Andy Hargreaves

Boston College | BC · Lynch School of Education

Social-emotional learning (SEL) programs have become one of the most popular tools that schools use to help students learn to manage their emotions and build better relationships. But Dennis Shirley and Andy Hargreaves argue that these programs are insufficient to help students face today’s challenges. It would be far better, they explain, for scho...

Purpose This article revisits three classic findings from Dan Lortie's 1975 book Schoolteacher , in the context of the coronavirus pandemic and its possible aftermaths. These findings are that teachers and others base their ideas about teaching on the long apprenticeship of observation as students; they derive their satisfaction from the psychic re...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to cover a 10-year period in ten of Ontario’s 72 school districts on the nature, origins and importance of “leading from the middle” (LfM) within and across the districts. Design/methodology/approach The research uses a self-selected but also representative sample of ten Ontario school districts. It undertook t...

For decades, education researchers have been drawing attention to the importance of professional collaboration among teachers as a way to improve student achievement. But not all collaboration is equally effective. Andy Hargreaves and Michael O’Connor explain that the most successful and sustainable efforts are characterized by both solidity and so...

This research report documents the nature and impact of a Consortium of 10 school boards a liated with the Council of Ontario Directors of Education (CODE) in leading bold and sophisticated change for today’s students, in one of the highest performing and most culturally diverse educational systems in the world – the province of Ontario in Canada....

Purpose This Commentary is a review and critique of arguments that oppose the desirability and impact of professional collaboration in education. The purpose of this paper is to analyze two recent high-profile reviews of professional development and collaboration. The analysis is informed by a historical typology of five phases of professional coll...

All versions of top-down reform have an Achilles heel: Their focus on delivering the details of two or three measurable priorities is suitable only for systems pursuing traditional and comparatively narrow achievement goals. A digital age of complex skills, cultural diversity, and high-speed change calls for more challenging educational goals and m...

This paper draws on findings from the results of a study of leadership in high performing organizations in three sectors. Organizations were sampled and included on the basis of high performance in relation to no performance, past performance, performance among similar peers and performance in the face of limited resources or challenging circumstan...

Artiklis antakse ülevaade uurimistulemustest, mis käsitlevad edukalt toimivate organisatsioonide juhtimist kolmes valdkonnas. Organisatsioonid kaasati valimisse eduka toimivuse alusel, võttes arvesse nende kesiseid tulemusi minevikus, võrdlust teiste sarnaste koolidega ning toimimist piiratud ressursside ja keeruliste tingimuste kontekstis. Artikli...

Rural school educators are often isolated and have few opportunities to learn from neighboring schools or colleagues. This is an especially daunting challenge for low-performing rural schools faced with implementing significant reform efforts (e.g., turnaround approaches, educator effectiveness systems, college- and career-ready standards and asses...

The paper is drawn from an international study of 15 organisations from three sectors, business, education and sport over four years. The organisations were chosen because they uplifted their performance and their people. The research revealed six common factors that contributed to the success of these organisations. This paper cites two examples:...

This paper draws on recent research on teacher collegiality and professional learning communities to unpack the nature, benefits and drawbacks of different forms of collegial relations, especially in circumstances of high stakes reform. In particular the paper examines the relative merits of pulling change by inspiring and enthusing teachers in the...

Educational reform today is being ruled by hyper-rationality. Tyrannies of imposed reform, and technologies of individualized online learning, are separating learners and their teachers from their feelings, their fellow teachers and learners, and their future purposes and dreams. Curriculum standards, accountability, performance evaluations, target...

This article has two main objectives. It first outlines the first three waves of change termed by Hargreaves and Shirley (The Fourth Way: The inspiring future for educational change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press, 2009) as the First, Second and Third Way that defined global educational policy and practice since the 1960s. It then introduces the m...

This chapter examines the crisis of leadership success, succession and capacity development by viewing it as a question of supply and demand. Drawing on our research in the United States , Canada , England , and high-performing Finland , as well as on other literature in the field, this chapter identifies challenges of leadership success and succes...

(Lortie, D. C. 1975. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.)

Background/Context This study draws on the voluminous research on teachers’ workplace orientations and especially on Dan Lortie's documentation of conservatism, individualism, and presentism among teachers. Purpose/Objective/Research Question/Focus of Study This study investigated a school reform network of over 300 secondary schools entitled Rais...

Everything in K-12 education is instant, short-term, the quick fix. As such, little attention is paid to long-term planning and even less to leadership succession or stability. The change agenda is the leadership agenda and from the very top, both are being mismanaged. More and more, the author is seeing this with his own eyes in his studies of edu...

