Andrzej Grzybowski

University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn · Department of Ophthalmology

Purpose Previous animal studies have found a relationship between spatial frequency and myopia. New research in humans suggest that reduced high spatial content of the visual environment may be a contributing factor for myopia development. This study aims to review the literature and elucidate the potential biological mechanisms linking spatial fre...

Purpose: To compare the accuracy of seven artificial intelligence (AI)-based intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas in medium-long Caucasian eyes regarding the root-mean-square absolute error (RMSAE), the median absolute error (MedAE) and the percentage of eyes with a prediction error (PE) within ±0.5 D. Methods: Data on Caucasian patien...

Purpose To compare two artificial intelligence (AI)‐based Automated Diabetic Retinopathy Image Assessment (ARIA) softwares in terms of concordance with specialist human graders and referable diabetic retinopathy (DR) diagnostic capacity. Methods Retrospective comparative study including 750 consecutive diabetes mellitus patients imaged for non‐myd...

The purpose of this study was to: (a) investigate the comorbidities of major sight‐threatening eye disorders with mental disorders, (b) investigate the associations and prevalence of reported comorbidities and (c) identify potential influencing factors. A systematic review of the PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane Library databases was con...

Background This study aimed to identify DNA methylation biomarkers associated with myopia using summary-data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR). Methods A systematic search of the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases was conducted up to March 27, 2024. SMR analyses were performed to integrate genome-wide association stud...

Cataracts are a significant cause of blindness. While individuals frequently turn to the Internet for medical advice, distinguishing reliable information can be challenging. Large language models (LLMs) have attracted attention for generating accurate, human-like responses that may be used for medical consultation. However, a comprehensive assessme...

Introduction Automated diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening using artificial intelligence has the potential to improve access to eye care by enabling large-scale screening. However, little is known about differences in real-world performance between available algorithms. This study compares the diagnostic accuracy of two AI screening platforms, IDx-...

ABSTRACT: PURPOSE: To compare 7 AI-based IOL power calculation formulas in extremely long eyes. DESIGN: Retrospective accuracy and validity analysis. METHODS: SETTING: Kyiv Clinical Ophthalmology Hospital Eye Microsurgery Center, Ukraine STUDY POPULATION: Patients with highly myopic eyes, who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification OBSERVATION PRO...

The year 2024 marks the 170th anniversary of the journal Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. The journal is the first printed journal specializing in ophthalmology, founded by Albrecht von Graefe (1828–1870) in 1854. The reason behind creating the journal was to publish useful clinical information and develop discussion an...

Background/aims Animal models have shown that the absence of high-frequency visual information can precipitate the onset of myopia, but this relationship remains unclear in humans. This study aims to explore the association between the spatial frequency content of the visual environment and myopia in children. Methods Images from the rooms of chil...

Purpose To generate an overview of global research on artificial intelligence (AI) in eyelid diseases using a bibliometric approach. Methods All publications related to AI in eyelid diseases from 1900 to 2023 were retrieved from the Web of Science (WoS) Core Collection database. After manual screening, 98 publications published between 2000 and 20...

We conducted a systematic review of research in artificial intelligence (AI) for retinal fundus photographic images. We highlighted the use of various AI algorithms, including deep learning (DL) models, for application in ophthalmic and non-ophthalmic (i.e., systemic) disorders. We found that the use of AI algorithms for the interpretation of retin...

Background and Objectives: Myopia is the most widespread ocular disorder globally and its prevalence has been increasing over the past decades. Atropine eye drops stand out as the only pharmacological intervention used in clinical practice to control myopia progression. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of 0.01% atropine eye drops on...

Purpose Fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA) is the gold standard for retinal vein occlusion (RVO) diagnosis. This study aims to develop a deep learning-based system to diagnose and classify RVO using FFA images, addressing the challenges of time-consuming and variable interpretations by ophthalmologists. Methods 4028 FFA images of 467 eyes from 4...

