Andrew E. Czeizel

Orofacial clefts (OFCs), which include non-syndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P), are among the most common birth defects in humans, affecting approximately 1 in 700 newborns. CL/P is phenotypically heterogeneous and has a complex etiology caused by genetic and environmental factors. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs...

Cleft palate (CP) is a common birth defect occurring in 1 in 2,500 live births. Approximately half of infants with CP have a syndromic form, exhibiting other physical and cognitive disabilities. The other half have nonsyndromic CP, and to date, few genes associated with risk for nonsyndromic CP have been characterized. To identify such risk factors...

In most patients affected by isolated infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) the etiology is largely unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to estimate possible maternal risk factors in the origin of IHPS. The study samples included 241 cases with IHPS, 357 matched controls and 38,151 population controls without any defect in the populati...

Objective: In most patients affected by isolated anorectal malformation (IARM), the etiology is unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the possible role of maternal risk factors in the origin of IARM. Methods: The study samples included 231 cases with IARM, 361 matched and 38 151 population controls without any defect in the population...

Van der Woude syndrome (VWS) is an autosomal dominant malformation syndrome characterized by orofacial clefting (OFC) and lower lip pits. The clinical presentation of VWS is variable and can present as an isolated OFC, making it difficult to distinguish VWS cases from individuals with nonsyndromic OFCs. About 70% of causal VWS mutations occur in IR...

In most patients affected by isolated anorectal malformation (IARM) the etiology is largely unknown. Thus, the aim of our project was to analyze possible risk factors for IARM. In the first step, birth outcomes of cases with IARM were analyzed on the basis of maternal socio-demographic variables, and these data are presented in this paper. Gestatio...

Objective: Previous Hungarian intervention trials have shown an association between periconceptional folic-acid-containing multivitamin supplementation and significantly reduced risk of congenital heart defects (CHDs). These findings were confirmed in observational multivitamin studies in the USA, and studies in the Netherlands and China regarding...

Background and hypothesis: Chronic ear infections are a common occurrence in children with orofacial clefts involving the secondary palate. Less is known about the middle ear status of individuals with isolated clefts of the lip, although several studies have reported elevated rates of ear infection in this group. The purpose of this retrospective...

In most patients affected by isolated infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) beyond the polygenic predisposition the other factors in the multifactorial etiology are largely unknown. The main characteristic of IHPS is the robust male predominance, thus the aim of this study was to analyze birth outcomes in males and females whether they are...

Aim: The aim of the study was to estimate the possible risk of adverse birth outcomes of children born to mothers with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Methods: The dataset of large population-based Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities from 1980-1996 was evaluated including 22,843 cases with congenital abnormalities a...

In most patients affected by isolated oesophageal atresia (IOA) the etiology is largely unknown. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze potential risk factors in mothers. The study samples included 221 cases with IOA, 356 matched and 38,151 population controls without any defect in the population-based dataset of the Hungarian Case-Control Surv...

The aim of the study was to estimate the possible association of pregnant women with paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) with the possible risk for adverse birth outcomes, particularly different congenital abnormalities (CAs) in their children. Prospectively and medically recorded PSVT was evaluated in 103 pregnant women who later had of...

p> Background: In general, previous epidemiological studies evaluated congenital heart defects (CHDs) together. The aim of the present study was to identify possible etiological factors of different CHD-entities, because the underlying causes are unclear in the vast majority of patients. Objectives: Different CHD-entities as homogeneously as possi...

Although genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for nonsyndromic orofacial clefts have identified multiple strongly associated regions, the causal variants are unknown. To address this, we selected 13 regions from GWASs and other studies, performed targeted sequencing in 1,409 Asian and European trios, and carried out a series of statistical and f...

Undescended testis (cryptorchidism) is a common structural birth defect, i.e. congenital abnormality of the male genital organs and increasing trend in its birth prevalence was reported in some countries. The aim of this study was to analyze the recorded annual birth prevalence of isolated undescended testis (IUT) in the population-based large data...

Over the past 15 years, we have included chapters in the each of the four Editions of Preventive Nutrition (1st edn, pp. 351–71, 1997; 2nd edn, pp. 349–71, 2001; 3rd edn, pp. 603–27, 2005; 4th edn pp. 943–72, 2009. Totowa: Humana Press) that reviewed and updated the results from our seminal intervention trials proving that periconceptional multivit...

