Andrew Joiner

Retired formerly Unilever Oral Care

Objective To ascertain the effects of priming to consider tooth appearance (i.e. exposure to a ‘tooth whitening television advert’) versus control (a ‘non-dental’ television advert) on social judgements of tooth colour in a group of Caucasians. Methods Two groups of Caucasians randomly assigned to watch either a tooth-whitening advert (experimenta...

Objectives : To determine if superimposition of sequential scans can discriminate between different fluorides at step heights less than 5 μm on natural human enamel surfaces. Materials and methods : Natural, unpolished, human enamel specimens (n = 60) were randomly assigned to one of three pre-treatment toothpaste slurries with a calcium silicate/...

Objective: Psychological research has established that the presence of dental anomalies negatively impact social judgements. This study sought to determine the effects of tooth colour on the subjective ratings of social judgements in a group of Caucasian adults. Methods: A cross sectional experimental analogue design comprised fifty Caucasian adult...

Objective To identify the hue angles that provide the optimal perception of tooth whitening. Methods Thirty-three male/female adult observers with normal color vision were recruited to assess teeth images on a color calibrated display. Images of teeth were generated which simulated color changes in each of eight hue directions in the CIE a*b* plan...

Natural human enamel (NHE) is a complex freeform surface which has presented significant difficulties in measuring surface form change using non-contacting laser profilometry (NCLP). Measuring surface form change on NHE is a metrology proxy for measuring dental tooth structure loss, and characterising this using non-ISO parameters (volume, surface...

Objectives To compare in vitro the effect of a toothpaste containing fluoride (F), calcium silicate (CaSi) and sodium phosphate salts to conventional toothpaste (NaF) on human enamel specimens submitted to erosive and abrasive challenges. Methods 48 sound and 48 enamel samples pre-treated with 1% citric acid were divided into 4 groups (n = 12): Gr...

Objectives To investigate the deposition, formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) and acid resistance of dentine surfaces following brushing with a toothpaste containing calcium silicate and sodium phosphate (CSSP) and fluoride in vitro. Methods Human dentine specimens were brushed with a slurry of CSSP toothpaste followed by exposure to simulated oral...

Objectives: To determine the detection threshold of non-contacting laser profilometry (NCLP) measuring surface form and surface roughness change in natural human enamel in vitro, characterise how ambient scanning thermal variation affects NCLP measurement, and calculate bulk enamel loss in natural human enamel. Methods: NCLP repeatability and re...

Toothpastes are the most universally accepted form of fluoride delivery for caries prevention. To provide anti-caries benefits, they must be able to release fluoride during the time of tooth brushing or post brushing into the oral cavity. However, there is no standard accepted procedure to measure how much fluoride in a toothpaste may be (bio) avai...

Objective: This study evaluated the capability of profilometry, microhardness, Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Tandem Scanning Confocal Microscopy (TSM) in characterising the early erosive lesion in polished and natural human enamel in vitro. Methods: Polished (n=60) and natural (n=60) human enamel surfaces, were immersed and agitated in...

Objectives: To measure the tooth whitening effects delivered immediately after brushing with silica-based toothpastes containing blue covarine in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Salivary pellicle coated human extracted teeth were brushed with either a slurry of a toothpaste containing blue covarine (BC), a formulation containing an increased level o...

Objectives: Previous work has shown the effectiveness of a newly developed interproximal model to differentiate between the amount of remineralization caused by toothpastes used with or without a dual-phase gel treatment system containing calcium silicate, sodium phosphate salts and fluoride to repair acid-softened enamel. The aim of this study wa...

Objectives: To review current knowledge concerning the application of colour science on tooth colour and whiteness description, measurement, distribution and its psychological impact. Data sources: "Scopus" databases were searched electronically with the principal keywords tooth, teeth, colour, white, whiteness. Language was restricted to Englis...

Objectives: To investigate the effects of a silica-based whitening toothpaste containing blue covarine on the colour of restorations in extracted human teeth. Methods: Human extracted teeth were mounted in acrylic resin. A cavity was cut into the enamel surface and the specimen restored with either glass ionomer or composite dental materials. Fo...

Objectives: To measure tooth whitening effects delivered immediately after brushing with silica-based toothpastes containing either blue covarine or a combination of blue covarine and FD&C Blue No. 1 in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Salivary pellicle coated human extracted teeth were brushed with either a slurry of a toothpaste containing blue cov...