When Galileo first constructed a telescope and saw that Venus transited around the Sun and not vice versa, and it was concluded that this must also be true of the third planet from the Sun – the Earth – Europeans had to confront the idea that everything did not revolve around them.

In the face of mounting evidence that top-down, micro-managed educational change models have failed to enhance student achievement over time, alternative models of lateral and distributed leadership, cross-school networks and professional learning communities are now being promoted as ways to harness the energy, motivation and professional learning...

We live in perilously unsustainable times. Because of the developed world's desire for endless progress and limitless consumption, for immediate pleasure and short-term reward, for wanting it all and wanting it now, our planet and its people are now imperilled. And the most underprivileged — the poor and the dispossessed — are the most imperilled o...

The two volumes of the second edition of the International Handbook of Educational Change comprise a totally new, and updated collection of the most critical and cutting-edge ideas in educational change. Written by the most influential thinkers in the field, these volumes cover educational change at both the theoretical and practical levels. The up...

This article analyzes three decades of educational reform strategies pertaining to ethnocultural diversity in the United States and Canada and how they affect the efforts of four secondary schools, two in each context, to respond to increasing student diversity. Data include 186 teacher interviews drawn from a large ethnographic study. The article...

Ximelagatran, the first oral agent in the new class of direct thrombin inhibitors, was withdrawn from the market due to increased rates of liver enzyme elevations in long-term treatments. Despite intensive pre clinical investigations the cellular mechanisms behind the observed hepatic effects remain unknown. The aim of this study was to assess drug...

Incl. bibl. references This article addresses how to reconcile the creative and innovative emphases of future knowledge societies with the needs and demands for longer term sustainable development of enduring and worthwhile practices within education and beyond it. Drawing on a theoretical framework of organisational memory and sustainability, the...

The long and short of school improvement is that today and tomorrow both matter. More and more rushed reforms--however well intentioned--that produce multitudes of initiatives cascading down from the Minister's office, to the district superintendent and then to principals and their schools, will never get beyond the classroom door, and--except in t...

Student learning and development do not occur without teacher learning and development. Not any teacher development will do, though. The old flaws of weak and wayward staff development are well-known--no staff development, in which trial and error are assumed to be enough; staff development that is all ideas and no implementation, i.e. the professo...

En: Padres y maestros A Coruña 2007, n. 310 ; p. 17-21 Un estudio realizado en ocho centros educativos de Estados Unidos y Canadá desvela la importancia de la sostenibilidad directiva. Esto es la permanencia en el tiempo de una directiva en el centro para que los cambios que esta introduzca puedan llegar a buen fin. El liderazgo sostenible se carac...

Sustainable leadership and improvement are more than matters of mere endurance, of making things last. We define sustainable leadership, in line with the environmental field, in the following way: Sustainable leadership matters, spreads and lasts. It is a shared responsibility, that does not unduly deplete human or financial resources, and that car...

Background: Implicitly, innovative schools have historically contained some (but not usually all) of the properties of learning organizations and professional learning communities but have a weak record of sustaining success over time. Can innovative schools that self-consciously establish themselves as learning organizations and professional learn...

Purpose: This article presents the conceptual framework, methodological design, and key research findings from a Spencer Foundation-funded project of long-term educational change over time. Research Design: Based on more than 200 interviews, supplementary observations, and extensive archival data, it examines perceptions and experiences of educatio...

Purpose : This article focuses on the sustainability of reform through the lens of teachers’ nostalgia—the major form of memory among a demographically dominant cohort of experienced older teachers. Unwanted change evokes senses of nostalgia for these lost missions that take two forms: social and political. As teachers age, their responses to chang...

Distributed leadership in schools is not exclusive to professional learning communities; it is distributed in all schools, for good purposes and for bad, by design and by emergence. In this article, we describe a normative view of distributed leadership that tends to be a leadership of advocacy, and we offer a descriptive perspective that argues th...

The fates of schools are increasingly intertwined. What leaders do in one school necessarily affects the fortunes of students and teachers in other schools around them. Exemplary or high-profile institutions draw the most outstanding teachers and leaders, draining them away from other schools that, in time, become low-status places in which distric...

En: Revista de educación Madrid 2006, n. 339, enero-abril; p. 43-58 Lejos de la obsesión por la eficacia competitiva de algunas reformas corrientes, los cambios que necesitamos para el aprendizaje profundo y duradero de nuestros estudiantes requieren procesos sostenibles, democráticos y justos. Han de inspirarse en ciertos principios como amplitud,...

