Andrew W Charleson

Victoria University of Wellington

Heavy damage to adobe constructions observed after earthquakes, experimental programmes and numerical simulations have demonstrated high vulnerability levels that require appropriate strengthening measures. Given that a large fraction of adobe constructions are located in less developed countries, there is a need for effective strengthening techniq...

The M w 6.4 earthquake that occurred near the city of Durres, located on the west coast of Albania, may be considered small in comparison to the design earthquake, yet it caused an enormous amount of damage to buildings. Fifty-one people died, approximately 3,000 were injured and between 5,000 and 14,000 people needed shelter. The paper presents ob...

Although acknowledged as a must in earthquake-prone countries, the introduction of seismic design principles in schools of architecture is often perceived by the students as a serious limitation to their design freedom. Hence, teaching methods where students are encouraged to devise architectural design strategies that embrace seismic principles an...

This paper discusses the use of tsunami modelling to refine the strategies to be used in coastal architectural and planning design works in effort to minimize future tsunami impacts on the coastal buildings. The ability to recreate the characteristics of the 2004 Sumatran Tsunami waves and their impacts is the reason to use computer simulation as t...

A major 2006 survey of US schools of architecture identified significant problems in the way earthquake engineering design was integrated into and taught in their curricula. More than 10 years later, this paper reviews several of the significant problems raised, and reports on new developments in three areas. First, after acknowledging the pivotal...

Mitigation should be the key component of DRR in the context of seismic-resistant building construction, and more specifically - housing construction, in developing countries. Although this paper is relevant to many countries some emphasis is given to the situation in Indonesia. Mitigation, the outcome of which is safer buildings, is little more th...

p>This paper records and reflects on two architecture design studios situated between academic and professional practice contexts. It is motivated by the level of both student and external engagement generated by the studios, which occurred at a significantly higher level than that generated by similar studios that regularly run at VUW School of Ar...

Although many countries have legislation requiring strengthening of earthquake prone buildings, there are significant obstacles to retrofitting these buildings to make them more resilient. This research examines actions in regard to earthquake prone commercial and public buildings in Wellington and checks on private homes following the 2010/2011 Ca...

This paper reports on a theoretical student design project to seismically upgrade buildings in a historic precinct of Wellington. The unique feature of the structural upgrading, heritage retention and adaptation, and new building interv entions in the precinct was that all retrofitting designs were applied to pairs or clusters of buildings in order...

Seismic isolation offers the highest degree of earthquake protection to buildings and their inhabitants. Modern applications of the technology are less than 50 years old and uptake in seismically active regions continues to soar. Seismic Isolation for Architects is a comprehensive introduction to the theory and practice in this field. Based on the...

People who prepare for earthquakes complete more emergency survival actions (e.g., get water supplies) than damage mitigation actions (e.g., strengthen foundations). The usual explanation for this difference is that mitigation actions cost more than emergency survival actions. However, research has not tested this idea with regard to citizens' perc...

This paper investigates the potential of double-layer space structures to be applied vertically as a new structural system in super-tall buildings. The investigation using case studies covers four stages: structural designs of 100-storey buildings in order to obtain internal force distributions and determine appropriate structural member sizes, ana...

This paper discusses structural–architectural integration of vertical, double-layer space structures in tall buildings. It covers the integration of the structures with building facades, entrances, lobbies, and interior space. As double-layer space structures have not yet been used vertically, their application in tall buildings would be challengin...

Through a qualitative study of building structure, this article examines how structural systems and elements can reinforce architectural design concepts and qualities. After elaborating upon the ability of structure to be 'read by', as well as to 'speak to' its observers, a process to determine the most commonly sought-after contemporary architectu...

Seismic Design for Architects shows how structural requirements for seismic resistance can become an integral part of the design process. Structural integrity does not have to be at the expense of innovative, high standard design in seismically active zones.

After outlining introductory research on a proposed reinforcing system for adobe housing using straps cut from used car tires, the paper reports on full-scale tests. One dynamic and two static tests are described and results presented. The most significant outcome was that a single-room adobe house reinforced by tire straps successfully withstood t...

Double-layer space structures have been commonly used as long-span structures because of their strength and rigidity. The geometrical form of these structures has a unique potential for integration with other building systems. This paper describes the integrated design process for a double-layer space structure as the main structure of high-rise bu...

This study investigates whether seismic design constraints reduce the architectural interest of buildings in areas subject to high rather than low seismicity. Sixty-three of the most architecturally interesting low-rise buildings from 20 cities, half of which are located in high-seismicity zones, were assessed aesthetically and analyzed structurall...

This paper discusses the state of deconstruction in New Zealand. It outlines specific circumstances in New Zealand which affect deconstruction and materials reuse. The paper details techniques, strategies and examples of deconstruction in New Zealand, and provides an overview of legislation, guidelines, governmental bodies and industry organisation...

This paper outlines preliminary research into reinforcing adobe buildings with strips cut from used car tyres. The proposed approach has the potential to both reduce seismic vulnerability and help solve the ecological problem of vehicle tyre disposal. Tyre strips, spiral-cut from the tread area, have been tested both statically and dynamically to a...

This book has its origin in a conversation about the contribution of structure to architecture, particularly seismic strengthening in an earthquake prone region. Our early discussions on current earthquake strengthening strategies prompted the question as to whether it can provide a critical comment/insight into an existing architecture. This came...

This paper examines the seismic performance of over half of the existing low-rise reinforced concrete buildings that survived the 3 February 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake. Lateral resistance of these buildings is provided by reinforced concrete walls, unreinforced brick masonry infill frames and open reinforced concrete moment-resisting frames. Twent...

