Andrew Renfree

Andrew Renfree
University of Worcester | UW · Institute of Sport and Exercise Science

PhD

About

70
Publications
21,160
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1,043
Citations

Publications

Publications (70)
Article
Purpose : To analyze tactical behaviors associated with performance in track middle-distance global championship finals. Methods : Finalists’ season-best finishing race time, 100-m section times, and intermediate positions were obtained from 800- and 1500-m men’s and women’s finals in 2 Olympic Games and 5 World Championships. Differences between m...
Article
Purpose : In world-class middle- and long-distance running races, a Wavelight signal has recently been used as a pacing guide for setting records. The aim of the present study was to compare performance and psychophysiological effects between light-guided, drafting, and nonassisted pacing conditions in distance runners. Methods : Fifteen male middl...
Article
Background: Effects comparison of resistance exercises may require equalizing the exercise-induced dose, this is currently done by using methods based on total weight lifted or on sets performed until failure. Dose equalization of resistance training sessions by these methods was analyzed in the present study. Methods: Twelve trained participant...
Article
Purpose : This study determined the evolution of performance and pacing for each winner of the men’s Olympic 1500-m running track final from 1924 to 2020. Methods : Data were obtained from publicly available sources. When official splits were unavailable, times from sources such as YouTube were included and interpolated from video records. Final ti...
Article
Full-text available
We aimed to compare differences in performance and pacing variability indices between 5000 m heats and finals during major championships in men and women. Data with 100 m time resolution were used to compare overall pacing variability (standard deviation of 100 m section times, SD; and coefficient of variation, CV%) and short-term pacing variabilit...
Article
Pacing behavior is typically described through graphical profiles and coefficient of variation (CV%) with respect to the mean speed of the race. Given that races during major championships are highly stochastic because of runners’ tactical behaviors, it may be valuable to use alternative methods to better describe and capture the occurrence of paci...
Article
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Based on comparisons to moderate continuous exercise (MICT), high-intensity interval training (HIIT) is becoming a worldwide trend in physical exercise. This raises methodological questions related to equalization of exercise dose when comparing protocols. The present scoping review aims to identify in the literature the evidence for protocol equal...
Article
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The aim of this study was to determine the influence of running wide on bends regarding intermediate changes of position, dispersion of athletes, and speed relative to season best (SB) between medalists and non-medalists in men's and women's 800 m championship finals. Extra distance covered on bends was measured using official videos. The total dis...
Article
For the full-text proof: GO HERE: https://eprints.worc.ac.uk/11539/
Article
Full-text available
Determination of athlete training loads are of great interest to sport practitioners and are widely used in the prescription and monitoring of physical conditioning programs. Although a number of methods of load quantification are used, a common feature is that total load calculations are the product of exercise intensity and duration. We argue tha...
Article
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The aim was to compare pacing, biomechanical and perceptual responses between elite speed-and endurance-adapted milers during a sprint interval training session (SIT). Twenty elite and world-class middle-distance runners (male: n = 16, female: n = 4; 24.95 ± 5.18 years; 60.89 ± 7 kg) were classified as either speed-or endurance-adapted milers accor...
Chapter
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This chapter reviews the theory that explains how pacing is achieved, describes observations of pacing behaviour that have been published, and ends with some practical recommendations for coaches and runners aiming to improve their pacing ability. Although various models have been proposed to explain the regulation of pace during exercise, a common...
Article
We investigated the effects of different performance goals (best time vs. beat the opponent) on pacing behaviour during a 10-km cycling race and explored the influence of different performance level of opponents on ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), affective feelings and self-efficacy. Thirteen cyclists performed two time-trials (TT) and two rac...
Article
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Sport and exercise scientists, as well as athletes and coaches, routinely collect a wide range of physiological and performance data to assist the decision-making process informing the design and monitoring of physical training programmes. Although a vast array of affordable laboratory-based and wearable technology is now available to collect this...
Article
Purpose: To determine different relationships between, and predictive ability of, performance variables at intermediate distances with finishing time in elite male 10,000-m runners. Methods: Official electronic finishing and 100-m split times of the men's 10,000-m finals at the 2008 and 2016 Olympic Games and IAAF World Championships in 2013 and...
Article
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The pacing behaviors used by elite athletes differ among individual sports, necessitating the study of sport-specific pacing profiles. Additionally, pacing behaviors adopted by elite runners differ depending on race distance. An “all-out” strategy, characterized by initial rapid acceleration and reduction in speed in the later stages, is observed d...
Article
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This study explored the impact of two differing warm-up protocols (involving either resistance exercises or plyometric exercises) on running economy (RE) in healthy recreationally active participants. Twelve healthy university students [three males, nine females, age 20 ± 2 years, maximal oxygen uptake (38.4 ± 6.4 ml min–1 kg–1)] who performed less...
Article
Purpose: To verify the affective feelings (AFs) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) responses during a 10-km competitive head-to-head (HTH) running race and compare them with a time-trial (TT) running race. Methods: Fourteen male runners completed 2 × 10-km runs (TT and HTH) on different days. Speed, RPE, and AF were measured every 400 m. For...
