Anjan Patel

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• Doctor of Engineering
• Professor (Associate) at Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology

The buried cavities in the subsurface can cause catastrophic damage to roads, buildings and any other civil engineering structures. Moreover, cavities in the form of sinkholes are often the main sources of ground water pollution and land subsidence [1–5]. There are several field methods like ground penetrating radar (GPR), electrical resistivity im...

It is a common practice around the world to stabilise black cotton soil using lime or cement to improve the strength of stabilised sub-base and subgrade soil. However, production of cement and lime is highly energy intensive. It is also reported to emit large quantity of CO2 into the atmosphere. Moreover, the global warming potential of fly ash (0....

Layered soils are often encountered in nature; hence, it is important to determine the coefficient of permeability in them, due to its effect on ground contamination and the recharging of water basins.While porosity-permeability relationships in pure clays and sands are well established in the literature, the permeability of natural sedimentary bas...

Red mud, a by-product generated during the extraction of aluminium from bauxite ore, poses challenges to the alumina industry due to its inherent sodicity, alkalinity and heavy metal content. Consequently, studies related to its bulk utilization and valorization have gained attention in the construction sector to promote sustainability. However, u...

Overexploitation of natural resources like sand and stone aggregates for construction purposes, and on the other hand, the generation of huge quantities of different industrial wastes in recent years pose threat to the environment. One of the promising solutions to both of these problems could be bulk utilization of industrial waste aggregates in c...

Construction on expansive soils poses significant challenges in civil engineering due to the soil’s behavior during seasonal wetting and drying cycles, which leads to pronounced swelling, shrinkage, and high settlement issues in subgrade layers. Enhancing the strength characteristics and minimizing the swell–shrink behavior of these soils is crucia...

Expansive soils pose various problems to the existing transportation infrastructures by causing damages to pavements, railways, and embankments due to differential settlement, and volume changes in soils. Therefore, expansive soil if used in pavements must be stabilized by using some suitable means. The present study investigates the strength and d...

Exploitation of traditional construction materials like natural crushed stones in road construction poses threats to the environment and its sustainability. On the other hand, increase in construction activities due to rapid industrialization and urbanization has come up with the generation of a large amount of demolition waste which ends up creati...

The stone column is a very efficient ground improvement technique to improve the load-carrying capacity and consolidation properties of soft and very soft soils. In the current study, the conventional aggregates used in stone columns are replaced with recycled concrete aggregate (RCA), recycled brick aggregate (RBA) and steel slag aggregate (SSA)....

This study investigates the potential application of a blend, termed GGRM, consisting of red Mud (RM) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), for stabilizing subgrade expansive soil. RM, an industrial waste from aluminium refineries, poses environmental concerns due to its high alkalinity and presence of heavy metals. Despite its increase...

In some of the field tests, the lack of compatibility of the predefined guidelines and procedures with the real site condition may be one of the limitations. Hence, it becomes very necessary to interpret the results carefully after obtaining from these field tests. As per the site conditions, it is also important to select a suitable field test for...

In addition to field test results and theoretical knowledge, interpretation and engineering judgement on the available factual data is essential for proper planning and execution of ground investigation. Maximum subsurface information can be extracted with lesser budget if proper interpretation is made. In other words, no amount of site investigati...

Detection of subsurface anomalies needs proper interpretation of the data obtained from field and laboratory tests. The method of investigation and the types of interpretation required to detect the subsurface anomalies are demonstrated in this chapter. For this purpose, cavities and voids present in basalt rocks are considered as an example of sub...

As learned from the previous chapters, a geotechnical investigation is an process filled with uncertainties, unpredictability, assumptions, and approximations that aims to overcome all these limitations and other practical constraints with the help of proper interpretation and engineering judgment finally resulting in reliable solutions to the grou...

A geotechnical report is a way of communication between the geotechnical engineer and the design engineer as well as other stakeholders in a project. Everybody involved in a project may not be visiting the site or remain present during the field investigation. Hence, they will try to understand the site and subsurface conditions based on how it is...