Hypospadias is a common structural birth defect (congenital abnormality) of the male genital organ. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis regarding the possible preventive effect of folic acid for isolated hypospadias (IH). Folic acid use was compared in 3,038 cases with IH and 24,814 male controls without any defects in the nation...

Maternal age effect is well-known in the origin of numerical chromosomal aberrations and some isolated congenital abnormalities (CAs). The sex ratio (SR), i.e. number of males divided by the number of males and females together, of most CAs deviates from the SR of newborn population (0.51). The objective of this analysis was to evaluate the possibl...

Background Multiple congenital abnormalities are caused by chromosomal aberrations, mutant major genes and teratogens. A minor proportion of these patients are identified as syndromes but the major part belonging to the group of unclassified multiple CAs (UMCAs). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the maternal age and birth order in p...

Objective: Previous epidemiological studies have evaluated cases with all congenital heart defects (CHDs), rather than analysing different types of CHD. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible association of certain chronic maternal diseases with the risk of different types of CHD, because the role of possible environmental factor...

Objective To evaluate the effect of hydroxyethylrutoside (HER) for fetal development because this flavonoid derivate drug is frequently used in pregnant women for the treatment of vascular diseases. Method Comparative analysis of exposure (HER treatment) during pregnancy in the newborn infants without any defects born to mothers with or without HER...

Abstract Objective: Undescended testis (cryptorchidism) is a common congenital abnormality of male genital organs diagnosed at birth followed with frequent postnatal descensus. However, the so-called isolated true undescended testis (ITUT) diagnosed at the third postnatal month seems to be an independent defect-entity and this hypothesis was planne...

Previously an unexpected association of maternal angina pectoris (MAP) during pregnancy with a higher risk of orofacial clefts in their children was found. There were 3 objectives of this study: (I) To evaluate the validity of MAP-diagnoses in the previous study and the recent history of mothers with MAP in a follow-up study. (II) To estimate the p...

Aim: The aim of this study is to present the first patient with 46,XX male syndrome diagnosed in Hungary. The group of sexual reversal syndromes comprises 46, XY females and 46, XX males, and represents a special group of rare human genetic diseases with sex dysplasia characterized by inconsistency between gonadal sexuality and chromosomal sexualit...

Objective: In epidemiological studies at the estimation of risk factors in the origin of specified congenital abnormalities in general birth order (parity) is considered as confounder. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible association of first and high (four or more) birth order with the risk of congenital abnormalities in a population...

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the birth outcomes of cases with four types of conotruncal defects (CTDs), i.e. common truncus, transposition of great arteries, tetralogy of Fallot and double-outlet right ventricle. Methods: Birth outcomes of 597 live-born cases with CTD and 38 151 population controls without any defects were compa...

Abstract Objective. The evaluation of pregnancy complication of mothers who delivered boys with isolated hypospadias (IHS) to estimate their roles in the higher rate of low birthweight and preterm birth in cases with IHS. Methods. The incidence of prospectively and medically recorded pregnancy complications in the prenatal maternity logbook was com...

Abstract Objective. To analyze the possible association of maternal age with the risk of all congenital abnormalities (CAs) in a population-based large case-matched control data set. Methods. The Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities included 21494 cases with isolated CA and their 34,311 matched controls. First the distrib...

The objective of the study was to evaluate the possible association of maternal factors with the risk of isolated true undescended testis (ITUT) diagnosed at third postnatal month because our knowledge is limited regarding the origin of ITUT. Acute and chronic diseases with related drug treatments were compared in the mothers of 2,052 cases with IT...

The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors in the origin of lethal or surgically corrected isolated atrial septal defect secundum. The population-based Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities (conducted between 1980 and 1996) comprised 472 atrial septal defect secundum cases, 678 matched controls and 38,151 availab...

Background/aims: Vitamin D may protect from pre-eclampsia through influences on immune modulation and vascular function. To evaluate the role of vitamin D in the development of pre-eclampsia, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis including novel data from 2 large-scale epidemiological studies. Methods: PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochran...

The mandatory notification of patients ("cases") with different congenital abnormalities (CAs) diagnosed from birth until the end of the first postnatal year by medical doctors was ordered by the Ministry of Health in Hungary in 1962 and this CA-registry was continued as the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry (HCAR) based on the internationa...