Article
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The purpose of this analysis was to quantify the probability of achieving a top-3 finishing position during 800-m races at a global championship, based on dispersion of the runners during the first and second laps and the difference in split times between laps. Overall race times, intermediate and finishing positions and 400 m split times were obta...
Article
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Objectives. To compare season’s best times preceding major championships (SBprior) and times achieved in major championship flat track races. Material and methods. 2320 men’s and 2312 women’s finishing times over 100 m, 400 m, 800 m, 1500 m and 5000 m at the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) World Championships and Olympic G...
Article
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The main goal of this study was to analyse the pacing strategies displayed by the winners of the six World Marathon Majors in order to determine which race offers the greatest potential for future world record attempts. For data analysis, the total distance of the marathon was divided into eight sections of 5 km and a final section of 2.195 km, and...
Article
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The aim of this study was to establish whether the lane and heat draw influenced placings and progression in world-class 800-m track running. Finishing positions and times of 1,086 performances at the Olympic Games and IAAF World Championships between 1999 and 2017 were obtained. Mean finishing and season's best times (SB), as well as placings and...
Presentation
Full-text available
Internal training load refers to the degree of disturbance in psychophysiological homeostasis provoked by a training session and has been traditionally measured through session-RPE, which is the product of the session Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the duration. External training load refers to the actual physical work completed, and depends...
Poster
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Running a 42,195 meters is considering a diffucult task. Anxiety, lack of self confidence, and negative thoughs are frecuently experiences by long distance runners. Method: participants practised PST before a marathon: Relaxation tech, Stop thinking strategies, Association and dissociation Tech .. Pre post evaluation. Results: Significant decline...
Article
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This study investigated the effects of the inclusion of a postactivation potentiation (PAP) specific warm-up (WU) consisting of all-out sprints on 10 kilometre cycling time trial (10 km-TT) pacing and performance. Following familiarization, thirteen well-trained male participants performed two 10 km cycle laboratory time trials following warm-ups t...
Article
Internal training load refers to the degree of disturbance in psychophysiological homeostasis provoked by a training session and has been traditionally measured through session-RPE, which is the product of the session Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) and the duration. External training load refers to the actual physical work completed, and depends...
Article
Full-text available
This study describes heart rate (HR) responses during different small sided games (SSGs) in junior basketball players, and identifies the level of agreement between athlete and coach perceptions of internal training load calculated using the in-task rating of perceived exertion (RPE) method. Over a 6 week period, 12 male junior basketball players w...
Article
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Pacing is the manner in which effort is distributed over the duration of an exercise bout, and is an important determinant of the extent to which individual potential is realised during athletic races. Observed pacing behaviors are thought to result from complex decision-making processes, and several models have been proposed that may explain the m...
Presentation
Full-text available
Purpose: To assess tactical and performance factors associated with progression from qualification rounds in the 800 m and 1500 m running events at the 2017 IAAF World Championships. Methods: Official results were used to access final and intermediate positions and times, as well as performance characteristics of competitors. Shared variance betwee...
Article
Purpose: To assess tactical and performance factors associated with progression from qualification rounds in the 800 m and 1500 m running events at the 2017 IAAF World Championships. Methods: Official results were used to access final and intermediate positions and times, as well as performance characteristics of competitors. Shared variance bet...
Article
Full-text available
Successful endurance performance requires the integration of multiple physiological and psychological systems, working together to regulate exercise intensity in a way that will reduce time taken or increase work done. The systems that ultimately limit performance of the task are hotly contested, and may depend on a variety of factors including the...
Presentation
To investigate the effects inclusion of all-out sprints during warm up (WU) in an attempt to induce a Postactivation Potentiation (PAP) effect on 10-kilometer cycling time trial pacing and performance.
Presentation
To investigate the effects inclusion of all-out sprints during warm up (WU) in an attempt to induce a Postactivation Potentiation (PAP) effect on 10-kilometer cycling time trial pacing and performance
Presentation
Full-text available
To investigate the effects inclusion of all-out sprints during warm up (WU) in an attempt to induce a Postactivation Potentiation (PAP) effect on 10-kilometer cycling time trial pacing and performance
Article
Purpose: Drafting in cycling influences collective behaviour of pelotons. Whilst evidence for collective behaviour in competitive running events exists, it is not clear if this results from energetic savings conferred by drafting. This study modelled the effects of drafting on behavior in elite 10,000 m runners. Methods: Using performance data f...
Article
Full-text available
A number of theoretical models have been proposed in recent years to explain pacing strategies observed in individual competitive endurance events. These have typically related to the internal regulatory processes that inform the making of decisions relating to muscular work rate. Despite a substantial body of research which has investigated the in...
Article