Borehole drilling is one of the primary requirements in geotechnical investigation. However, errors may occur in the interpretation of the borehole data due to various ground complexities. This includes soil nonhomogeneity and anisotropy, abrupt change in the thickness of different soil/rock strata within a small area, spatial variation in the exte...

Each geotechnical investigation is unique and hence different approach is required in different projects depending upon the site conditions, types of structure, primary objectives, availability of manpower and equipment, contractual agreements, etc. Especially in large projects and when the ground condition is complex, proper planning of the site i...

In the case of any forensic geotechnical investigation, the available information is basically assembled in a proper way and is correlated to each other before reaching any conclusion. A conclusion can't be reached easily in case of the nonavailability of the desired information or when the information is wrong. In such a case, the interpretation s...

For the safety and stability of any substructure, proper determination of the soil/rock properties is essential. Moreover, it is very important to see that the test results are representative of the in-situ site conditions. It is to realize that a structure is going to be constructed at the project site from where soil/rock samples have been collec...

In the event of geotechnical failure, making excuses is a very common thing for having done or not having done something in the past. There might be various reasons for making excuses. However, it is very important to understand that the majority of the failures come from people who have the habit of making excuses. Lack of common sense, ignorance,...

The objective of forensic geotechnical investigation is different than that of conventional investigation which is carried out before construction. In the context of the forensic geotechnical investigation, the interpretation of available data and information is mainly influenced by three factors, that is, the response received from the project per...

One of the objectives of geotechnical investigation is to collect relevant ground information for the successful implementation of various ground improvement techniques. Not only for the success of ground improvement but also to optimize its cost, proper interpretation of the geotechnical factors as well as the design parameters is essential. Furth...

The preference of a particular site for infrastructure development will mainly depend upon the project requirements and the relevant aspects of geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering. Many a time, it is seen that geotechnical investigation is carried out without giving much importance to the types of structures to be constructed at the site...

Geotechnical expertise is necessary for the proper assessment of the subsurface conditions. Any small project that involves geotechnical engineering applications, can't be managed without a proper understanding of the ground conditions and will incur higher cost and time. Many a time, when the ground is not very complex or the structure is not so i...

Borehole information, in-situ site conditions, actual testing method and procedure adopted, and occurrence of deviation, if any, during a site investigation are some of the points that can be perceived only by a geotechnical engineer at the site. Moreover, the design parameters are not directly obtained from any field tests but are derived or calcu...

Ground excavation is a part of any infrastructure development project. Whether it is an open excavation or underground excavation for the construction of a substructure or any underground activities, the in-situ soil undergoes a certain extent of changes in its inherent properties. In addition, the excavated soil may be used as filling material in...

In any field test, a certain level of interpretation is required starting from the planning and conduction of the test to determine the design ground parameters. Further, without considering the practical aspects and in-situ conditions, the desired soil/rock parameters can not be obtained accurately. In this regard, some common sense with engineeri...

Results obtained from laboratory tests on soil and rock samples need to represent the field conditions. This is because a structure will be constructed at the project site and not in the laboratory. Hence, field simulation in laboratory tests as well as consideration of the field conditions in mathematical and numerical modeling of geotechnical eng...

Information related to the depth, thickness, composition, and extent of different strata is necessary for the design of any civil engineering structure. In this regard, one of the aspects is to consider the possible response of an individual problematic thin layer of soil or a weak patch of soil/rock, if encountered, to the surrounding conditions a...

Incomplete and incorrect reporting of subsurface information is one of the major causes of geotechnical risk. Conduction of inadequate site investigation and thus saving some time and cost at the start of a project may become a cause of headaches at the later stage. Further, to avoid any cost overrun, and for on-time completion of a project, a comp...

It is well known that the degree of weathering largely affects the geotechnical properties of rocks. Study of rock properties vis-à-vis degree of weathering and the site-specific parameters obtained through recovered rock core pieces during drilling is supposed to be useful for various engineering purpose. A similar effort has been made in the pres...