Objective: To measure the in vitro tooth whitening effects of a new toothpaste containing a combination of blue covarine (BC) and FD&C Blue No1 versus a matched BC containing toothpaste. Methods: Extracted human incisors and premolars were thoroughly cleaned and placed in sterile saliva for two hours. After rinsing with water, baseline tooth colo...

Objectives To summarise the chemical, biological and host factors that impact enamel mineral loss, to highlight approaches to contemporary management of clinical conditions involving mineral loss and summarise emerging trends and challenges in this area. Data sources “Medline” and “Scopus” databases were searched electronically with the principal...

Objectives: To investigate the formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) from calcium silicate and the deposition of calcium silicate onto sound and acid eroded enamel surfaces in order to investigate its repair and protective properties. Methods: Calcium silicate was mixed with phosphate buffer for seven days and the resulting solids analysed for crystall...

Objectives: To introduce a new interproximal mineralisation model and to investigate the effectiveness of novel toothpaste and dual phase gel formulations to remineralise acid softened enamel in a simulated interproximal environment. Methods: Specimens were positioned opposite each other with an approximately 100 μm space between enamel surfaces...

Objective: The purpose of this paper is to review current knowledge and technologies for tooth remineralisation. Data sources: The literature was searched using the "Scopus" and "Web of Knowledge" database from the year 1971, with principal key words of *miner*, teeth and enamel. Language was restricted to English. Original studies and reviews w...

Objective: To investigate the enamel health benefits of a novel toothpaste and a dual phase gel containing calcium silicate, sodium phosphate and fluoride. Methods: Enamel demineralisation was assessed using two pH cycling protocols with either lactic acid or citric acid as the acid challenge. Remineralisation of lactic acid softened and citric...

Objectives: To test if a novel dual-phase gel system (calcium silicate and phosphate with 1450 ppmF, as NaF/MFP; TG) combined with a toothpaste (calcium silicate and sodium phosphate with 1450 ppmF, as MFP; TG) was able to re-harden previously acid-challenged enamel to a greater extent than other toothpastes. Methods: The study consisted of a do...

Objectives: To investigate in vitro and in situ the deposition and formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) on enamel surfaces following brushing with a novel toothpaste containing calcium silicate (CaSi), sodium phosphate salts and fluoride. Methods: Polished enamel blocks were brushed in vitro with a slurry of the CaSi toothpaste. After one brush and...

Background/purpose Severe tooth demineralization by production of acid leads to dental caries. In this study, we investigate the repairing effect of tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO4) ceramics on acid-etched enamel in natural human saliva. Materials and methods The demineralization of enamel discs was simulated with citric acid, and they were then brus...

Objective: Investigate the effects of a silica-based whitening toothpaste containing blue covarine on the colour of restored extracted human teeth assessed subjectively by a trained colour panel. Method: Cavities were prepared on labial/buccal surfaces, filled with one of four restoration materials, and placed in whole saliva overnight. Each set...

Objective: To validate a new custom built dental imaging system (V-DIS) on its performance of tooth colour and whiteness measurement in vitro. Method: A new generation V-DIS was developed for tooth colour measurement in vitro and in vivo. The key elements are a high-speed video camera that outputs high-resolution still images and a diffused,...

Objectives: To measure the in vitro instant tooth whitening effects of a new silica-based toothpaste containing fluoride and blue covarine (BC) versus a control toothpaste. Methods: Extracted human incisors and premolars were thoroughly cleaned and placed in sterile saliva for two hours to form a pellicle. After rinsing with deionised water, base...

Objective: To determine in vivo the repeatability/reproducibility of a new custom built dental imaging system (V-DIS) in measuring tooth colour and whiteness. Methods: A new generation V-DIS imaging system was developed for tooth colour measurement in vitro and in vivo. The key elements are a high-speed video camera, providing high-resolution sti...

Objective: To investigate the in vitro enamel and dentine wear of toothpastes with a range of Relative Dentine Abrasivity(RDA) and Relative Enamel Abrasivity(REA) values. Method: Human enamel/dentine (50:50) blocks (4x4mm) were polished and the enamel indented with four Knoop indents. The step across the enamel-dentine junction was measured b...

Objectives: To measure the instant whitening effects of two silica-based toothpastes containing blue covarine and a range of marketed whitening toothpastes in vitro. Methods: Hydroxyapatite discs were polished using P1200 grit silicon carbide paper and placed in sterile whole human saliva overnight. Following a water rinse, baseline colour wa...