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of one-year treatment with 0.03% atropine eye drops for slowing myopia progression among children aged 6–12 years. Methods: Healthy Caucasian children aged 6–12 years with cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) from −1.0 D to −5.0 D and astigmatism and anisometropia ≤1.5 D were included. Changes in m...

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in ophthalmology has promoted the development of the discipline, offering opportunities for enhancing diagnostic accuracy, patient care, and treatment outcomes. This paper aims to provide a foundational understanding of AI applications in ophthalmology, with a focus on interpreting studies related to...

The aim of this work is to compare 20 intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formulas in medium-long eyes (24.50–25.99 mm) in terms of root mean square absolute error (RMSAE), median absolute error (MedAE), and percentage of eyes with prediction error (PE) within ± 0.50 D. The data of patients who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification between...

This Viewpoint discusses common myths about myopia and educational strategies for bringing clinical practice better in line with evidence.

Importance Various studies have widely explored the association between index of dietary inflammation (DII) and occurrence of diseases. Accumulating evidence have revealed that a lower DII seems to be protective against a variety of diseases. Nevertheless, the association between DII and age-related cataract remains unclear. Objective To investiga...

Endophthalmitis is a rare but vision-threatening infection characterized by marked inflammation of intraocular fluids and tissues, uncommonly seen following surgery and intravitreal injection. Antimicrobials are used worldwide in the prophylaxis and treatment of bacterial and fungal infections of the eye and are standard treatment in the preoperati...

Background The convergence of smartphone technology and artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized the landscape of ophthalmic care, offering unprecedented opportunities for diagnosis, monitoring, and management of ocular conditions. Nevertheless, there is a lack of systematic studies on discussing the integration of smartphone and AI in this...

Purpose Subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are among the most effective therapeutic modalities applied to central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and durability of PDT in CSCR cases unresponsive to at least two SML treatments. Methods The study included 26 consecutive eyes...

Purpose To summarize the mechanism and the clinical applications of subthreshold laser (STL) in retinal practice. Subthreshold or “non-destructive” laser includes all types of laser treatments that produce minimal or no damage to the tissues and no visible signs after application. Methods A descriptive review of articles from literature databases...

Peer review is designed to evaluate the validity, quality and often the originality of articles for publication. Its aim is to provide the integrity of science by filtering out invalid or poor‐quality submissions. Moreover, the process of peer review adds value to the article by helping to improve that work. 90% of researchers feel that peer review...

The artificial intelligence (AI)/deep learning (DL) algorithms were shown to detect diseases based on image analysis, including retinal diseases from fundus photos and optical coherence tomography (OCT) scans, lung diseases from chest radiographs, and skin disorders from skin photos. It was also shown that retinal photos can be used to identify ris...

Aims/Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the amount of deficit of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and individual retinal layers, including ganglion cells, in different types of CSCR and with the reference to its duration. Methods: The retrospective analysis included 69 eyes of patients with resolved CSCR managed in Dobry Wzrok Ophtha...

Aims/Purpose: The goal of the present study was to find the biometric parameters associated with the incidence of CSCR. Methods: The study included 66 eyes of 60 consecutive patients that were diagnosed with acute or chronic CSCR between 01.01.2021 and 30.06.2021. Six patients had a binocular disease. All patients had axial length and retinal param...

Father Wacław Szuniewicz (1891–1963) was a missionary, researcher and ophthalmic surgeon and can be considered as one of the pioneers of refractive surgery. In 1931 he began a 19 bed missionary hospital in Xingtai, Hebei Province, China. He personally was able to examine about 145 000 patients and conduct up to 800 cataract extractions per year. Wh...

Geographic atrophy (GA) is a late‐stage form of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) characterized by progressive degeneration of photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and choriocapillaris primarily in the macula. It was shown in AREDS studies that supplementation of high‐dose antioxidant vitamins (C, E, and beta‐carotene) and zinc, d...

Dysphotopsia are responsible for complaints of that small percentage of pseudophakic subjects who are not satisfied with their vision. They are divided into negative and positive. Positive dysphotopsia (PD) are described by patients as glare, light streaks, light arcs, flashes of light, and starbursts produced by an external light source, whereas n...