The present study explores the impact of strip footing’s ultimate load-carrying capacity on granular soil under oblique loads. At the same time, it is lined up subsequently nearer to the existing footing. The numerical simulations have been done by finite element limit analysis (FELA). Upper-bound (UB), lower-bound (LB) and adaptive mesh refinement...

An extensive review of literature related to particle breakage and crushing has been done in this paper by filtering out a total of 183 articles from the respective domains. Based upon the analysis and synthesis of data, grain morphology and soil matrix structure are found to be the dominant factors on particle breakage. The breakage index may incr...

In general, the numerous classical approaches available in the literature can anticipate the settlement of shallow foundations. As long as the footings are not in close proximity to other subsurface buildings, the findings achieved using these methods are legitimate and acceptable. However, due to increased urbanisation and land scarcity, footing...

Geotechnical infrastructures like slopes & embankments, retaining walls, foundations, engineered landfills, overburden dumps, pavements etc. get continuously exposed to various environmental factors which are climate dependent. Fate/stability of these infrastructures due to extreme and abrupt change in precipitation, temperatures, humidity, and wi...

Enormous amount of plastic is generated every year due to rapid industrialization and excessive urbanization. The disposal of these wastes in landfills is not a sustainable solution due to the various environmental concerns and availability of limited land space. Keeping this in view, the strength aspect of plastic wastes as reinforcement material...

Most of the developing countries like India are facing a severe crisis in solid waste management. Amongst all, plastic waste is considered to be more harmful because of its non-biodegradable nature and abundant usage. The current work deals with an engineering technique in order to eliminate this problem of plastic waste management, by using plasti...

Most of the developing countries like India are facing a severe crisis in solid waste management. Among all, plastic waste is considered to be more harmful because of its non-biodegradable nature and abundant usage. The current work deals with an engineering technique in order to eliminate this problem of plastic waste management, by using plastic...

Recognition of the relationship between soils and human health dates back to ancient times and soil degradation has certainly been an important issue for human civilization. The intake of food quality and its nutrition value depends to a large extent on the health of soils, in which it is grown. Moreover, the quality of drinking water depends upon...

Recognition of the relationship between soils and human health dates back to ancient times and the soil degradation has certainly been an important issue for human civilization. The intake food quality and its nutrition value depend to a large extent on the health of soils, in which it is grown. Moreover, the quality of drinking water depends upon...

Microplastics (MPs) are emerging persistent contaminants in the terrestrial subsurface, and evidence has emerged for significant effects of MPs on soils’ biological and ecosystem functions. Main MPs sources include land spreading of sewage sludge and biowaste composts, plastic mulching film used in horticultural fields, wastewater irrigation, and l...

Expansive soils are found in many parts of the countries like India, Australia, Ethiopia, Sudan and USA in the form of black cotton soil (BCS). The distress induced by swelling and shrinkage behavior of black cotton soil results in millions of dollars of damage to the construction industry each year. In present study, experimental investigations ar...

Shear and Compression wave velocities (Vs and Vp, respectively) are considered to be very useful for determining various dynamic properties of soils such as small strain shear modulus, Gmax, elastic modulus, Emax and the Poisson’s ratio, ν. Moreover, the index as well as engineering properties of the soil mass can be directly or indirectly correlat...

The subgrade strength of roads and highways is based on the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value. In this investigation, attempts have been made to overcome the limited boundary condition approach by using advanced methods, Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Gene Expression Programming (GEP) for prediction of CBR value. A large and wide range of data...

Time and frequency domain analysis of waveforms obtained from bender/extender element testing of soil specimens in laboratory are the two commonly used methods for determination of shear and compression wave velocities (Vs and Vp, respectively). However, in case of compacted and stiff clayey soils, researchers have found it very difficult to interp...