Objectives: To measure the in vitro tooth whitening effects of a new toothpaste containing blue covarine (BC) versus control toothpaste. Methods: Extracted human incisors and premolars were thoroughly cleaned and placed in sterile saliva for two hours. After rinsing with water, baseline tooth colour was measured using a colorimeter. The specimens...

Objectives: To investigate the effects of a silica-based whitening toothpaste containing blue covarine on the colour of restored extracted human teeth (incisors and pre-molars). Methods: Cavities were prepared on labial/buccal surfaces, filled with one of four restoration materials, and placed in pooled, whole saliva overnight. Each set of restor...

Objectives: To measure protection against enamel demineralisation from a 2% hydroxyapatite (HAP) plus 1450ppm fluoride toothpaste and compare to controls using an in vitro pH cycling protocol. Methods: Bovine enamel specimens (3mm by 3mm) were prepared and baseline surface microhardness (SMH) measurements taken using a Knoop diamond with load of...

Objectives: Characterisation of in situ pellicle films Methods: Bovine enamel blocks (n=37, 3x3mm) were prepared and polished to P2500. Specimens were attached to the buccal flange of upper dentures. Panellists were instructed to wear the denture 24h/day, brushing daily with commercial toothpaste. Pellicle mechanical properties were measured on...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the dentinal tubule occluding ability of tricalcium silicate (Ca(3) SiO(5) or C(3) S) in vitro. Dentine discs were prepared from extracted caries-free human third molars and etched with 0.02 M citric acid (pH 4) for 3 minutes in order to produce patent dentinal tubules. Tricalcium silicate pastes of different v...

Objectives: To measure the in vitro tooth whitening effects of a silica-based toothpaste containing blue covarine compared to a silica-based toothpaste control on previously bleached teeth. Methods: Human extracted teeth with their roots mounted in polymethylmethacrylate were thoroughly cleaned with a prophylaxis paste and placed in deionised water...

Objectives: Through the understanding of tooth enamel science and insights into the beneficial role calcium can play in the caries process, a novel fluoride toothpaste has been developed containing micro-calcium. This paper describes a series of in vitro studies to assess delivery of the micro-calcium to a plaque biofilm, delivery of radiolabelled...

To review and summarise the whitening agents contained within tooth whitening toothpaste formulations, their mode of action in tooth whitening, and the in vitro and clinical methods used to evaluate and demonstrate their efficacy. Original scientific full papers or reviews listed in ISI Web of Science and Medline were included in this review using...

To determine the effect of toothpaste concentration on enamel and dentine wear in vitro and to model the effects of toothpaste abrasion upon dilution during toothbrushing in vivo. Polished human enamel/dentine specimens were indented with a Knoop diamond and the enamel-dentine junction profiled. Specimens were brushed for 1200s with toothpastes wit...

This chapter begins with an introduction to the structure of the dentition and its environment followed by a review of the optical properties of teeth. Tooth colour will be reviewed with particular emphasis on colour distribution and variation. Important factors that influence tooth colour and its perception will be discussed. With the current inte...

Objectives: To measure the calcium uptake to sound and acid softened enamel from a toothpaste containing radiolabelled calcium carbonate under pH cycling conditions in vitro. Methods: Paired bovine enamel specimens were prepared (5x3mm). One set of specimens was treated with 1% w/w citric acid (pH3.8, 20mins). Sound and acid softened specimens (n...

Objectives: To measure the tooth whitening effects of a mouthwash containing blue covarine (BC). Methods: Hydroxyapatite discs were soaked in human whole saliva for 2h, rinsed with water and treated with either the mouthwash containing BC or water for 60s (n=8) and then rinsed with water. Tooth colour was measured with a colorimeter before and afte...

Objective: To measure opalescence changes of bovine enamel following acid challenges in vitro. Methods: Bovine enamel specimens (n=8) were treated with 1% w/w citric acid (pH=3.8) for 3, 10 and 20 mins in total. At baseline and after each time point, reflectance and transmittance colour values of the specimens were measured using an Ultra Scan Pr...

With increases in life expectancy and better retention of the dentition due to a combination of the use of fluoride and better oral hygiene practices, there has been increased attention to tooth wear. This review describes the factors affecting tooth cleaning and wear, discusses methods of measuring wear, and assesses the implications. It is conclu...

