Andrzej Stateczny

• Prof. Dr.
• Professor (Full) at Gdynia Maritime University

Generating aerial shoreline segmentation masks can be a daunting task, often requiring manual labeling or correction. This is further problematic because neural segmentation models require decent and abundant data for training, requiring even more manpower to automate the process. In this paper, we propose utilizing Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs)...

Recently, the Hyper Spectral Image (HSI) classification relies as a well-established study area in the topic related to Remote Sensing (RS). The classification of HSI is used in various applications such as military, agriculture, mineral mapping and so on. However, the existing techniques have underlying difficulties related to curse of dimensional...

The coastal environment represents a resource from both a natural and economic point of view, but it is subject to continuous transformations due to climate change, human activities, and natural risks. Remote sensing techniques have enormous potential in monitoring coastal areas. However, one of the main tasks is accurately identifying the boundary...

Land Use Land Cover (LULC) classification using satellite images is crucial for land-use inventories and environment modelling. The LULC classification is a difficult task because of high dimensional feature space which affects the classification accuracy. This research proposes a Dual Strategy based Bald Eagle Search (DSBES) algorithm and Stacked...

The increasing amount of rain produces a number of issues in Kerala, particularly in urban regions where the drainage system is frequently unable to handle a significant amount of water in such a short duration. Meanwhile, standard flood detection results are inaccurate for complex phenomena and cannot handle enormous quantities of data. In order t...

State-of-art methods of bathymetric measurements for shallow waterbodies use Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver, bathymetric Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) sensor or satellite imagery. Currently, photogrammetric methods with the application of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) are gathering great importance. This publication aims...

This publication is aimed at developing a concept of an innovative system for dimensioning and predicting changes in the coastal zone topography using Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USVs). The 4DBatMap system will consist of four components: 1. Measurement data acquisition module. Bathymetric and photogrammetric meas...

Bathymetric measurements in waters shallower than 1 m are necessary to monitor seafloor relief changes in the coastal zone. This is especially important for ensuring the safety of navigation, navigation efficiency, as well as during the design and monitoring of hydrotechnical structures. Therefore, the aim of this article is to present a method for...

This article explores the use of Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) derived point clouds to extract the shoreline of the Lake Kłodno (Poland), based on their geometry properties. The data collection was performed using the Velodyne VLP‐16 laser scanner, which was mounted on the HydroDron Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV). A modified version of the sh...

There are many manufacturers on the market offering various types of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV). The multitude of drones available on the market means that the choice of a UAV for a specific application appears to be a decision problem to be solved. The aim of this article is a comparative analysis of drones used in photogrammetric surveys. The...

Depth data and the digital bottom model created from it are very important in the inland and coastal water zones studies and research. The paper undertakes the subject of bathymetric data processing using reduction methods and examines the impact of data reduction according to the resulting representations of the bottom surface in the form of numer...

Autonomous technologies are increasingly used in various areas of science. The use of unmanned vehicles for hydrographic surveys in shallow coastal areas requires accurate estimation of shoreline position. This is a nontrivial task, which can be performed using a wide range of sensors and methods. The aim of the publication is to review shoreline e...

The economic sustainability of aquifers across the world relies on accurate and rapid estimates of groundwater storage changes, but this becomes difficult due to the absence of in-situ groundwater surveys in most areas. By closing the water balance, hydrologic remote sensing measures offer a possible method for quantifying changes in groundwater st...

The visualization of riverbeds and surface facilities on the banks is crucial for systems that analyze conditions, safety, and changes in this environment. Hence, in this paper, we propose collecting, and processing data from a variety of sensors—sonar, LiDAR, multibeam echosounder (MBES), and camera—to create a visualization for further analysis....

Technical diagnostics enables assessing the current technical condition of a railway line and adjacent infrastructure, and forecasting its changes over a specific time horizon. One of its elements is the periodic monitoring of rail position and their geometry. This article presents a new framework for the setting-out of a railway track axis. The pr...

Remote sensing object detection plays a major role in satellite imaging and is required in various scenarios such as transportation, forestry, and the ocean. Deep learning techniques provide efficient performance in remote sensing object detection. The existing techniques have the limitations of data imbalance, overfitting, and lower efficiency in...

Current Earth observation systems generate massive amounts of satellite image time series to keep track of geographical areas over time to monitor and identify environmental and climate change. Efficiently analyzing such data remains an unresolved issue in remote sensing. In classifying land cover, utilizing SITS rather than one image might benefit...

Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) monitoring is crucial for global transformation, sustainable land control, urban planning, urban growth prediction, and the establishment of climate regulations for long-term development. Remote sensing images have become increasingly important in many environmental planning and land use surveys in recent times. LULC...