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The effects of an enforced fast-start on long distance performance are controversial and seem to depend on the athlete's capacity to delay and tolerate metabolic disruption. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an enforced fast-start on 10-km running performance and the influence of the some physiological and performance variable...
Article
The aims of this study were to 1) determine the relationship between performance on the court-based TIVRE-Basket® test and peak aerobic power determined from a criterion lab-based incremental treadmill test and 2) to examine the test-retest reliability of the TIVRE-Basket® test in elite male basketball players. To address aim 1, 36 elite male baske...
Article
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The aim of this study is to analyse the influence of performance level, age and gender on pacing during a 100-km ultramarathon. Results of a 100-km race incorporating the World Masters Championships were used to identify differences in relative speeds in each 10-km segment between participants finishing in the first, second, third and fourth quarti...
Article
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Purpose: Previous literature has presented pacing data of groups of competition finalists. The aim of this study was to analyze the pacing patterns displayed by medalists and nonmedalists in international competitive 400-m swimming and 1500-m running finals. Methods: Split times were collected from 48 swimming finalists (four 100-m laps) and 60...
Article
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Purpose: The objective of this study is to examine risk taking and risk perception associations with perceived exertion, pacing, and performance in athletes. Methods: Two experiments were conducted in which risk perception was assessed using the domain-specific risk taking (DOSPERT) scale in 20 novice cyclists (experiment 1) and 32 experienced u...
Article
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The purpose of the study was to describe heart rate responses of referees during a major international basketball championship. Heart rate (HR) data was collected from 26 international referees officiating 48 matches (95 matches ‘worth’ of data) at the 2011 Eurobasket Championship. HR was subsequently normalised to percentage of theoretical maxim...
Article
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By incorporating pre-performance or retrospective recall measurement methods, research has shown positive (PA) and negative affect (NA) to operate as both a precursor to, and as a consequence of performance in line with goal achievement. The extent of this affective change within sport is unclear, as measurement of affect within acute settings has...
Article
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Purpose: To analyse the effect of manipulation of peripheral physiological status on performance and neuromuscular activity during cycling at a fixed level of RPE. Methods: following familiarisation trials, seven well trained individuals completed two exercise trials following ingestion of 0.2g.kg-1 NaHCO3 or a CaCO3 placebo which were performed in...
Article
Successful participation in competitive endurance activities requires continual regulation of muscular work rate in order to maximise physiological performance capacities, meaning that individuals must make numerous decisions with regards to the muscular work rate selected at any point in time. Decisions relating to the setting of appropriate goals...
Article
Full-text available
Purpose: To identify tactical factors associated with progression from preliminary rounds in middle-distance running events at an international championship. Methods: Results from the 2012 Olympic Games were used to access final and intermediate positions, finishing times, and season-best (SB) times for competitors in men's and women's 800-m and...
Article
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Purpose: To analyze pacing strategies displayed by athletes achieving differing levels of performance during an elite-level marathon race. Methods: Competitors in the 2009 IAAF Women's Marathon Championship were split into groups 1, 2, 3, and 4 comprising the first, second, third, and fourth 25% of finishers, respectively. Final, intermediate, a...
Article
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The collection of retrospective lap times from video footage is a potentially useful research tool to analyse the pacing strategies in any number of competitive events. The aim of this study was to validate a novel method of obtaining running split time data from publically available video footage. Videos of the 1500m men's final from the 2004 & 20...
Article
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This study examined individual contributions to overall pacing strategy during 2- and 5-km rowing trials in a coxless-4 boat. A crew of 4 male rowers performed maximal-effort on-water trials over 2 and 5 km, and power output during every individual stroke was measured for each crew member. Mean overall boat and individual rower stroke power were ca...
Article
This study examined the determinants of pacing strategy and performance during self-paced maximal exercise. Eight well-trained cyclists completed two 20-km time trials. Power output, rating of perceived exertion (RPE), positive and negative affect, and iEMG activity of the active musculature were recorded every 0.5 km, confidence in achieving preex...
Article
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The anticipatory RPE feedback model (Tucker 2009) proposes that during self paced exercise tasks, muscular work is continually regulated through comparison of a subconscious ‘template’ Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) that serves to protect against the development of catastrophic physiological failure, and a ‘conscious’ RPE that is generated thro...
Article
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Numerous studies have demonstrated that induced alkalosis through ingestion of a sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3) solution can enhance performance during maximal-intensity exercise of varying durations, as well as maintain performance during high-intensity intermittent exercise. 1-3 Several studies have investigated the effect of dose ingested on subse...
Article
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The purpose of this study was to examine two methods of controlling training at a threshold intensity in well-trained middle distance runners. Ten male middle distance runners of at least county standard (age 20.4 ± 2.1 years and mass 70.6 ± 4.6 kg) performed a continuous 3 min incremental protocol as described by Dunbar et al. (1995, Journal of Sp...

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