Objective To establish possible aetiological factors contributing to congenital heart defects (CHD) overall and separately for different types of CHD, as causes are unknown for the vast majority of patients. Design To estimate a possible association with maternal diseases and related drug treatments as exposures in the mothers of cases with right-s...

The birth prevalence of hypospadias increased in Hungary during the last decades, thus the aim of this study was to analyze the possible role of maternal risk factors in the origin of isolated hypospadias (IHS). The incidence/prevalence of acute and chronic maternal diseases with related drug treatments were compared in the mothers of cases with IH...

Diet, particularly vitamin deficiency, is associated with the risk of birth defects. The aim of this review paper is to show the characteristics of common and severe neural-tube defects together with congenital heart defects (CHD) as vitamin deficiencies play a role in their origin. The findings of the Hungarian intervention (randomized double-blin...

Abstract Objective: Hydroxyethylrutosidea (HER), a flavonoid derivate drug, used frequently in pregnant women for the treatment of vascular diseases. The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate the teratogenic potential of oral HER treatment in the population-based Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities. Metho...

Previously an increasing birth prevalence of hypospadias was recorded in some countries, including in Hungary. However, a Hungarian clinical-epidemiological study estimated the so-called true birth prevalence of hypospadias (2.25+0.30 per 1000) based on the physical examination of newborns with well-defined diagnostic criteria. Thus the aim of this...

Congenital heart defect (CHD) cases have been evaluated together as a group in some previous epidemiological studies. However, different CHD entities have different etiologies, and the underlying causes are unclear in the vast majority of patients. Thus the aim of this study was to analyze the possible association of different maternal diseases wit...

The aim of our project was to study possible etiological factors in the origin of congenital heart defects (CHDs) because in the majority of patients the underlying causes are unclear. Cases with different CHD entities as homogeneously as possible were planned for evaluation in the population-based large data set of the Hungarian Case Control Surve...

Background: Among structural birth defects, i.e. congenital abnormalities, the most common group includes congenital heart defects (CHDs), however, the underlying causes are unclear in the vast majority of cases with CHD. Objectives: Cases with different CHD-entities as homogeneously as possible are planned to evaluate. Thus the medically recorded...

Background: The role of possible environmental factors in the origin of congenital heart defects is unclear in the vast majority of patients. The objective of this study was to describe the birth outcomes and risk factors in isolated atrioventricular canal defect (AVCD) cases. Methods: Medically recorded birth outcomes, maternal age, parity, acu...

The population-based data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities between 1980 and 1996 included 1374 cases with isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL ± CP) and 601 cases with isolated posterior cleft palate (CP) and their data were compared to 38,151 population controls without any defects and 20,75...

We present the data of male participants in the Coordinating Center of the Hungarian Preconception Service (HPS), Budapest, 1984-2010. One of main objectives of the HPS was the incorporation of male partners of female participants into the preparation of childbirth. The HPS is based on three steps: (I) Reproductive health check-up. (II) A 3-month p...

Objectives: In general, epidemiological studies have evaluated cases with congenital cardiovascular abnormalities together. The aim of this study is to describe the birth outcomes of cases with isolated/single atrial septal defect type II (ASD-II, i.e. only a fossa ovalis defect) after surgical correction or lethal outcome in the light of maternal...

Abstract Objective. In general the analytical epidemiological studies evaluated cases with congenital heart defects together. However, different congenital heart defect entities have different etiology, and in the vast majority of patients the underlying causes are unclear. Thus the objective of the study was to evaluate the possible etiological fa...

Objective: To evaluate the birth outcomes and maternal variables of cases with different types of left-sided obstructive defects (LSOD) of the heart. Methods: Live-born infants were selected from the population-based large dataset of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, and 302 cases with LSOD, 469 matched controls a...

To summarize the arguments for the introduction of preconception care based on the experience of the Hungarian Periconception Service (HPS), 1984–2011.

The objective of our project is to reveal the possible etiological factors of different congenital cardiovascular abnormalities. In this study, we evaluated single ventricular septal defect (VSD) after surgical correction or with lethal outcome. The birth outcomes of these cases in the function of maternal socio-demographic features were evaluated....