Changes in the seafloor relief are particularly noticeable in shallow waterbodies (at depths up to several metres), where they are of significance for human safety and environmental protection, as well as for which the highest measurement accuracy is required. The aim of this publication is to present the integration data model of the bathymetric m...

Measurements in the coastal zone are carried out using various methods, including Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), hydroacoustic and optoelectronic methods. Therefore, it is necessary to develop coordinate transformation models that will enable the conversion of data from the land and marine parts to one coordinate system. The article pr...

Currently, the primary method for determining the object coordinates is positioning using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) supported by Inertial Navigation Systems (INS). The main goal of this solution is to ensure high positioning availability, particularly when access to satellite signals is limited (in tunnels, areas with densely conce...

The article presents two concepts of estimating the target's state vector in the process of radar tracking, by means of the neural filter based on GRNN network and the results of initial research on the method of manoeuvre detection for the needs of such concepts. Both concepts assume using networks of different parameters for a tracked target proc...

Hydrographic surveys enable the acquisition and processing of bathymetric data, which after being plotted onto nautical charts, can help to ensure safety of navigation, monitor changes in the coastal zone, and assess hydro-engineering structure conditions. This study involves the measurement of waterbody depth, identification of the seabed shape an...

In recent years, vehicle navigation, in particular autonomous navigation, has been at the center of several major developments, both in civilian and defense applications. New technologies, such as multisensory data fusion, big data processing, or deep learning, are changing the quality of areas of applications, improving the sensors and systems use...

As the number of research activities and practical deployments of unmanned vehicles has shown a rapid growth, topics related to their communication with operator and external infrastructure became of high importance. As a result a trend of employing IP communication for this purpose is emerging and can be expected to bring significant advantages. H...

In recent trends, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become popular because of their cost, simple structure, reliability, and developments in the communication field. The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to the interconnection of everyday objects and sharing of information through the Internet. Congestion in networks leads to transmission delays a...

The precision of a linear object measurement using satellite techniques is determined by the number and the relative position of the visible satellites by the receiver. The status of the visible constellation is described by the Dilution Of Precision (DOP). The obtained geometric coefficient values are dependent on many variables. When determining...

The integration of geospatial data in hydrography, performed using different measurement systems, involves combining several study results to provide a comprehensive analysis. Each of the hydroacoustic and optoelectronic systems is characterised by a different spatial reference system and the method for technical implementation of the measurement....

The 14 papers (from 29 submitted) published in the Special Issue “Radar and Sonar Imaging Processing (2nd Edition)” highlight a variety of topics related to remote sensing with radar and sonar sensors. The sequence of articles included in the SI deal with a broad profile of aspects of the use of radar and sonar images in line with the latest scient...

Hydrographic surveys, in accordance with the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) S-44 standard, can be carried out in the following five orders: Exclusive, Special, 1a, 1b and 2, for which minimum accuracy requirements for the applied positioning system have been set out. They are as follows, respectively: 1, 2, 5, 5 and 20 m, with a conf...

Satellite image classification is widely used in various real-time applications, such as the military, geospatial surveys, surveillance and environmental monitoring. Therefore, the effective classification of satellite images is required to improve classification accuracy. In this paper, the combination of Hierarchical Framework and Ensemble Learni...

Autonomous vehicle navigation has been at the center of several major developments, both in civilian and defense applications [...].

Bathymetry is a subset of hydrography, aimed at measuring the depth of waterbodies and waterways. Measurements are taken inter alia to detect natural obstacles or other navigational obstacles that endanger the safety of navigation, to examine the navigability conditions, anchorages, waterways and other commercial waterbodies, and to determine the p...

In recent times, visible light communication is an emerging technology that supports high speed data communication for wireless communication systems. However, the performance of the visible light communication system is impaired by inter symbol interference, the time dispersive nature of the channel, and nonlinear features of the light emitting di...

The Territorial Sea Baseline (TSB) allows coastal states to define the maritime boundaries, such as: contiguous zone, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone and territorial sea. Their delimitations determine what rights (jurisdiction and sovereignty) a given coastal state is entitled to. For many years, the problem of delimiting baseline was co...

Object detection is an important process in surveillance system to locate objects and it is considered as major application in computer vision. The Convolution Neural Network (CNN) based models have been developed by many researchers for object detection to achieve higher performance. However, existing models have some limitations such as overfitti...

The Special Issue (SI) “Remote Sensing in Vessel Detection and Navigation” highlighted a variety of topics related to remote sensing with navigational sensors. The sequence of articles included in this Special Issue is in line with the latest scientific trends. The latest developments in science, including artificial intelligence, were used. The 15...