It has always been a challenge for civil engineers to lay roads in the areas covered by expansive soil. The expansive soil undergoes extreme phase changes from being hard in hot summer to being slushy and without strength in monsoon season. Thus, the engineering properties of the expansive soil must be improved before laying the roads. This paper p...

Geotechnical Investigations and Improvement of Ground Conditions covers practical information on ground improvement and site investigation, considering soil and rock properties and engineering geology and its relation to construction. The book covers geotechnical investigation for construction projects, including classic case studies with geotechni...

Present invention provides specially design and develops a low cost mechanically automated laboratory soil compactor. The basic idea behind developing this instrument is to (i) Minimize human efforts in laboratory soil compaction testing and (ii) uniform soil compaction in the testing mould. While achieving these goals, the target was again to red...

The CBR (California bearing ratio) value is an important parameter of the subgrade soil required for the design of pavements. The present study deals with the application of genetic expression programming (GEP) and artificial neural network (ANN) for the prediction of CBR. Various soil properties, such as gravel percentage (G), sand percentage (S),...

There is a lack of guidelines or any particular methodology for the determination of Poisson's ratio in layered soils. In this paper an attempt has been made to determine the Poisson's ratio of double- and triple-layered soils by measuring the shear and compression wave velocities using bender-extender elements at different confining stresses. Deta...

The history of bricks making dates back to 7000 BCE, when the bricks used to be in the form of sun-dried mud blocks. Since then, a lot of modifications have been done in the composition of bricks and in brick making procedures. As a result, in today’s world, brick is considered as one of the most sought after materials used in the construction of v...

Engineering properties of sands mainly depend on the integrity of the particles which in turn has a strong bearing on their crushing strength. The crushing strength and hence the breakage characteristics of sands are mainly affected by its particle morphology (shape, size, angularity), particle composition (void ratio and gradation), loading condit...

Poisson’s ratio is an important engineering property of soils giving information about its stress and deformation behaviour. Many of the researchers have conducted experimental investigation to determine the Poisson’s ratio of soils in laboratory. Some of these researchers have then tried to correlate the effect of moisture content, density and con...

Piezoceramic elements are the electro-mechanical transducers which generate shear and compression waves. Application of these piezoceramic bender/extender elements is an emerging trend in geotechnical engineering for determining various soil properties. However, wave velocities using piezoceramic elements are influenced by various factors such as t...

A number of studies have been made by using the concept of porous media in the areas of applied science and engineering mechanic (viz., acoustics, geomechanics, soil mechanics, rock mechanics), engineering (viz., petroleum engineering. bio-remediation, construction engineering), Geosciences (viz., hydrogeology, petroleum geology, geophysics) and ma...

The arid and semi-arid regions of the world are prevalent with expansive clays and owing to its high swell shrink characteristics, constructions on swelling soil is a challenge to the civil engineers. Hence, researchers have tried to improve its engineering properties by mixing it with different additives and in various other ways. However, it is w...

The arid and semi-arid regions of the world are prevalent with expansive clays and owing to its high swell shrink characteristics, constructions on swelling soil is a challenge to the civil engineers. Hence, researchers have tried to improve its engineering properties by mixing it with different additives and in various other ways. However, it is w...

Percolation test is a very important test which measures the movement of fluids inside the soil. Studies on percolation through different soilmass remain an important factor in the design of onsite wastewater and storm water disposal facilities. Moreover, results obtained from the percolation tests are very useful in the modeling of groundwater pol...

An assessment on shear wave velocity based criteria for liquefaction susceptibility of soils

Elastic modulus and Poisson’s ratio of soils are two important parameters required for safe design of various civil engineering structures. The elastic modulus and shear modulus of the soils are generally obtained from the resonant column, torsional shear tests and geophysical methods. Though, from these parameters the Poisson’s ratio can be determ...

Mountain erosion mapping is one of the important aspects for monitoring environmental degradation. Global climate change coupled with human activities is eroding the mountain regions of the world at an alarming rate. The various types of erosion can be classified as water erosion, aeolian erosion, glaciered erosion, gravity erosion and man-made ero...