This paper examines the relationship of the emotions of teaching to teachers’ age and career stages based on experiences of educational change. Drawing on an analysis of interviews with 50 Canadian elementary, middle and high school teachers it analyzes how teachers respond emotionally to educational change at different ages and stages of career, a...

One of the most significant events in the life of a school is a change in its leadership. Yet few things in education succeed less than leadership succession. Failure to care for leadership succession is sometimes a result of manipulation or self-centeredness; but more often it is oversight, neglect, or the pressures of crisis management that are t...

This chapter explores the deep sources of the anxieties teachers can experience in their interactions with parents. Interview data from 53 elementary and teachers from Ontario, Canada are used to analyse teacher perceptions of their emotional relationships with parents. The theoretical framework for the study is grounded in two basic concepts: emot...

One of the most neglected dimensions of educational change is the emotional one. Educational and organizational change are often treated as rational, cognitive processes in pursuit of rational, cognitive ends. If emotions are acknowledged at all, this is usually in a minimalist way in terms of human relations or climate setting, where the task of l...

This section of the Handbook deals with the idea and necessity of extending educational change — conceptually and in action. Extending educational change matters for getting existing approaches to educational change to work more effectively in more places, and for deepening our understandings of and sensitivity to whose interests are at stake in ed...

ANDY HARGREAVES Department of Teacher Education, Curriculum and Instruction Lynch School of Education, Boston College, MA, U.S.A. ANN LIEBERMAN Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Stanford, CA, U.S.A. MICHAEL FULLAN Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto, Canada DAVID HOPKINS Department for Education and...

This article reports research results concerning one of the most important areas of leadership theory and practice, educational change and its impact upon teachers. Drawing on individual interviews with 50 varied teachers in 15 Canadian elementary and secondary schools, as well as supplementary focus groups, the article analyses teacher's emotional...

This article analyses the problems of school failure - failure at school and of schools - in terms of the emotional politics of distinction and disgust. The article notes that differential strategies of school improvement where levels of intervention are inversely related to school success risk creating an apartheid of improvement that deals only w...

Based on theoretical frameworks developed in my doctoral research, my contribution to this paper demonstrates the conceptualisation of critical theory as having great value in practical applications to research. Various interpretations of critical theory are presented and in particular, the ‘structurational model of curriculum’ (DinanThompson, 2002...

This paper is abridged and adapted from Prof. Hargreaves' soon-to-be released book, Teaching in the Knowledge Society. Details are provided at the end of this paper. WE LIVE in a knowledge economy, a knowledge society. Knowledge economies are stimulated and driven by creativity and ingenuity. Knowledge society schools have to create these qualities...

The paper examines the conceptual and strategicrole of social geographies in contributing toor undermining sustainable school improvement.It develops a four-fold definition ofsustainability as involving improvement overtime, within available or achievable resourcesthat does not impact negatively on thesurrounding environment and that promotesecolog...

Increasing attention is being paid to the importance of trust in organizations generally, and schools in particular, as an essential ingredient of improvement and effectiveness. The role of trust in leadership and in leaders' interactions with subordinates has been especially emphasized. In a study of the emotions of teaching that included data con...

This paper describes the conceptual framework, methodology, and some results from a project on the Emotions of Teaching and Educational Change. It introduces the concepts of emotional intelligence, emotional labor, emotional understanding and emotional geographies. Drawing on interviews with 53 teachers in 15 schools, the paper then describes key d...

This article examines classroom assessment reform from four perspectives: technological, cultural, political, and postmodern. Each perspective highlights different issues and problems in the phenomenon of classroom assessment. The technological perspective focuses on issues of organization, structure, strategy, and skill in developing new assessmen...

En: Cuadernos de Pedagogía Barcelona 2002, n. 319, diciembre ; p. 16-20 Las innovaciones educativas suelen acogerse con entusiamo pero, con el tiempo, pierden intensidad y pocas de ellas sobreviven. Para garantizar su sostenibilidad, los autores abogan por mejoras duraderas, que promuevan la diversidad y estén provistas de recursos disponibles o al...

This chapter examines the emotional dynamics of teachers’ relations with their colleagues by using the concept and theoretical framework of emotional geographies: one that is original to social science as well as educational research. The analysis is based on responses to interviews with 53 Canadian elementary and secondary teachers that included t...

This paper introduces a new concept in educational research and social science: that of emotional geographies. Emotional geographies describe the patterns of closeness and distance in human interactions that shape the emotions we experience about relationships to ourselves, each other, and the world around us. Drawing on an interview-based study of...