The 21 papers (from 61 submitted) published in the Special Issue “Radar and Sonar Imaging Processing” highlighted a variety of topics related to remote sensing with radar and sonar sensors. The sequence of articles included in the SI dealt with a broad profile of aspects of the use of radar and sonar images in line with the latest scientific trends...

A new trend in recent years for hydrographic measurement in water bodies is the use of unmanned surface vehicles (USVs). In the process of navigation by USVs, it is particularly important to control position precisely on the measuring profile. Precise navigation with respect to the measuring profile avoids registration of redundant data and thus sa...

Autonomous navigation is an important task for unmanned vehicles operating both on the surface and underwater. A sophisticated solution for autonomous non-global navigational satellite system navigation is comparative (terrain reference) navigation. We present a method for fast processing of 3D multibeam sonar data to make depth area comparable wit...

Water areas occupy over 70 percent of the Earth’s surface and are constantly subject to research and analysis. Often, hydrographic remote sensors are used for such research, which allow for the collection of information on the shape of the water area bottom and the objects located on it. Information about the quality and reliability of the depth da...

Bathymetric Electronic Navigational Charts (bENCs) contain only bathymetry data and can be used in applications such as underwater positioning, dredging and piloting. According to International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) standard S-57, Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) contain depth information with pure density of depth contours. Typical...

Avoiding collisions with other objects is one of the most basic safety tasks undertaken in the operation of floating vehicles. Addressing this challenge is essential, especially during unmanned vehicle navigation processes in autonomous missions. This paper provides an empirical analysis of the surface target detection possibilities in a water envi...

The paper presents design, structure and architecture of the Universal Autonomous Control and Management System (UACAMS) for multipurpose unmanned surface vessel. The system was designed, installed and implemented on the multipurpose platform - unmanned surface vessel named HydroDron. The platform is designed to execute hydrographic survey missions...

Autonomous surface vehicles (ASVs) are becoming more and more popular for performing hydrographic and navigational tasks. One of the key aspects of autonomous navigation is the need to avoid collisions with other objects, including shore structures. During a mission, an ASV should be able to automatically detect obstacles and perform suitable maneu...

The article presents the watercraft recognition and identification system as an extension for the presently used visual water area monitoring systems, such as VTS (Vessel Traffic Service) or RIS (River Information Service). The watercraft identification systems (AIS - Automatic Identification Systems) which are presently used in both sea and inland...

The use of unmanned vehicles in various fields of science and the economy is becoming more common. An extremely important aspect of creating this type of solution is to provide autonomous vehicle navigation, which does not require interference of the human factor or in which it is limited to a minimum. This article discusses the concept of autonomo...

The article presents a method to determine the position of mechanically scanned sonar images by comparing them with the database of simulated synthetic images. The synthetic images are generated from high-density bathymetric data coming from the same fragment of water region, using the ray tracing method. The article discusses the issues related to...

An electronic navigational chart is a major source of information for the navigator. The component that contributes most significantly to the safety of navigation on water is the information on the depth of an area. For the purposes of this article, the authors use data obtained by the interferometric sonar GeoSwath Plus. The data were collected in...

River Information Services (RIS) were implemented in Poland in 2013 on the lower part of the river Oder. Their numerous system sensors include FMCW radars. Shore based radars provide data for various services, such as traffic information, traffic management and calamity abatement support. The Polish RIS system uses the 4G™ FMCW radars. Considering...

The paper presents results of the research on beam sharpening effect in inland waters. The idea of the research was to verify influence of beam sharpening on range and bearing discrimination in real environment. Research scenario assumes analysing the screen correlated with distance between targets, which allows examining real efficiency of beam sh...

In the article data fusion techniques for underwater environment modelling are presented. For better understanding the problem, authors divided data fusion techniques into three parts, in reference to the output information that needed to be obtained.

The first section of the River Information Services (RIS) system in Poland was implemented in 2013 in an area of 97.5 km of waterways on the river Oder from the city of Szczecin up to the town of Ognica. Three options of the RIS extension towards the south are under development. Each option incorporates the FMCW radars. This article presents an ana...

The article presents a detailed analysis of parameter settings of self-organizing map (SOM) for the clusterization of bathymetric data obtained using interferometric techniques. Clusterization using SOM is one of the stages of a new a geodata reduction method being currently researched by the authors for the purpose of a bathymetric map constructio...

This paper presents the results of research on the fusion of tracking radar and an Automatic Identification System (AIS) in an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS). First, the concept of these systems according to the International Maritime Organization (IMO) is described, then a set of theoretical information on radar tracking a...

One of crucial problems in the process of precise Port Electronic Navigational Chart (Port ENC) production is the seabed objects charting. General knowledge about the underwater objects is very important for the improvement in navigational safety, especially important in harbour areas. The article presents the concept of hierarchical hydrographic d...

