Anjali Karande

• Ph.D. Biochemistry
• Adjunct Professor at Center for Human Genetics Bengaluru India

Previously, we reported a neutralizing monoclonal antibody, A8A11, raised against a novel conserved epitope within the hepatitis C virus (HCV) E2 protein, that could significantly reduce HCV replication. Here, we report the nucleotide sequence of A8A11 and demonstrate the efficacy of a single-chain variable fragment (scFv) protein that mimics the a...

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic viral hepatitis. The use of neutralizing antibodies could be a more effective therapeutic option. Previously we reported the discovery of a novel epitope at the C terminus of HCV-E2 protein, that induced potent neutralizing antibodies in the infected patients. Furthermore, monoclonal antibodies...

The delivery of therapeutic genes to a specific organ has drawn significant research attention. Among the pool of various delivery vectors, cationic liposomes (non-viral) are potential candidates for delivering therapeutic genes due to their low immunogenic response. Here, we have developed novel ferrocene-conjugated cationic tocopheryl aggregates...

Cis-dichlorido-oxidovanadium(IV) complexes [VO(dpa/L¹)Cl2] (1, 2) of dipicolylamine (dpa, 1 as control species) and 5-[(3aS,4S,6aR)-2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno[3,4-d]imidazol-4-yl]pentanoic acid (biotin)-appended dpa (L¹, 2 as active species) were prepared and their anticancer activity studied. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of complex 1 re...

Boron-dipyrromethene (BODIPY) based photosensitizers as porphyrinoids and curcumin as natural product possess exciting photophysical features suitable for theranostic applications, namely, imaging and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Limited aqueous solubility and insufficient physiological stability, however, reduce their efficacy significantly. We hav...

Dipicolylamine (dpa) based cis-dichlorido zinc(II) complexes [Zn(L1–3)Cl2] (1–3), where L² and L³ are non-iodo and di-iodo BODIPY-appended dpa in 2 and 3, and L¹ is dpa in control complex 1, were prepared and characterized and their photocytotoxicity was studied. Complexes 2 and 3 were developed as potential substitutes for zinc(II)–porphyrins/phth...

The three‐dimensional (3D) cell culture models serve as the interface between conventional two‐dimensional (2D) monolayer culture and animal models. 3D culture offers the best possible model system to understand the pathophysiology of human pathogens such as hepatitis C virus (HCV), which lacks a small animal model, due to narrow host tropism and n...

Construction of a Vitamin E-based liposomal biomaterial and its ability to deliver therapeutic genes selectively across liver cancer cells are demonstrated herein. In humans, liver regulates the levels of α-tocopherol, i.e., Vitamin E, and hepatic cells carry the machinery for its transport. To exploit the presence of tocopherol transport protein,...

Correction for ‘Impact of metal binding on the antitumor activity and cellular imaging of a metal chelator cationic imidazopyridine derivative’ by Mithun Roy et al. , Dalton Trans. , 2011, 40 , 4855–4864.

Correction for ‘Endoplasmic reticulum targeting tumour selective photocytotoxic oxovanadium( iv ) complexes having vitamin-B6 and acridinyl moieties’ by Samya Banerjee et al. , Dalton Trans. , 2016, 45 , 783–796.

Correction for ‘ Endoplasmic reticulum targeted chemotherapeutics: the remarkable photo-cytotoxicity of an oxovanadium( iv ) vitamin-B6 complex in visible light’ by Samya Banerjee et al. , Chem. Commun ., 2014, 50 , 5590–5592.

Natural killer (NK) cells comprise of ∼70% of the immune cell population in the maternal decidua and ∼15% of the mononuclear cells in the peripheral blood. The decidual NK cells capable of producing high levels of cytokines are functionally distinct from the peripheral NK cells that exhibit high cytotoxicity. The numbers of peripheral NK cells and...

Cis-dichloro-oxovanadium(IV) complexes [VO(L1/L2)Cl2], where L1 is N-(4-(5,5-difluoro-1,3,7,9-tetramethyl-5H-4ʎ4,5ʎ4-dipyrrolo[1,2-c:2',1'-f][1,3,2]diazaborinin-10-yl)benzyl)-1-(pyridin-2-yl)-N-(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)methanamine in 1 and L2 is N-(4-(5,5-difluoro-2,8-diiodo-1,3,7,9-tetramethyl-5H-4ʎ4,5ʎ4-dipyrrolo[1,2-c:2',1'-f][1,3,2]diazaborinin-10-y...