Artificial intelligence (AI) technology is proving to be promising in the field of healthcare, especially in the areas relying on big data and image‐based analysis. In Ophthalmology, AI was already tested in majority of subspecialities, including cataract and refractive surgery. There were interesting studies showing the benefits of using AI algori...

We selected and discussed 10 articles in Acta Ophthalmologica since 1923 that changed clinical ophthalmology and treatment protocols, or provided novel findings and perspectives. We are aware that the selection of articles may be debatable and we invite readers to suggest other significant Acta articles. For historians, the article archive of Acta...

Purpose: The proper selection of an intraocular lens power calculation formula is an essential aspect of cataract surgery. This study evaluated the accuracy of artificial intelligence-based formulas. Design: Systematic review. Methods: This review comprises articles evaluating the exactness of artificial intelligence-based formulas published from 2...

The incidence of melanoma is increasing rapidly. This cancer has a good prognosis if detected early. For this reason, various systems of skin lesion image analysis, which support imaging diagnostics of this neoplasm, are developing very dynamically. To detect and recognize neoplastic lesions, such systems use various artificial intelligence (AI) al...

Over a century ago, atropine has been tested to arrest myopia progression with good results. In recent years, many randomized clinical trials have tested different concentrations against placebo. Three recent such studies with low‐dose atropine showed that it was less effective than previous studies, even the last one showing no difference in myopi...

OBJECTIVES: To determine the three-year changes in crystalline lens power (LP) and thickness (LT) in children and their associated factors. METHODS: Schoolchildren aged 6-12 years living in Shahroud, northeast Iran were examined in 2015 and 2018. The Bennett formula was used to calculate LP. Multiple generalized estimating equations (GEE) analysis...

Myopia is becoming increasingly common in young generations all over the world, and it is predicted to become the most common cause of blindness and visual impairment in later life in the near future. Because myopia can cause serious complications and vision loss, it is critical to create and prescribe effective myopia treatment solutions that can...

Practical advancements in phacoemulsification techniques and intraocular lenses and the wide availability of phacoemulsification machines have led refractive lens exchange (RLE) to increase in popularity. Ethical boundaries in RLE have subsequently been pushed to include patients at higher risk of complications. In this editorial, we consider RLE o...

Did Jacques Daviel of France move “…cataract surgery forward from the millennia of couching to the first true cataract extraction in 1747” as Borkenstein and colleagues wrote [1]? Daviel did state in 1752 that he had earlier (in 1747) removed lens fragments from the posterior chamber following a failed couching [2, 3]. However, this secondary surge...

Retinal organoid (RO) is the three-dimensional (3D) retinal culture derived from pluripotent or embryonic stem cells which recapitulates organ functions, which was a revolutionary milestone in stem cell technology. The purpose of this study is to explore the hotspots and future directions on ROs, as well as to better understand the fields of greate...

In recent years, ophthalmology has advanced significantly, thanks to rapid progress in artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT have emerged as powerful tools for natural language processing. This paper finally includes 108 studies, and explores LLMs’ potential in the next generation of AI in ophthalmolog...

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is renowned as a leading cause of visual loss in working-age populations with its etiopathology influenced by the disturbance of biochemical metabolic pathways and genetic factors, including gene polymorphism. Metabolic pathways considered to have an impact on the development of the disease, as well as genes and polymorphi...

Introduction Severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a global threat for every healthcare system, and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in over 3 million deaths worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 brings symptoms such as fever, cough, shortness of breath, headache, sore throat and loss of taste or...

This Research Topic comprises 28 studies including original research articles and reviews on refractive errors, such as research trends and prevalence, risk factors, retinal biomarkers, treatment, and health promotion.

Purpose To determine the frequency of potential non-strabismic accommodative–vergence anomalies (NSAVA) and investigate associations between NSAVA, refractive errors and age among children attending a paediatric ophthalmology clinic. Methods This study included children and adolescents aged 5–19 years attending an ophthalmology clinic with at le...