To investigate the association of pre-eclampsia (PE) or PE with superimposed chronic hypertension (PE+SCH) in pregnant women with the risk of various structural birth defects (i.e. congenital abnormalities) in their offspring. A population-based case-control study using the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities data set (1...

Vitamin E is frequently used for prevention/treatment of repeated or threatened abortion and threatened preterm delivery in Hungarian pregnant women, though, internationally this old-fashion method is not recommended. The rate of preterm birth of newborns in pregnant women with high dose (estimated daily dose 450 mg) vitamin E treatment or without...

To test the possible multifactorial-threshold model in the origin of isolated microtia/anotia (IMA). The observed number of IMA in the first degree relatives of cases affected was compared with the expected number of affected first degree relatives based on the multifactorial-threshold model in the population-based large dataset of the Hungarian Ca...

The objective of this historical account is to summarize the concept, objectives, methods, results and general experience of the Hungarian Preconception Service, Budapest, based on 27 years (1984-2010) and 25,313 women and couples. The service includes counseling and care (examinations and medical interventions) based on three steps: (1) preconcept...

Among structural birth defects, i.e. congenital abnormalities, neural-tube defects are the common and severe congenital abnormalities of nervous system. Recent intervention trials showed that about 90% of neural-tube defects are preventable by periconception (at least one month before conception and at least two months after conception) folic acid-...

The aims of this research article are (i) to report new results of a populationbasedcohort study and (ii) to summarize the recent knowledge regarding the risk ofiron deficiency anemia in pregnant women for adverse birth outcomes and theeffective treatment of this pathological condition during pregnancy. The study designwas the comparison the rate o...

A systematic evaluation of different gastrointestinal disorders was performed in the dataset of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities based on the mothers of 22,843 cases with different congenital abnormalities and 38,151 matched controls without any defect during the last years. The main outcomes of these studies were...

The prevention of neural tube defects with periconceptional folic acid or folic acid-containing multivitamin supplementation is accepted by the scientific community; here the possible prevention of cardiovascular malformations is discussed. The aim of this presentation is to show the main findings of trials and studies that resulted in the preventi...

Objectives. To study the efficacy of vitamin E supplementation for the reduction of preterm birth/low birthweight newborns in pre-eclamptic pregnant women. Design. Comparison of the rate of preterm birth and low birthweight in pre-eclamptic pregnant women with or without vitamin E treatment. Setting. Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Co...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible association of drug treatments in pregnant women with a higher risk of congenital abnormalities of the external ear, particularly microtia/anotia, in their children. The frequency of drug treatments was compared in the mothers of cases with isolated or multiple (syndromic) ear abnormalities a...

The objective of the study was to estimate the possible association of maternal diseases with the risk of isolated ear congenital abnormalities (IECA) including mainly microtia and anotia in their children. Incidence of acute and prevalence of chronic maternal diseases in the mothers with IECA and in the mothers of their matched controls and all co...

To review the main results of intervention trials which showed the efficacy of periconceptional folic acid-containing multivitamin and folic acid supplementation in the prevention of neural-tube defects (NTD). The main findings of 5 intervention trials are known: (i) the efficacy of a multivitamin containing 0.36 mg folic acid in a UK nonrandomized...

The history of intervention trials of periconception folic acid with multivitamin and folic acid supplementation in women has shown a recent breakthrough in the primary prevention of structural birth defects, namely neural-tube defects and some other congenital abnormalities. Recently, some studies have demonstrated the efficacy of this new method...

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is used for treatment of pregnant women with threatened and re-peated miscarriages/spontaneous abortions in Hungary. Thus the objective of the study was to evaluate the possible asso-ciation of medically recorded hCG treatment during the second and/or third gestational month in pregnant women with the risk of diff...

The objective of the investigation was to study the possible association between uterus uni- or bicornis in pregnant women and structural birth defects (ie, congenital abnormalities) in their offspring. There were 22,843 cases with congenital abnormality recorded in the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980-1996. The...

Objective: To assess the association between nonsyndromic (NS) cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL(P)) and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the CRISPLD2 gene (cysteine-rich secretory protein LCCL domain containing 2). Design: Four SNPs within the CRISPLD2 gene domain (rs1546124, rs8061351, rs2326398, rs4783099) were genotyped...