Human liver tissue is preferable over nonhuman liver tissue for preclinical drug screening, as the former can better predict side effects specific to humans. However, due to limited supply and ethical issues with human liver tissue, it is desirable to develop an animal model having functional human liver tissue. In this study, we have established a...

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), one of the major proinflammatory cytokines, plays a key role in an effective immune response. However, the chronic presence of TNFα can lead to several inflammatory disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, etc. Inhibition of TNFα by pharmacological inhibitors or antibodies has proven to be...

Herein, siRNA transfection efficiency of a unique set of α-tocopherylated gemini lipids has been established in vitro and in vivo. High efficacy of oncogene silencing achieved using the biomacromolecular assembly, formed from siRNA complexes of co-liposomes containing an α-tocopherylated gemini lipid, has been utilized for tumor regression via chem...

Correction for ‘Transfection efficiencies of α-tocopherylated cationic gemini lipids with hydroxyethyl bearing headgroups under high serum conditions’ by Bappa Maiti et al. , Org. Biomol. Chem. , 2018, 16 , 1983–1993.

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), one of the major pro-inflammatory cytokines, plays a key role in an effective immune response. However, the chronic presence of TNFα can lead to several inflammatory disorders like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn’s disease etc. Inhibition of TNFα by pharmacological inhibitors or antibodies has proven to be eff...

Abrin, an extremely cytotoxic Type II ribosome‐inactivating protein (RIP), is a potential bio‐warfare agent. Abrin A‐chain (ABA) depurinates an adenosine of sarcin‐ricin loop (SRL) from eukaryotic 28S rRNA, thereby arresting protein synthesis and leading to cell death. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) D6F10 is the only known antibody that neutralizes ABA'...

The plant toxin, abrin, a type‐II ribosome inactivating protein, is extremely lethal, the human fatal dose being ~1 μg/kg body weight. Abrin has been classified as an agent for bioterrorism, which is of concern. Conversely, the high toxic property of abrin has been employed in generating immunotoxins, whereas its toxin moiety is conjugated to cell...

H‐Ras oncogene plays a critical role in the transformation of normal cells to a malignant phenotype through constitutive activation of the GTP bound protein leading to uncontrolled cell proliferation in several human cancers. Thus, H‐Ras oncoprotein serves as an excellent target for anticancer drug discovery. To identify novel H‐Ras inhibitors, we...

Sorafenib (SFB), a multi‐kinase inhibitor, is the only approved drug for treating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, SFB shows low efficacy in many cases. HCC related mortality therefore remains to be high worldwide. SFB, a multi‐kinase inhibitor is also known to modulate the redox homeostasis in cancer cells. To understand the effect of SFB...

The plant toxin, Abrin, a type II ribosome inactivating protein, is extremely lethal, the human fatal dose being ~1 μg/kg body weight. Abrin has been classified as an agent for bioterrorism, which is of huge concern. On the other hand, the high toxic property of abrin has been employed in generating immunotoxins, where its toxin moiety is conjugate...

Liposomal gene transfection under high serum conditions.

Copper(II) acetylacetonates of N,N,N-donor dipicolylamine (dpa) ligands, viz. [Cu(L1)(acac)]ClO4 (1), [Cu(L2)(acac)]ClO4 (2) and [Cu(L3)(acac)]ClO4 (3), where L1 is benzyldipicolylamine (bzdpa), L2 and L3 are non-iodinated and diiodinated BODIPY (borondipyrromethene) ligands and Hacac is acetylacetone, were synthesized, characterized and their phot...

Glycodelin is an immunomodulator, indispensable for the maintenance of pregnancy in humans. The glycoprotein induces apoptosis in activated CD4+ T cells, monocytes and NK cells, and suppresses the activity of cytotoxic T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells. This study explores the immunosuppressive property of glycodelin for its possible use in...