Bioactive and inductive silicate-based bioceramics play an important role in hard tissue prosthetics such as bone and teeth. In the present study, a model was established to study the acid-etched enamel remineralization with tricalcium silicate (Ca3SiO5, C3S) paste in vitro. After soaking in simulated oral fluid (SOF), Ca–P precipitation layer was...

Objectives: To evaluate the enamel benefits of a new toothpaste containing hydroxyapatite (HAP) and sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP). Methods: Salivary pellicle coated sound bovine enamel specimens were cycled six times through either HAP/water slurry or water alone treatments, followed by citric acid (15mM or 50mM, pH 3.8) challenges and saliva....

In recent years, there has been a dramatic shift in the overall oral health status of populations in the developed world: people are living longer and retaining more natural teeth into old age. While this can be viewed as a sign of improvement, this situation brings its own problems. The prevalence of caries, enamel erosion and chronic periodontal...

In recent years, there has been a dramatic shift in the overall oral health status of populations in the developed world: people are living longer and retaining more natural teeth into old age. While this can be viewed as a sign of improvement, this situation brings its own problems. The prevalence of caries, enamel erosion and chronic periodontal...

There continues to be a demand from consumers and patients for products that whiten teeth. These products are generally either peroxide-based bleaching formats to improve intrinsic tooth colour or whitening toothpastes with enhanced physical and chemical cleaning properties to remove and prevent extrinsic tooth stain. Through the understanding of c...

Objectives: To establish the effects of a silica-based whitening toothpaste containing blue covarine (Signal White Now) on existing and subsequently deposited extrinsic stain. Methods: Hydroxyapatite (HA) discs were immersed in pooled, whole saliva for 2hours in order to generate a salivary pellicle. CIELAB colour measurements were made using...

Objectives:To assess the reproducibility of an in vitro model used to evaluate the tooth whitening efficacy of a new silica-based toothpaste containing blue covarine.Methods:Extracted human incisors and premolars were cleaned with a white toothpaste and placed in sterile saliva for two hours. After rinsing with water, baseline tooth colour was meas...

Objectives: To measure the tooth whitening effects of a silica-based toothpaste and mouthwash containing blue covarine in vitro. Methods: Human extracted teeth were cleaned and placed in sterile saliva for 2 hours. Baseline tooth colour was measured using a chromameter. Specimens were randomly allocated to either a silica-based toothpaste containin...

To review current knowledge on the definition of tooth whiteness and its application within dentistry, together with the measured range of tooth colours. 'Medline' and 'ISI Web of Sciences' databases were searched electronically with key words tooth, teeth, colour, colour, white and whiteness. The application of colour science within dentistry has...

To investigate a new optical approach to tooth whitening by enhancing the measurement and perception of tooth whiteness using blue coloured materials deposited onto the tooth surface. Salivary pellicle coated human extracted teeth or polished enamel specimens were used as substrates and their colour was measured using a colorimeter in the CIELAB mo...

To assess the reproducibility of a mobile non-contact camera-based digital imaging system (DIS) for measuring tooth colour under in vitro and in vivo conditions. One in vitro and two in vivo studies were performed using a mobile non-contact camera-based digital imaging system. In vitro study: two operators used the DIS to image 10 dry tooth specime...

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of a novel silica-based blue covarine whitening toothpaste on the colour of anterior restoration materials. Restoration materials (three glass ionomers, three resin composites) were cast into disks (10 mm diameter, 2 mm thick) using cylindrical moulds. Specimens were immersed in pooled whole saliv...

To investigate the stain removal ability, abrasivity towards enamel and dentine, and fluoride efficacy of a new silica based blue covarine whitening toothpaste in vitro. Stain removal was assessed by brushing artificially stained bovine specimens with slurries of either the new toothpaste or one of two whitening products or a non-whitening silica p...

To evaluate the effects of a 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitener, Xtra White, on sound human enamel microhardness in vitro after an extended and exaggerated simulated 8 weeks of product use. Polished human enamel specimens were prepared and baseline microhardness and color measurements determined. The enamel specimens were exposed to a fluoride-con...

To determine the protective nature of pellicle towards toothpaste abrasion. The enamel region of human enamel-dentine blocks was indented with a Knoop diamond and the profile across the enamel-dentine junction was measured. Blocks were either exposed to deionised water or placed onto intra-oral appliances and worn in the mouth to produce in situ pe...

To determine the enamel abrasivity of three whitening toothpastes and a silica toothpaste and to measure the brushing forces used. Polished human enamel blocks were indented with a Knoop diamond and attached to dentures of adult volunteers. The blocks were brushed ex vivo, twice per day with either a whitening toothpaste containing Perlite (White S...