Previous studies reported controversial results regarding the possible association of recurrent genital herpes during pregnancy with a higher risk of preterm birth/low birth weight in newborns. Thus, birth outcomes of mothers with prospective and medically recorded symptomatic recurrent genital herpes confirmed by serological examination and of mot...

Objective: In Hungary, vitamin E is frequently used to prevent repeated or threatened abortion. A previous study showed a higher risk of cardiovascular malformations in the children of pregnant women who had a high vitamin E intake either in their diet or by taking supplements. The objective was to examine this association. Methods: The Hungaria...

The aim of the study was to estimate the effect on the fetal development of high doses of prescription drugs taken as a suicide attempt during pregnancy. Pregnant women were identified among self-poisoned females in the toxicological inpatient clinic in Budapest between 1960 and 1993. Congenital abnormalities, intrauterine development based on birt...

The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence at birth and epidemiologic characteristics of patients/cases with both isolated and multiple “syndromic” external ear congenital abnormalities (CAs) in Hungary. The Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry, 1980–1996, included 649 cases with isolated external ear CAs, while the number of ca...

Our aim in this study is to describe the characteristics of sexual development in twins and estimate the role of heritability and environmental factors as causes of certain sexual disorders. Two hundred and ten adult same-sex twin pairs (92 monozygotic [MZ] female, 41 MZ male, 55 dizygotic [DZ] female and 22 DZ male pairs) were involved in the stud...

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) is a common disease which can also occur in pregnant women. However, the possible association of PUD and related drug treatments in pregnant women with the risk of structural birth defects (i.e. congenital abnormalities [CA]) in their offspring has not been estimated in controlled population-based epidemiological studies....

After the short summary of history of primary prevention of neural tube defects by folic acid or folic acid-containing multivitamin supplementation during the periconception period, the three main unsolved problems are highlighted. Both intervention trials and observational studies confirmed that this new primary preventive method is effective - be...

To describe the maternal characteristics and birth outcomes of newborn infants affected with isolated ear congenital abnormalities (IECA), mainly isolated anotia/microtia and unclassified multiple congenital abnormalities (CAs) including anotia/microtia (UMAM). Cases with IECA and UMAM were compared with their matched controls and all controls with...

The teratogenic potential of some antithyroid drugs is known, but the aim of the study was to estimate the risk of congenital abnormalities (CAs) in the offspring of pregnant women with hyperthyroidism with or without antithyroid drug treatment. Comparison of the occurrence of medically recorded hyperthyroidism who had malformed fetuses/newborns (c...

Chronic hypertension (CH) is a common chronic disease and occurs frequently in pregnant women. The teratogenic/fetotoxic effect of certain antihypertensive drugs has been shown. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between pregnant women with CH and the possible risk of congenital abnormalities (CAs) among their offspring....

Objective: To evaluate cases with unclassified multiple congenital abnormalities (CAs) including anotia/microtia (UMAM) in order to reveal the characteristic pattern of associated other component CAs and to attempt the so-called "registry diagnosis" on the pattern of associated CAs and to stimulate the establishment of an international registry of...

During the influenza A-H1N1 pandemic, only about 16% of pregnant women were vaccinated against the virus, despite their higher expected mortality risk. According to the official data, five pregnant women died. In addition, the high fever that occurs in influenza increases the risk of some congenital abnormalities. The vaccine used in Hungary is not...

The prevalence of epilepsy is 0.3-0.6% in pregnant women and the higher rate of structural birth defects, i.e. congenital abnormalities (CAs) was recognized in their children. There are four aims of this review based on the popula-tion-based large data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities (HCCSCA), 1980-1996 wi...

The aim of the Budapest Monitoring System of Self-Poisoning Pregnant Women was to evaluate the potential congenital abnormality inducing effect of extremely large doses of drugs among pregnant women who attempted suicide. This system was appropriate to describe the characteristics of these pregnant women as a secondary finding from this model. All...

The aims of this review are (i) to differentiate the adverse birth outcomes of pregnant women with type 1 (DM-1), type 2 (DM-2) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) because these different types of DM were combined and/or confused frequently in previous studies, (ii) in the population-based Hungarian data to exclude the selection bias of the pre...

Objective. To check the debated association between phenobarbital treatment during pregnancy and risk for congenital abnormalities (CAs) in their children. Study Design. It is a comparison of phenobarbital treatment in the mothers of cases with CA and matched controls without CAs in the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abno...