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver diseases that often requires liver transplantation. The standard therapies are limited by severe side effects, resistance development, high expense and in a substantial proportion of cases, fail to clear the infection which bespeak the need for development of well-tolerated antivir...

Several known water soluble [Cu(1N,O2:2O-HL1)(S)]2 [S = CH3OH (1), (CH3)2NCHO (2)] and [Cu(N-HL1)(en)2]∙CH3OH∙H2O (3) CuII complexes were prepared by reaction of CuII nitrate hydrate with the new (E/Z)-4-(2-(1-cyano-2-ethoxy-2-oxoethylidene)hydrazinyl)-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (H3L1), in the presence (for 3) or absence (for 1 and 2) of ethylenediam...

Emergence of drug-resistant viruses, high cost and adverse side-effects associated with the standard therapy against Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection demonstrate the need for development of well-tolerated and effective antivirals. We identified and chemically characterized the dehydrorotenoid boeravinone H, isolated from the herb Boerhavia diffusa...

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic viral hepatitis, but an effective vaccine is still not available to prevent infection. Use of neutralizing antibodies could be a potential therapeutic option. In this study, presence of anti-HCV antibodies in HCV-infected patients' was assessed from 50 patients and examined for the presence of n...

Abrin, a type II ribosome inactivating protein from the Abrus precatorius plant, is extremely toxic. It has been shown to be 75 times more potent than its infamous sister toxin, ricin and their potential use in bio-warfare is a cause of major concern. Although several vaccine candidates are under clinical trials for ricin, none are available agains...

Abrin is a highly lethal ribosome-inactivating protein of high relevance in bio-warfare. Neutralizing antibodies to abrin reported so far afford protection in a very small window with no rescue observed post-abrin exposure. The utility of the most specific mode of defense against abrin poisoning is thus undermined. We proposed that intracellular de...

Foetal immunotolerance is one of the major challenges of pregnancy which is surmounted in part by both, the foetus and the mother. This review highlights the role of two decidual proteins, galectin-1 and glycodelin A (GdA) in achieving localized immunosuppressive state in the uterus. The two proteins have similar effects on T cells, inhibiting thei...

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) represents a major global health threat. The envelope glycoproteins, E1-E2 of HCV play an important role in infection by binding to hepatocyte surface receptors leading to viral entry. Several regions on the E1-E2 are conserved for maintaining structural stability, despite the high mutation rate of HCV. Identification of ant...

Lymphatic filariasis is a debilitating diseases caused by filarial parasitic nematodes. The infection may be acquired in childhood but the symptoms become apparent only in later life. To evaluate the success of any intervention, sensitive diagnostics were used to identify infection among endemic normals that are likely to develop microfilaremia in...

The therapeutic potential of antibodies has not been fully exploited as they fail to cross cell membrane. In this article, we have tested the possibility of using plant virus based nanoparticles for intracellular delivery of antibodies. For this purpose, Sesbania mosaic virus coat protein (CP) was genetically engineered with the B domain of Staphyl...

Human lymphatic filariasis is a neglected tropical disease, causing permanent and long-term disability with severe immunopathology. Abundant larval transcript (ALT) plays a crucial role in parasite establishment in the host, due to its multi-faceted ability in host immune regulation. Although ALT protein is a key filarial target, its exact function...

Ternary copper(II) complexes of salicylaldehyde-histamine Schiff base (HL) and pyridyl ligands, viz. [Cu(bpy)(L)](ClO4) (1) and [Cu(dppz)(L)](ClO4) (2), where bpy is 2,2\(^{\prime }\)-bipyridine (in 1) and dppz is dipyrido[3,2-a:2\(^{\prime }\),3\(^{\prime }\)-c]phenazine (in 2), were synthesized, characterized and their DNA binding, photo-activate...

Oxovanadium(iv) complexes [VO(L¹)Cl2] (1) and [VO(L²)Cl2] (2), where L¹ is N,N,N-donor benzyldipicolylamine and L² is the BODIPY-appended N,N,N-donor base, viz., (8-{[bis(2-pyridylmethyl)amino]methylphenyl}-4,4-difluoro-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene), were synthesized, characterized and their photo-induced DNA crosslinking activ...