Introduction: Numerous studies have demonstrated the use of Artificial Intelligence for early detection of referable diabetic retinopathy (RDR). A direct comparison of these multiple Automated DR Image Assessment Softwares(ARIA) is however challenging. We retrospectively compared the performance of two modern ARIAs, IDx-DR and Medios AI. Methods:...

Purpose To analyze the global publications on artificial intelligence (AI) in strabismus using a bibliometric approach. Methods The Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database was used to retrieve all of the publications on AI in strabismus from 2002 to 2023. We analyzed the publication and citation trend and identified highly-cited articles,...

The proper choice of an intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation formula is an important aspect of phacoemulsification. In this study, the formulas most commonly used today are described and their accuracy is evaluated. This review includes papers evaluating the accuracy of IOL power calculation formulas published during the period from January 201...

Purpose: To compare the efficacy of two different topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) drops with versus without conservatives after intravitreal injections (IVIs). Design: Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, single-blinded comparative study. Participants and method: A total of 308 eyes of 252 patients receiving an I...

In this chapter, we discuss techniques in the prophylaxis of infection by inhibiting or arresting the growth and multiplication of germs (infectious agents) which is usually achieved by povidone-iodine, hydrogen peroxide, chlorhexidine, or polyhexanide application on the skin. We also discuss the settings in which topical antibiotics and intracamer...

The diagnosis of endophthalmitis can be made based on clinical examination findings. The patient may present with gradual or sudden onset of symptoms including lid swelling, pain, redness, discharge, and a decrease in vision. Slit-lamp examination may show lid swelling, conjunctival congestion, chemosis, glaucoma implant exposure, corneal edema, ep...

This chapter discusses the findings of the Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS) and the role of pars plana vitrectomy in the management of endophthalmitis.KeywordsEndophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study (EVS)Pars plana vitrectomyManagement

This chapter focuses on the incidence, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment of endogenous fungal and bacterial endophthalmitis.KeywordsEndogenousFungalBacterial

This chapter is an overview of the different classifications of endophthalmitis along with the most common organisms. Categories include Post-operative endophthalmitis, post-traumatic endophthalmitis, endogenous endophthalmitis, post-intravitreal injection endophthalmitis, and others.KeywordsEndophthalmitisCategoriesPost-operativeEndogenousPost-tra...

This chapter reviews the various categories of acute-onset endophthalmitis including post-operative, post-trauma, and post-intravitreal injection.KeywordsAcute endophthalmitisPost-operativePost-traumaticPost-intravitreal injection

In patients with endophthalmitis, the occurrence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RD) is uncommon and is generally associated with poor visual outcomes. Management of such patients can pose a surgical challenge. While managing the endophthalmitis, RD can be identified at the time of presentation, during vitrectomy, or in the post-operative tim...

In order to address emerging antimicrobial resistance, the CDC recommends antibiotic stewardship programs to optimize antibiotic selection and reduce the inappropriate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics. The new medication management standards (MM.09.01.01) for hospitals, critical access hospitals, and nursing care centers became effective January 1...

Endophthalmitis is a clinical diagnosis, confirmed with subsequent laboratory testing. Endophthalmitis must be distinguished from noninfectious inflammation as well as noninflammatory cellular infiltration, including hemorrhage and tumor cells. Endophthalmitis with negative intraocular cultures is relatively common, reported in the range of about 2...

This chapter reviews the various categories of delayed-onset endophthalmitis from various etiologies including post-cataract surgery, conjunctival filtering bleb, glaucoma drainage devices, keratitis, and other anterior segment procedures.KeywordsChronic endophthalmitisFiltering blebGlaucoma drainageKeratitis

Treatment outcomes are highly variable and are related to the infecting organism as well as the time to diagnosis and treatment. Prompt treatment is more important than any other consideration, including the decision between TAP and PPV. Treatment outcomes may be substantially worse in certain categories of endophthalmitis, such as post-traumatic a...

This chapter reviews the antimicrobial treatment options for different categories of endophthalmitis.KeywordsAntimicrobial treatmentDosagesPreparationResistanceAdverse effects