For many years there has been a noticeable decrease in the number of traffic incidents in the study area, but the number of fatalities is still high. Therefore, it is crucial to research to determine the...

This article uses Markov and semi-Markov models as some of the most popular tools to estimate readiness and reliability. They allow to evaluate of both individual elements as well as entire systems—including production systems—as multi-state structures. To be able to distinguish states with varying degrees of technical readiness in complicated and...

Transport companies operate in a dynamically developing and competitive market. Maintaining the already held position and further expansion requires adjusting the level of services provided to the needs and requirements of customers, as well as continuous surveying, monitoring and adjusting the implemented strategy. There are different methods for...

The number of shipments is growing every year, and as a result, new transport companies arise. The increase in competition requires from entrepreneurs to apply solutions increasing the level of services provided in order to best satisfy the needs of the customers. In this aspect, minimizing the time of deliveries is extremely important, and it can...

Wypełnienie zadań wynikających z obowiązków państwa-gospodarza (HNS) jest istotne z punktu widzenia obronności kraju, ale także jego postrzegania na arenie międzynarodowej. Jedną z ważniejszych w tym zakresie kwestii jest udostępnianie rejonów oraz infrastruktury na potrzeby ześrodkowania i zakwaterowania wojsk, co jest realizowane w oparciu o szer...

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie obecnego stanu bezpieczeństwa ruchu drogowego w Polsce, a także w odniesieniu do sytuacji innych krajów Unii Europejskiej. Omówiono teoretyczne podstawy gromadzenia danych o zdarzeniach drogowych oraz scharakteryzowano wskaźniki stosowane do oceny poziomu bezpieczeństwa. Dodatkowo, przedstawiono sugestie, które mo...

A proposal was presented to assess the incapacity risk of commercial vehicles performing transport tasks under market conditions. The risk assessment model in the form of cost was used, which is based on the determination of operational efficiency, referring the probable costs of ensuring the reliability of the transport system to the estimated thr...

Production companies operate in a complex economic, technological, social and political environment. There are a number of factors contributing to a satisfactory market position, the most important one being a properly defined and implemented strategy. It needs, however, to be continuously monitored and, if necessary, modified. One of the elements...

The vehicle exploitation system, consisting of statistically identical objects that perform intervention tasks, not subject to systematic changes, can be modelled as a stationary stochastic process. Such a model allows to determine the probabilistic indicators of current and boundary readiness of the system. This article presents the use of the sem...

The aim of every market entity is to achieve success, usually expressed in the form of profit. The customer is undoubtedly key to such success, and hence the subject of many studies, the one presented in this article included. The analysis covered customer loyalty, understood as making a repeat purchase, assessed in terms of attributes such as gend...

Streszczenie Rozwój militarny Sił Zbrojnych, cigłe zwikszanie iloci i jakoci zada wykonywanych, zwłaszcza na rzecz Polskich Kontyngentów Wojskowych, stawia przed dowódcami konieczno nie tylko stałego doskonalenia umiejtnoci podległych ołnierzy, ale take wprowadzania nowych rozwiza i technologii w dziedzinie ochrony rodowiska. Trudno tego zadania po...

Streszczenie Od początku 2013 roku rozpoczął swoje funkcjonowanie, w ostatecznej formie, nowy system zaopatrywania sił zbrojnych, oparty na Wojskowych Oddziałach Gospodarczych (WOG). Projekt ten-wdrażany sukcesywnie od 2008 roku-od samego początku doświadcza wielu problemów. Najważniejszy z nich, uniemożliwiający prawidłową pracę tych jednostek, to...

Analiza kosztów transportu na przykładzie przedsiębiorstwa produkcyjnego 3 Wstęp Firma Peklimar działa na rynku od 1990 roku, zakład ten specjalizuje się w wyrobie mięs kulinarnych i wędlin. Dziś Peklimar to silna firma w branży przetwórstwa mięsnego skupiająca się przede wszystkim na wysokiej jakości swoich wyrobów, która została wielokrotnie potw...

Systemy logistyczne wojsk nr 39/2013 ANALIZA POLSKIEGO TRANSPORTU SAMOCHODOWEGO. kpt. mgr inż. Anna BORUCKA Instytut Logistyki, Wydział Mechaniczny Wojskowa Akademia Techniczna Wstęp Transport samochodowy już od paru lat przynosi w naszym kraju bardzo duże zyski. Jego rozwojowi sprzyja przede wszystkim położenie geograficzne Polski, która jest punk...

Dobrze działająca i zorganizowana logistyka gwarantuje sprawność sił zbrojnych i gotowość do realizacji zadań, dlatego jest tak ważnym elementem procesu profesjonalizacji armii. Zmiany w środowisku bezpieczeństwa, zdobyte doświadczenia oraz wnioski dotyczące funkcjonalności systemu logistycznego, stały się podstawą przyjęcia zasadniczych kierunków...

Streszczenie. Powolny koniec ery kodu kreskowego i wymagania użytkowników wymusiły na dostawcach wprowadzenie inteligentnych metek towarów w celu zwiększenia przesyłu towarów i dokładniejszego sposobu identyfikacji. Technologia Identyfikacji Radiowej (ang. Radio Frequency Identification-RFID) rozpoczyna bardzo dynamicznie się rozwijać i staje się n...

The genesis of National Reserve Forces was structural and organizational changes in Polish Armed Forces in last years. The changes caused reduction in number of soldiers and forced to seek new solutions in aspects of sourcing. In this article are shown legal footing regarding to duty of reserve soldiers and the main rules of their duty. The current...

WSTĘP. 1 stycznia 2013 r został zainaugurowany terytorialny system zabezpieczenia funkcjonowania jednostek wojskowych w garnizonach Sił Zbrojnych RP, oparty na Wojskowych Oddziałach Gospodarczych. Przesłankami do jego uruchomienia było: − utworzenie jednolitego, wspólnego dla rodzajów Sił Zbrojnych systemu zabezpieczenia, realizującego zadania na r...

Streszczenie: Niniejszy artykuł ma za celu zapoznać ze stanem pododdziałowych magazynów broni, oraz przedstawić nieefektywnie realizowany proces przyjmowania i wydawania. Zostaną przedstawione wady aktualnych procedur oraz możliwe rozwiązanie zauważonego problemu, którego wdrożenie i wykorzystanie mogłoby skutkować znacznym usprawnieniem funkcjonow...

Streszczenie Przystąpienie Polski do NATO dało nam możliwość zreformowania polskich sił zbrojnych, ale również nałożyło szereg niezbędnych do spełnienia zobowiązań-w tym logistycznych. Artykuł przedstawia charakterystykę uwarunkowań operacyjnych zaplecza logistycznego, które wynikają z konieczności odpowiedniego przygotowania armii do standardów na...

Profesjonalizacja Sił Zbrojnych zapoczątkowała wiele zmian w resorcie obrony narodowej – również w logistyce, która obecnie podlega gruntownemu przebudowaniu. Powstały nowe struktury - w tym Wojskowe Oddziały Gospodarcze, które przejęły ciężar zadań związanych z zarządzaniem zasobami. Takie zmiany sprawiły, że zaopatrzeniem dla kilkudziesięciu jedn...