To review the available literature investigating the effects of peroxide-based products and solutions on enamel and dentine properties. All original scientific full papers listed in ISI Web of Science and Medline were included in this review using the search terms peroxide AND (enamel OR dentin*) up to the end of 2006. The majority of studies indic...

This chapter gives a brief overview of the oral tissues and their environment, followed by a review of the various accumulations that occur on the teeth such as salivary films, stain, plaque, and calculus. The types of products and agents that can be used to reduce these accumulations are described in this chapter, together with the typical methods...

Objectives: To review current knowledge of tooth whitening with respect to external bleaching methods. Data: The scope is the external bleaching of vital teeth and focuses on mechanisms; in vivo and in vitro measurement methods, and factors influencing the efficacy of the whitening process. Sources: "Medline" and "ISI Web of Science" databases from...

There is concern that hydrogen peroxide generated by tooth bleaching agents may cause enhanced metal ion release (including mercury) from dental amalgam following contact. The aim of this in vitro study was therefore to investigate the effect of a carbamide peroxide (CP) based tooth bleaching gel on metal ion release from dental amalgam. Dental ama...

There has been an increase in the demand from consumers and patients for products that whiten teeth. To meet this demand, a whitening toothpaste containing calcium carbonate and perlite as the abrasive system and an efficacious fluoride source has recently been launched. The aim of the current paper is to review the toothpaste's stain removal effic...

The adsorption from 0.2% (w/w) chlorhexidine and black tea solutions onto an in vitro pellicle from whole unstimulated saliva on hydroxyapatite discs was studied by ellipsometry. It was found that chlorhexidine adsorbed to the pellicle and caused a modification of the pellicle properties, leading to a subsequent increase in adsorption of salivary a...

To review current knowledge of tooth whitening with respect to external bleaching methods. The scope is the external bleaching of vital teeth and focuses on mechanisms; in vivo and in vitro measurement methods, and factors influencing the efficacy of the whitening process. "Medline" and "ISI Web of Science" databases from 1966 and 1974, respectivel...

To investigate the in vitro enamel and dentine wear by toothpastes with a range of Relative Dentine Abrasivity (RDA) and Relative Enamel Abrasivity (REA) values. Human enamel/dentine (approximately 50:50) blocks (approximately 4 x 4 mm) were polished and the enamel indented with four Knoop indents. The step across the enamel-dentine junction was me...

To determine the rates of enamel and dentine wear in situ during tooth brushing with a range of five toothpastes of differing RDA and REA values. Enamel/dentine inserts were placed in the buccal aspects of full upper dentures of human volunteers. Enamel wear was determined by change in Knoop indent length and dentine wear was determined from the en...

To determine the enamel and dentine wear of two whitening toothpastes using an in situ model with ex vivo brushing. Human enamel/dentine (approximately 50:50) blocks (approximately 4 x 4mm) were placed in the upper buccal aspects of full or partial dentures of a group of 25 subjects. Subjects brushed the specimens ex vivo with either a calcium carb...

The studies described in this paper aimed to assess the stain removal efficacy, fluoride efficacy and abrasivity to enamel and dentine of a new whitening toothpaste containing calcium carbonate and perlite, using appropriate in vitro models. Stain removal efficacy was assessed using the pellicle cleaning ratio (PCR) method. Fluoride efficacy was as...

The adsorption of components from black tea and of purified tea polyphenols onto a whole unstimulated salivary pellicle-like protein layer, formed in vitro on hydroxyapatite discs, was studied by in situ ellipsometry. It was found that components from black tea and the purified polyphenols epicatechin-3-gallate (ECG), epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EG...

The aims of this study were to evaluate the in vitro tooth whitening effects of a novel 6% hydrogen peroxide containing tooth whitener Xtra White (XW) on extrinsic stain and intrinsic tooth colour and the effects on enamel and dentine microhardness. In addition, to determine the levels of peroxide found in tooth pulp chambers after treatment with X...

The aims of this study were to evaluate the effects of a novel 6% hydrogen peroxide containing tooth whitener, Xtra White (XW), on enamel and dentine microhardness in vitro. Polished human enamel and dentine specimens were prepared and baseline microhardness determined. In study 1, enamel specimens were exposed to 20 min cycles of either water, XW...