Copper(ii) complexes of N,N,N-donor dipicolylamine ligands, viz. [Cu(L¹)Cl2] (1), [Cu(L²)Cl2] (2) and [Cu(L³)Cl2] (3) with L² and L³ having BODIPY (borondipyrromethene) moieties were synthesized, characterized and their photocytotoxicity studied. Complex 1 was structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. It has copper(ii) in a distorted squ...

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a major health threat to global population. In India, approximately 15-20% of cases of chronic liver diseases are caused by HCV infection. Although, new drug treatments hold great promise for HCV eradication in infected individuals, the treatments are highly expensive. A vaccine for preventing or...

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection represents a major health threat to global population. In India, approximately 15-20% of cases of chronic liver diseases are caused by HCV infection. Although, new drug treatments hold great promise for HCV eradication in infected individuals, the treatments are highly expensive. A vaccine for preventing or...

Hepatic cell culture on a three dimensional (3D) matrix or as a hepatosphere appears to be a promising in-vitro biomimetic system for liver tissue engineering applications. In this study, we have combined the concept of a 3D scaffold and a spheroid culture to develop an in-vitro model to engineer liver tissue for drug screening. We have evaluated t...

Oxovanadium(iv) complexes of vitamin-B6 Schiff base, viz., [VO(HL(1)/L(2)/L(3))(B)]Cl (), where B is 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy in and ), 11-(9-acridinyl)dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine (acdppz in and ), H2L(1)·HCl is 3-hydroxy-5-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(((2-hydroxyphenyl)imino)methyl)-2-methylpyridin-1-ium chloride (in and ), HL(2) is 2-(((2-(1H-imidazol-4-y...

Vitamin-B6 (VB6) Schiff base (H 2 L) copper(n) complexes of pyridyl bases, viz. [Cu(bpy)(L)] (1), [Cu(phen)(L)] (2) and [Cu (dppz) (L)] (3), where bpy is 2,2-bipyridine, pben is 1,10-phenanthroline and dppz is dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-cjphenazine are synthesized, characterized and their phto-induced anticancer activity studied. The non-electrolytic one...

Abrin, obtained from the seeds of Abrus precatorius plant, is a potent toxin belonging to the family of type II ribosome-inactivating proteins. Recently, a recombinant vaccine consisting of the A subunits of abrin and its homolog Abrus precatorius agglutinin (APA) was demonstrated to protect mice from abrin lethality. Toward identifying neutralizin...

We have recently reported significant association of non-polio enteroviruses (NPEVs) with acute and persistent diarrhea (18-21% of total diarrheal cases), and Non-diarrheal Increased Frequency of Bowel Movements (IFoBM-ND) (about 29% the NPEV infections) in children and that the NPEV-associated diarrhea was as significant as rotavirus diarrhea. How...

Oxidovanadium(IV) complexes [VO(pyphen)Cl2] (1) and [VO(pydppz)Cl2] (2), where pyphen is 2-(2′-pyridyl)-1,10-phenanthroline and pydppz is 3-(pyridin-2-yl)dipyrido[3,2-a:2′,3′-c]phenazine, show remarkable photoinduced DNA crosslinking ability and photocytotoxicity. The complexes are non-electrolytes in DMF, 1:1 electrolytes in 20 % aqueous DMF, and...

Though a number of new drugs have been and are being formulated to treat cancer, newer therapeutic approaches are needed due to increased instances of drug resistance and toxic side effects. One relatively new approach for treatment is immunotherapy, using antibodies or ligands to cell surface molecules as vehicles to deliver toxins to specific cel...

Abrin obtained from the plant Abrus precatorius inhibits protein synthesis and also triggers apoptosis in cells. Previous studies from our laboratory suggested a link between these two events. Using an active site mutant of abrin A-chain which exhibits 225-fold lower protein synthesis inhibitory activity than the wild-type abrin A-chain, we demonst...

Copper(II) complexes of BODIPY (borondipyrromethene) derivatives (L1, L2) and curcumin (Hcur), viz. [Cu(L1)(cur)]Cl (1) and [Cu(L2)(cur)]Cl (2), where L1 and L2 are the non-iodinated and diiodinated BODIPY appended dipicolylamine ligands, are prepared, characterized and their photocytotoxic activity in visible light studied. Binding to copper(II) h...