This paper introduces a new concept in educational research and social science: that of emotional geographies. Emotional geographies describe the patterns of closeness and distance in human interactions that shape the emotions we experience about relationships to ourselves, each other, and the world around us. Drawing on an interview-based study of...

Addresses the importance of emotions in relation to teachers' work in classrooms, to colleagues, and to communities, with implications for understanding the changing nature and organization of teaching in Japan. The paper analyzes five emotional geographies of teaching (moral, cultural, political, professional, and physical) in terms of Japanese te...

This paper describes the conceptual framework, methodology, and some results from a project on the Emotions of Teaching and Educational Change. It introduces the concepts of emotional intelligence, emotional labor, emotional understanding and emotional geographies. Drawing on interviews with 53 teachers in 15 schools, the paper then describes key d...

This paper conceptualizes the development of teacher professionalism as passing through four historical phases in many countries: the pre-professional age, the age of the autonomous professional, the age of the collegial professional and the fourth age-post-professional or postmodern. Current experiences and perceptions of teacher professionalism a...

Andy H argreaves a nd L eslie N .K. L o

Drawing on research in Canada as well as studies in Australia and elsewhere, this paper challenges the arguments of Smyth and Dow (British Journal of Sociology in Education, 19(3), pp. 291-303) that outcomes-based education necessarily embodies a form of technical rationality which routinizes, proletarianizes and deskills teachers and their work. T...

Investigates mentoring in the new millennium, linking approaches to mentoring with an evolutionary model of professionalism in teachers (the four ages of professionalism); examining key areas of change that should lead to a new way of looking at mentoring; and drawing conclusions for redesigning teacher preparation, developing continuous learning t...

Addresses the relationship between curriculum integration and classroom relevance in the practices of 29 Canadian junior high teachers. Teachers found curriculum integration rewarding and demanding. Integrated study units exemplified valued forms of learning: higher order thinking skills, problem-solving, applied knowledge, creativity, invention, a...

Compares a 1970s-era Canadian high school's failure to sustain its innovative character with challenges faced by a similar, recently founded high school. Both schools experienced problems with leadership succession, staff recruitment and retention, expanding enrollments, district and policy context, and community support. Recommendations are outlin...

This theme issue focuses on professionalism in teaching. It begins with an article in Viewpoints/Controversies titled "A Renewed Sense for the Purposes of Schooling: The Challenges of Education and Social Cohesion in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Europe, and Central Asia" (Stephen P. Heyneman; Sanja Todoric-Bebic). In Open File: Professionalism in T...

En: Cuadernos de Pedagogía Barcelona 2000, n. 290, abril ; p. 58-60 La nueva sociedad de la información espera que el docente aprenda a enseñar de forma diferente a como fue enseñado. Y le reserva un delicado lugar, en el que le convierte a la vez en catalizador del cambio y víctima del mismo.

Incl. index, bibliographical notes and references

This paper explores the emotions of teaching and teacher development in times of rapid change. It treats the emotional lives of educators not only as matters of personal disposition or commitment, as psychological qualities that emerge among individuals, but also as social and political phenomena that are shaped by how the work of teaching is organ...

A distinctive Canadian school of thought on educational change is inclined to synthesize diverse bodies of work and integrate nonrational and emotional dimensions with rational and technically effective ones in a socially critical way. Highlights the Canadian perspective through discussions about complex systems, contexts of change, critical stance...

The International Handbook of Educational Change is a state of the art collection of the most important ideas and evidence of educational change. The book brings together some of the most influential thinkers and writers on educational change. It deals with issues like educational innovation, reform, restructuring, culture-building, inspection, sch...

Ten teachers write about time-related frustrations growing out of school reform efforts, noting how problems were or were not resolved. There are specific examples of what it is like to experience school reform and how reform affects teachers' already full days. These cases are preceded by contextual descriptions. Each case study includes one or mo...

Fundamental educational change is more difficult, complex, and controversial than the change professional literature has acknowledged. This Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development (ASCD) yearbook is a collection of writings that address the difficulties of educational change. Following the foreword by Frances Faircloth Jones and the...

Over the previous quarter century, research on educational change has come to attain stature and significance as an important and legitimate field of study in its own right. This evolving field of educational change is grounded in and has also influenced a complex collection of approaches to bringing about educational change in practice. Thus, stud...

Incl. bibliographical notes and references, index, notes on the contributors

This paper explores ways in which the boundaries between educational research, policy, and practice are being—and can further be—blurred in the postmodern age. First, it describes two paradigms of knowledge and how knowledge is used or generated by practitioners: knowledge utilization and teachers’ self-generated knowledge. The distinctions between...