In order to understand the clinical relevance of dentifrice abrasivity on the dentition in vivo, an in situ enamel wear model has been developed. Polished human enamel blocks were indented with a Knoop diamond, attached to dentures and worn by adult volunteers for 24 h per day. The blocks were brushed for 30 s, twice per day with dentifrices of kno...

The current study was designed to determine the effect of natural calcium carbonate toothpaste containing Perlite and microgranules (Whitening toothpaste) on extrinsic tooth stain compared to a standard commercial toothpaste formulation with precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) as abrasive and a commercial toothpaste with dicalcium phosphate dihydr...

To review current knowledge with respect to tooth colour and its measurement. 'Medline' database for the period 1966 to the present day and 'ISI Web of Science' database for the period 1974 to the present day were searched electronically with key words tooth, teeth, colour and color. The colour and appearance of teeth is a complex phenomenon, with...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a novel 6% hydrogen peroxide gel on the surface morphology of dental gold, amalgam, porcelain and composite. Admixed high-copper amalgam and hybrid resin composite specimens were prepared in extracted teeth using standard clinical procedures. Feldspathic porcelain and type III gold specimens were...

To investigate, for three glass ionomer dental materials, the effects of a hydrogen peroxide solution on the elution of key elements, and the effects of a novel 6% hydrogen peroxide tooth whitening gel on subsequent wear rates with a toothpaste slurry. Discs specimens of three glass ionomers (ChemFlex, Fuji II and Ketac-Fil) were prepared. One set...

The aim of this study was to compare the enamel abrasivity of a whitening toothpaste with a standard silica toothpaste. Polished human enamel blocks (4 x 4 mm) were indented with a Knoop diamond. The enamel blocks were attached to the posterior buccal surfaces of full dentures and worn by adult volunteers for 24 hours per day. The blocks were brush...

The adsorption of black tea and red wine components onto a pellicle-like protein layer formed in vitro by adsorption from whole unstimulated saliva on hydroxyapatite discs were studied by in situ ellipsometry. It was found that components from black tea readily adsorbed to the pellicle. Subsequent exposure to saliva led to further adsorption of sal...

Studies in vitro suggest that abrasion and erosion may act synergistically to produce wear of enamel and dentine. Methods in situ are recently available to study separately erosion and abrasion of dental tissues. The aim of this study was to combine two in situ protocols to study the interplay between erosion and abrasion of enamel and dentine. The...

This paper reports the use of thin film hydroxyapatite (HA) coatings, deposited by RF magnetron sputtering, as a possible model dental surface. Dissolution behavior of the coatings has been monitored by exposure to Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) solution for periods of 1 hr, 24 hrs and 7 days and analyzed by FTIR, XPS and AFM. Coatings sputter dep...

The abrasivity of toothpastes is usually determined using in vitro methods; as such, the clinical significance of the findings is uncertain. The aim of the present study was to develop and evaluate a method in situ to study abrasion of dentine by two toothpastes of different Relative Dentine Abrasivity (RDA). The study was a single blind, randomise...

Objectives: To compare the stain removal and prevention efficacy of a whitening toothpaste (White System) and a standard silica toothpaste and to determine if any increase in tooth whitening benefits caused an increase in enamel abrasive wear. Methods: The products were evaluated in a laboratory-cleaning test and in a clinical study evaluating the...

Objectives: To review current knowledge with respect to the epidemiology of abrasive lesions and the evidence for the role of toothpastes and toothbrushes in their aetiology. Materials and methods: ‘Medline’ databases for the period 1966 to the present day were searched electronically, while the dental literature prior to 1966 was searched manually...

Whole unstimulated saliva from two donors was investigated both with respect to adsorption characteristics and SDS‐induced elutability. Salivary protein adsorption onto hydroxyapatite (HA) discs was studied by means of in situ ellipsometry in the concentration range 0.1–20% saliva. The adsorbed amounts on HA were found to be similar to those on sil...

To evaluate a modified tooth stain index and determine the effect of dietary factors on stain formation. At baseline, 182 adult volunteers were given a full oral prophylaxis followed by stain assessment using a modification of the Lobene index. This involved assigning separate scores to the mesial (M) and distal (D) sites of each tooth, in addition...

In order to understand the factors of extrinsic stain formation more fully, we have developed an in situ stain model. This consists of polished bovine enamel blocks attached to partial or full dentures worn by adult volunteers for 24 h per day. The dentures were cleaned twice daily with a commercial dentifrice and toothbrush, with care taken to avo...