Ferrocenyl (Fc) conjugates (1–3) of alkylpyridinium cations (E)-N-alkyl-4-[2-(ferrocenyl)vinyl]pyridinium bromide (alkyl = n-butyl in 1, N,N,N-triethylbutan-1-aminium bromide in 2, and n-butyltriphenylphosphonium bromide in 3) were prepared and characterized, and their photocytotoxicities and cellular uptakes in HeLa cancer and 3T3 normal cells wer...

Abrin is a type II ribosome-inactivating protein obtained from the mature seeds of a subtropical plant named Abrus precatorius. It is a glycoprotein which arrests protein synthesis in eukaryotes by inactivating ribosomes irreversibly. The heterodimeric protein comprises of the toxic subunit, the A chain which is disulfide bonded to the B chain, a g...

Oxidovanadium(IV) complexes of 2-(2′-pyridyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (pyphen), viz. [VO(pyphen)(acac)](ClO4) (1), [VO(pyphen)(anacac)](ClO4) (2) and [VO(pyphen)(cur)](ClO4) (3), where acac is acetylacetonate (in 1), anacac is anthracenylacetylacetonate (in 2) and cur is curcumin monoanion (in 3) were synthesized, characterized and their photo-induced...

Ferrocene-conjugated copper(II) complexes [Cu(Fc-aa)(aip)](ClO4) (1–3) and [Cu(Fc-aa)(pyip)](ClO4) (4–6) of L-amino acid reduced Schiff bases (Fc-aa), 2-(9-anthryl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline (aip) and 2-(1-pyrenyl)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ( pyip), where Fc-aa is ferrocenylmethyl-Ltyrosine (Fc-Tyr in 1, 4), ferrocenylmethyl...

Oxovanadium(IV) complexes, viz. [VO(Fc-tpy)(Curc)](ClO4) (1), [VO(Fc-tpy)(bDHC)](ClO4) (2), [VO(Fc-tpy)(bDMC)](ClO4) (3) and [VO(Ph-tpy)(Curc)](ClO4) (4), of 4'-ferrocenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (Fc-tpy) and 4'-phenyl-2,2':6',2″-terpyridine (Ph-tpy) and monoanionic curcumin (Curc), bis-dehydroxycurcmin (bDHC) and bis-demethoxycurcumin (bDMC) were p...

A new benzoyl hydrazone based chemosensor R is synthesized by Schiff base condensation of 2,6-diformyl-4-methylphenol and phenyl carbohydrazide and acts as a highly selective fluorescence sensor for Cu(2+) and Zn(2+) ions in aqueous media. The reaction of R with CuCl2 or ZnCl2 forms the corresponding dimeric dicopper(II) [Cu2(R)(CH3O)(NO3)]2(CH3O)2...

An oxovanadium(iv) vitamin-B6 Schiff base complex, viz. [VO(HL)(acdppz)]Cl, having (acridinyl)dipyridophenazine (acdppz) shows specific localization to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and remarkable apoptotic photocytotoxicity in visible light (400-700 nm) in HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cells (IC50 < 0.6 μM) while being non-toxic in the dark and to MCF-10A no...

Lymphatic filariasis is a parasitic disease of tropical countries. This is a disfiguring and painful disease contracted in childhood, but the symptoms become apparent only in later years. Diagnosis of filarial infection is very crucial for the management of the disease. The main objective of this study was to develop a filarial antigen-based immuno...

Abrin is a type II ribosome-inactivating protein obtained from the mature seeds of a subtropical plant named Abrus precatorius. It is a glycoprotein which arrests protein synthesis in eukaryotes by inactivating ribosomes irreversibly. The heterodimeric protein comprises of the toxic subunit, the A chain which is disulfide bonded to the B chain, a g...

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted from hypothalamic neurons and bind to receptors on gonadotrope cells of the pituitary gland, which then synthesize and release luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone that regulate gonadal development. The presence of GnRH receptors and the effects of synthetic analogs of GnRH at extrap...

Abrin from Abrus precatorius plant is a potent protein synthesis inhibitor and induces apoptosis in cells. However, the relationship between inhibition of protein synthesis and apoptosis is not well understood. Inhibition of protein synthesis by abrin can lead to accumulation of unfolded protein in the endoplasmic reticulum causing ER stress. The o...