The article presents the reduction problems of hydrographic big data for the needs of gathering sound information for Navigation Electronic Chart (ENC) production. For the article purposes, data was used from an interferometric sonar, which is a modification of a multi-beam sonar. Data reduction is a procedure meant to reduce the size of the data s...

Implementation of River Information Services in Poland on area of Lower Odra river according to RIS Directive was done in 2014. Several kinds of sensors was used during system construction like AIS base station, CCTV cameras, FMCW radars, radar water level gauges, hydro meteorological station. In the article problems of radar sensors - surveillance...

The paper presents results of the research on problem of radar-AIS data fusion in ECDIS. First the concept of these systems according to IMO is provided, then a set of theoretical information concerning radar tracking and the fusion itself is given and finally numerical research with real data are presented. Two methods of decentralized fusion are...

Safety of inland navigation has become for many years more and more important problem because there is tendency to move cargo from land and train transportation to inland shipping. To improve inland navigation River Information Services (RIS) have been established. In the European Union the implementation process of RIS is steel in progress. For ex...

Due to an increasing trend of replacing traditional paper navigational charts with electronic ones, requirements for the creation of new ENC have been steadily growing. One example is the precise electronic navigational chart, which is based on accurate mapping of topographic and hydrographic elements. Information about depth of the waters containe...

The paper presents the research on optimizing multiple model neural filter with the use of Monte Carlo simulation. GRNN filters are used as elementary filters and different parameters of them are examined. The paper includes theoretical background of the research, analysis of a problem and a set of numerical experiments. The research was made with...

The paper presents the research focused on verification of multiple model neural filter in real environment. The filter is a result of the works in the research project and is implemented as a software application. The application is then connected to real radar making the off-line verification possible. The filter was checked against IMO requireme...

Multisensor Tracking of Marine Targets - Decentralized Fusion of Kalman and Neural Filters This paper presents an algorithm of multisensor decentralized data fusion for radar tracking of maritime targets. The fusion is performed in the space of Kalman Filter and is done by finding weighted average of single state estimates provided be each of the s...

The paper presents the research on establishing neural models of target movement. The models are to be adjusted to General Regression Neural Network, as such a filter is a base for multiple model neural filter, which is currently under development. The research presented are a part of the research project "Development of radar target tracking metho...

The article proposes a method of modelling three-dimensional space around a target in the form of a ship, which is necessary for keeping her safety while manoeuvring in restricted inland areas. Thanks to three-dimensional domain surrounding ship virtually safe shunter area will be appointed for inland shipping. Assures she the delivery in real time...

The paper presents a concept and an algorithm of multisensor decentralized data fusion for radar tracking of maritime targets. The fusion is performed in the space of Kalman Filter and is done by finding weighted average of single state estimates provided be each of the sensors. The article presents both algorithms – Kalman Filter for tracking obje...

Radar sensor network performance for inland water surveillance is dependent on spatial character of terrain. Terrain shape, elevations and all geographical object situated in the river zone are potential barriers for microwaves propagation and are main sources of radar shadows. Thus, some complicated geometry of terrain surface can cause difficulti...

Directive 2005/44/EC of the European Parliament and Council of 7th September 2005 in the matter of River Information Services (RIS) in inland waterways in the Community imposes the necessity of introducing common requirements and technical specifications in order to ensure a harmonised, interoperational open information system and apparatus of navi...

The article presents research results on the application of artificial GRNN neural network in the process of radar tracking in marine navigational radars. A comparison has been presented of the tracking process by means of a numerical filter implemented in a real radar device and a neural filter prepared by the authors. The test situation was regis...

The article presents the results of simulation research aimed at determining the manoeuvre detection threshold of a neuron filter, based on GRNN artificial neural network. The structure of a filter has been presented, from which the necessity of manoeuvre detection results and a detector has been described able to be used in this case; it is based...

Integration the following components: RADAR and AIS, offer the opportunity to build more sophisticated systems for safety navigation. The integration's idea is set on the exploitation of synergies between both components. The paper presents results of development of method of integration of radar data and AIS information on the base of multisensor...

The main non-resonant (non-Bragg) mechanisms of microwave backscattering from the sea surface are described, which are backscatter from large scale breaking gravity waves and backscatter from the steep wavelets of meso-scale spectrum (meso-waves). The important features of the non-resonant scattering at low grazing angles, which principally can not...

We present an ab initio account of the paraxial complex geometrical optics (CGO) in application to scalar Gaussian beam propagation and diffraction in a 3D smoothly inhomogeneous medium. The paraxial CGO deals with quadratic expansion of the complex eikonal and reduces the wave problem to the solution of ordinary differential equations of the Ricca...