Objective. To evaluate the rate of preterm birth and low birth weight in the newborns of pregnant women with early and late onset pre-eclampsia according to folic acid supplementation. Study design. Birth outcomes of newborns were evaluated in 1,017 (2.7%) pregnant women with medically recorded pre-eclampsia and 37,134 pregnant women without pre-ec...

Hungarian Preconceptional Care includes the preconceptional screening of sexually transmitted infections/disorders (STD) and vaginal candidosis of potential mothers and pyospermia of potential fathers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of this screening and treatment for the rate of preterm births. Clinical and subclinical vaginal ca...

Chronic hypertension is frequent in pregnant women as well. The objective of this review is to evaluate the maternal characteristics, pregnancy complications and birth outcomes including congenital abnormalities of pregnant women with chronic hypertension by reviewing the results of published studies and mainly the data of the population-based data...

Tribenoside is used for the treatment of haemorrhoids and varicose veins, frequently in pregnant women as well, but published data regarding its possible teratogenic effect are not available. Thus the risk of congenital abnormalities (CAs) was estimated in cases of pregnant women with oral tribenoside treatment (TT) in the Hungarian Case-Control Su...

There was a significant male excess in the newborns of pregnant women with severe chronic constipation during pregnancy compared to pregnant women without constipation and pregnant women with new onset severe constipation, during pregnancy.

The objective of the present study was to check the efficacy of progress in the medical care of epileptic pregnant women on the basis of the reduction of different congenital abnormalities (CAs) in their offspring. First, the prevalence of medically recorded epilepsy was compared in 95 pregnant women who later had offspring with different CAs (case...

The objective of the present study was to estimate the preventive effect of folic acid for structural birth defects (i.e. congenital abnormalities [CAs]) in the offspring of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM-1). The occurrence of medically recorded DM-1 in pregnant women who had malformed fetuses/newborns (cases) and delivered health...

Hypotension is frequent in pregnant women; nevertheless, its association with pregnancy complications and birth outcomes has not been investigated. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the possible association of hypotension in pregnant women with pregnancy complications and with the risk for preterm birth, low birthweight and different conge...

The objective of the study was to estimate the association of pregnant women with varicose veins of lower extremities (VVLE) and the possible risk for adverse birth outcomes and among them different congenital abnormalities (CAs) in their children. Prospectively and medically recorded VVLE were evaluated in 332 pregnant women who delivered infants...

The deficiency or overdosage of certain nutrients may have a role in the origin of birth defects. First, in 1932, Hale (1) demonstrated that a vitamin A-free diet during early pregnancy of sows resulted in offspring without eyeballs, oral clefts, accessory ears, malposition of the kidney and defects of hind legs. Hale’s conclusion was “the conditio...

Case-parent trios were used in a genome-wide association study of cleft lip with and without cleft palate. SNPs near two genes not previously associated with cleft lip with and without cleft palate (MAFB, most significant SNP rs13041247, with odds ratio (OR) per minor allele = 0.704, 95% CI 0.635-0.778, P = 1.44 x 10(-11); and ABCA4, most significa...

The aim of the study was to check the association of maternal periodontal infectious disease (MPID) during pregnancy and the possible risk for birth outcomes, mainly structural birth defects: congenital abnormalities (CAs) in their children. The population-based data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities,...

Case-parent trios were used in a genome-wide association study of cleft lip with and without cleft palate. SNPs near two genes not previously associated with cleft lip with and without cleft palate (MAFB, most significant SNP rs13041247, with odds ratio (OR) per minor allele = 0.704, 95% CI 0.635-0.778, P = 1.44 x 10(-11); and ABCA4, most significa...

The possible association between Salmonella gastroenteritis (SGE) and infectious diarrhoea in pregnancy (IDP) and structural birth defects, i.e. congenital abnormalities (CA) in the offspring, has not been studied. The dataset of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980-1996 was evaluated. There were 15 (0.07%) and...

The possible association between otitis media in pregnancy (OMP) and structural birth defects, that is, congenital abnormalities (CAs), in their offspring has not been studied. The data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980 and 1996, was evaluated. There were 58 (0.25%) and 55 (0.14%) of 22 843 cases and 3...