Abrin, a type II ribosome inactivating protein, comprises of A and B subunits wherein the A subunit harbors toxin activity and the B subunit has galactose-specific lectin activity. The entry of the protein inside the cell is through the binding of the B chain to cell surface glycoproteins followed by receptor-mediated endocytosis and retrograde tra...

Taxol (generic name paclitaxel), a plant-derived antineoplastic agent, used widely against breast, ovarian and lung cancer, was originally isolated from the bark of the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia. The limited supply of the drug has prompted efforts to find alternative sources, such as chemical synthesis, tissue and cell cultures of the Taxus spe...

Abrin, an A/B toxin obtained from the Abrus precatorius plant is extremely toxic and a potential bio-warfare agent. Till date there is no antidote or vaccine available against this toxin. The only known neutralizing monoclonal antibody against abrin, namely D6F10, has been shown to rescue the toxicity of abrin in cells as well as in mice. The prese...

Amino acid sequence 74–123 comprise the core epitope on ABA. The uninduced (Un) and induced (In) samples of the chimeric proteins (∼45 kDa) of ABA and APA A chain were subjected to immunoblot analysis with mAb D6F10 or anti-GST antibody. The recombinant APA A chain full-length did not bind the mAb D6F10 unlike abrin (positive control). The APA A ch...

Proposed model for immunoneutralization of abrin by the mAb D6F10. (A) At 1∶10 molar ratio of abrin:mAb D6F10 the antigen-antibody complex binds to the surface of HeLa cells and internalizes into the same. Thus inhibition of protein synthesis by abrin is blocked intracellularly by the bound antibody either by interfering with the toxin transport or...

The mAb D6F10 is pure and free of any contaminating protein. 20 and 40 µg of the purified mAb D6F10 was electrophoresed on a 12.5% polyacrylamide gel under reducing conditions and stained with Coomassie blue to visualize the protein bands. (TIF)

The mAb D6F10 binds and internalizes in HeLa cells along with abrin. 0.04 million HeLa cells adhered on a cover slip were incubated with 1∶50 dilution of normal mouse serum in DMEM for 1 h. Cells were then incubated for 1 h with different samples at room temperature. After the treatments, cells were fixed with paraformaldehyde, washed twice with PB...

The mapped epitope corresponding to mAb D6F10 is spatially far from the B chain of abrin. The ABA is represented in green, the B chain is coloured blue and the residues Thr112, Gly114 and Arg118 (crucial for binding to mAb D6F10) are represented as red sticks. The figure illustrates that the epitope lies far from the functional domains of the B cha...

Immunotherapy is fast emerging as one of the leading modes of treatment of cancer, in combination with chemotherapy and radiation. Use of immunotoxins, proteins bearing a cell-surface receptor-specific antibody conjugated to a toxin, enhances the efficacy of cancer treatment. The toxin Abrin, isolated from the plant, is a type II ribosome inactivat...

rABRa-A expressed in E. coli is functionally active, enabling the construction of the ITs. A: rABRa-A and rABRa-A (R167L) were expressed in E. coli and purified using Ni-NTA chromatography. The purity of the proteins was determined by SDS-PAGE followed by Coomassie blue staining. a: rABRa-A; b: rABRa-A (R167L). B: The purified recombinant proteins...

MCF-7 cells are more sensitive than MCF-10A to mAb F1G4-rABRa-A induced toxicity. MCF-7 and MCF-10A cells (1×106/ml) were cultured in the presence of different concentrations of F1G4-IT and assayed for protein synthesis as described earlier. The incorporated radioactivity for each sample was plotted as % of that for the control cells. Each lane rep...

FACScan profiles of HepG2 cells treated with abrin, F1G4-IT or F1G4-IT(R167L). HepG2 cells (1×106/ml) were treated with 19.2 nM of either one of the immunoconjugates: F1G4-IT or F1G4-ITR167L, or abrin (51.25 pM) for different time intervals. The cells were harvested, fixed with 70% ethanol at −20°C, stained with staining solution (20 µg/ml propidiu...