Engineering properties of sands mainly depend on the integrity of the particles, which in turn has a strong bearing on their crushing strength. Seven different Aegean sands were tested for mineralogy, particle shape, size and specific gravity and the influence of aspect ratio, particle composition, particle shape and size on the crushing strength w...

There are various methods available for assessment of liquefaction potential in soils. Some of them are based on results obtained from laboratory and field measurement of the soil properties, whereas others are based on different probabilistic and statistical methods. In recent years, shear wave velocity (V s) based procedure has advanced significa...

The Piezo-ceramic elements are extensively used for measuring various soil engineering properties in the laboratories. However, due to the shortcomings like the localized character of piezo-ceramic measurements, the effects of coupling between piezo-ceramic transducers and the medium and the effects of different variables on wave velocity, these el...

Coastal degradation is a major environmental problem in many of the countries. Global changes in climatic conditions, infrastructure development along coastal lines, destruction of coral reefs due to man-made pollution and the destruction of mangrove for firewood and construction purpose are the main reason for coastal degradation. Coastal erosion...

Resilient modulus is an important parameter for designing pavements. However, its determination by resorting to cyclic triaxial tests is tedious and time consuming. With this in view, an electronic circuitry, which employs bender elements (i.e. piezo-ceramic elements) was developed. Details of the circuitry and the testing methodology adopted for t...

The knowledge of soil electrical and thermal resistivities is essential for several engineering projects such as laying of high voltage buried power cables, nuclear waste disposal, design of fluidized thermal beds, ground modification techniques etc. This necessitates precise determination of these resistivities, and relationship between them, whic...

The application of piezo-ceramic elements for measuring shear and compression wave velocities in the soil mass is increasing day-by-day. Depending upon the configuration and polarity, these elements can either be used as benders or extenders, which can transmit and receive shear and compression waves, respectively. Though, several researchers have...

The application of piezo-ceramic elements for measuring shear and compression wave velocities in the soil mass is increasing day-by-day. Depending upon the configuration and polarity, these elements can either be used as benders or extenders, which can transmit and receive shear and compression waves, respectively. Though, several researchers have...

Demand for infrastructure development in coastal regions where the subsurface is often composed of soft clays, results from the desire for rapid industrialization. The frequently encountered coastal soil conditions often call for suitable ground improvement and modification techniques to prepare soft deposits for foundation construction. For approp...

The knowledge of soil electrical and thermal resistivities is essential for several engineering projects such as laying of high voltage buried power cables, nuclear waste disposal, design of fluidized thermal beds, ground modification techniques etc. This necessitates precise determination of these resistivities, and relationship between them, whic...

Shear wave velocity, Vs, is a useful parameter of the soil for determining low strain elastic modulus, which can be used in many static as well as dynamic applications, and its characterization. In the recent past, researchers have tried to correlate Vs with the basic and engineering properties of the coarse- and fine-grained soils. However, most o...

It is well recognized that shear wave velocity in the soil mainly depends on its type, state of compaction, and the confining stress. However, the influence of other geometrical parameters of soil particles (such as size, shape, roundness, and sphericity) on the shear wave velocity has not received much attention of the earlier researchers. It must...

It is well recognized that shear wave velocity in the soil mainly depends on its type, state of compaction, and the confining stress. However, the influence of other geometrical parameters of soil particles (such as size, shape, roundness, and sphericity) on the shear wave velocity has not received much attention of the earlier researchers. It must...

Determination of shear wave velocity in sands is necessary for safety of various civil engineering structures. With this in view, earlier researchers have employed, mainly, resonant column and bender elements to determine this parameter. However, resonant column tests can only be performed in especially designed apparatus, which is not only expensi...

Determination of shear wave velocity in sands is necessary for safety of various civil engineering structures. With this in view, earlier researchers have employed, mainly, resonant column and bender elements to determine this parameter. However, resonant column tests can only be performed in especially designed apparatus, which is not only expensi...