Fluorescence microscopy of MCF-7, HepG2, KB and MCF-10A cells for binding of mAbs F1G4, A9E4 and VU1D9. Cells (0.4×104/mm2) were fixed with paraformaldehyde and incubated with the antibodies overnight at 4°C, washed and stained with FITC-conjugated anti-mouse Ig. Prior to imaging, the cells were stained with Hoechst 33342 to stain the nucleus. A: I...

Glycodelin A (GdA) is a dimeric glycoprotein synthesized by the human endometrium under progesterone regulation. Based on the high sequence similarity with β-lactoglobulin, it is placed under the lipocalin superfamily. The protein is one of the local immunomodulators present at the feto-maternal interface which affects both the innate as well as th...

The envelope protein (E1-E2) of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major component of the viral structure. The glycosylated envelope protein is considered to be important for initiation of infection by binding to cellular receptor(s) and also known as one of the major antigenic targets to host immune response. The present study was aimed at identifying m...

Binding efficiency of HCV-LP to human hepatoma (Huh 7) cells at 37°C at different time points. The HCV-LPs of genotype 1b and 3a were incubated at 37°C for different time and the attachment was detected by FACS with an anti-E1E2 polyclonal antibody and FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG. (TIF)

Inhibition of HCV-LP binding to Huh 7 cells using a non-specific antibody F1G4. HCV-LP of genotype 1b and 3a were incubated with 10 µg of F1G4 mAbs taken as negative control. The Y-axis depicts the percentage activity representing both the percent binding (dark grey) and the percent inhibition (light grey) of HCV-LP attachment. (TIF)

Binding of HCV-LPs of genotype 1b and 3a to human hepatoma (Huh 7) cells. Huh 7 cells were incubated with HCV-LPs (corresponding to approximately 7 µg/ml of HCV-LP) and the binding was analyzed by FACS with an anti-E1E2 polyclonal antibody and FITC-conjugated anti-mouse IgG. The MFI (shown on the X-axis) of the cell population relates to the surfac...

Polypyridyl platinum(II) complexes (1-5), viz., [Pt(pyphen)Cl]Cl (1), [Pt(pyphen)(C≡CFc)]Cl (2), [Pt(pydppz)Cl]Cl (3), [Pt(pydppz)(C≡CPh)]Cl (4) and [Pt(pydppz)(C≡CFc)]Cl (5), where pyphen is 6-(2-pyridyl)-1,10-phenanthroline, pydppz is 6-(2-pyridyl)-dipyrido-[3,2-a:2',3'-c]-phenazine, FcC≡CH is ferrocenyl acetylene and PhC≡CH is phenyl acetylene,...

A series of macrobicyclic dizinc(ii) complexes [Zn(2)(1-2)B](ClO(4))(4) () have been synthesized and characterized ((1-2) are polyaza macrobicyclic binucleating ligands, and B is the N,N-donor heterocyclic base (viz. 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) and 1,10-phenanthroline (phen)). The DNA and protein binding, DNA hydrolysis and anticancer activity of these...

Two new hydroxynaphthyl-hydrazone based fluorogenic chemosensors and have been synthesized by Schiff base condensation of Tris(4-formylphenyl)amine with 1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-hydrazide and 1-hydroxynaphthalene-2-carbohydrazone, respectively. They are examined as highly selective and sensitive receptors for Cu(2+) ions in aqueous medium. Electronic...

Circulating human γδ T cells release ATP upon in vitro stimulation, which signals through P2X4 receptors and governs these cellsˈ function. Purinergic signaling plays a key role in a variety of physiological functions, including regulation of immune responses. Conventional αβ T cells release ATP upon TCR cross-linking; ATP binds to purinergic recep...

The foetus is dependent on its mother for passive immunity involving receptor-mediated specific transport of antibodies. IgG antibody is present in highest concentration in serum and is the only antibody type that can cross the placenta efficiently, except for its IgG2 subclass. Most of the pathogenic manifestations affecting the foetus involve cap...

Repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) is crucial for maintaining genomic integrity during the successful development of a fertilized egg into a whole organism. To date, the mechanism of DSB repair in postimplantation embryos has been largely unknown. In the present study, using a cell-free repair system derived from the different embryonic stag...