In the a ftermath of r ecent major destructive e arthquakes in Turkey and India there is increased awareness for the need to evaluate a nd improve seismic performance of existing reinforced concrete buildings in these a nd other developing countries. The paper f irst reviews current guidelines from India, USA, Europe and New Zealand from the perspe...

Current seismic strengthening approaches to historic buildings place emphasis upon concealing engineering technologies. This study investigates, through a process of architectural and structural engineering design, the architectural possibilities inherent in a completely different approach. Recognising both conservation concerns and the architectur...

This study reviews twenty-nine earthquake reconnaissance reports from developing countries in the period from 1990-1998. After identifying trends in the different types and causes of damage to buildings reviewed in the reports, the paper suggests areas where earthquake damage mitigation should be focussed; namely architectural and engineering conce...

This report outlines the current progress of the Earthquake Hazard Centre, a seismic hazard reduction resource centre for developing Commonwealth countries which was established some two and a half years ago. The Centre aims to encourage developing countries to adopt basic building seismic design and construction practices that are taken for grante...

This paper examines one aspect of the art of structural engineering, namely how structural detailing can contribute aesthetically to architecture. After a brief historical overview, a study of structural detailing in contemporary buildings with exposed structure is described. Structural details are analysed from the perspective of their architectur...

This paper discusses the teaching of earthquake resistant design within schools of architecture. It aims to stimulate discussion on more effective means of teaching the subject, and to suggest ideas and resources for schools whose seismic design curriculum might benefit from further development. It is argued that seismic design issues should be inc...

During 1996, the Management Committee of the Society considered where emphasis should be placed in the future in terms of its study group activities. This strategic review highlighted the important role that the Society and its members will be asked to play following a major earthquake in New Zealand. However the effective response of Society membe...

This paper describes a structural analysis computer program. Written specifically for architects, the program is used to determine the structure a building requires to resist lateral loads. The program overcomes an existing lack of information on possible configurations and sizes of structural elements to resist earthquake and wind load. It enables...

This paper describes the background to and development of the first New Zealand Standard on the seismic restraint of building contents. The implications of its targeted non-specialist use are discussed, and new concepts such as "frequently occupied areas" explained.

This paper describes the development of a computer program for architects to provide guidance on wind and earthquake vertical lateral load resisting structure. The program, akin to an expert system, is suitable for designing low to medium-rise buildings in New Zealand at a preliminary design stage. Examples of design guides, providing more general...

It is almost four years since the Loma Prieta earthquake of October 17, 1989. Since those ten seconds of shaking many lessons have been learned by all those affected. The objective of this symposium was to share these lessons and experiences so that the impact of future earthquakes on other communities might be minimized. Before reporting on the sy...

The philosophy of base isolation of structures, generally using flexible mountings and mechanical energy dissipating devices, is reviewed. Applications of the approach to buildings, bridges, nuclear power plants, equipment and structures rocking on their foundations are described. Where possible, recommended code provisions and design rules are giv...

This is a summary report of recent testing of a haunched reinforced concrete beam at the Ministry of Works and Development Central Laboratories. The testing will shortly be reported in greater depth in Ministry of Works and Development Central Laboratories Report No. 5-79/2.

As part of an investigation of the dynamic properties of bridge substructures, a series of steady-state vibration tests were undertaken on a multispan continuous deck bridge at several stages during construction. In this paper the method of testing is outlined and the measured natural frequencies and derived values of equivalent viscous damping are...

This paper presents an investigation into potentially new seismic design strategies for buildings, derived from areas outside the customary scope of earthquake engineering. The research examines fields such as car design, molecular behaviour and animal structure. Six concepts were developed into systems that may be constructible. These are titled:...

2008 NZSEE Conference ABSTRACT: Observing and reflecting on the earthquake practices of another country is one means of assessing the relative progress being made in one's own country towards improving its seismic resilience. During a three month stay in California, personal observations broadly linked to structural engineering issues were made of...

After summarizing a new proposed reinforcing system for adobe housing using straps cut from used car tyres, the paper outlines a period of research in Peru to continue to develop the technology. Three full-scale experiments and some field work are described and qualitative results presented. Full quantitative analyses are yet to be undertaken. The...

2004 NZSEE Conference ABSTRACT: With reference mainly to the New Zealand scene, this paper reports on current initiatives to strengthen architects' understanding and engagement with issues of earthquake engineering. The situation at the three schools of architecture in New Zealand is reviewed with mention made of some recent developments, including...

This on-going research project responds to both the extreme seismic vulnerability of adobe houses and the abundant supply of environmentally-harmful used car tyres. An introductory section briefly describes the seismic problems this low-cost and technologically appropriate approach attempts to resolve. After describing how used car tyre straps are...

This guide is published by the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, a nonprofit corporation. The objective of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute is to reduce earthquake risk by advancing the science and practice of earthquake engineering by improving understanding of the impact of earthquakes on the physical, social, economic, poli...

This paper explores the scope and potential for an earthquake architecture. It responds to a previous observation that there is little architectural expression of seismic design in earthquake prone regions. An earthquake architecture might be warranted for a number of reasons, including celebrating seismic technology to add to the aesthetic richnes...

The structure/ornament discussion remains active territory within architectural history and theory. It has long been a site of vigorous positioning that often serves as a telling gap between historicism and modernism. The accretions of this dialectic have become an institution of our architectural predilections, documenting a tendency to pit one ag...

This paper describes and reviews a design studio undertaken by senior undergraduate architectural students to explore issues of earthquake architecture. After a brief initial phase of broad earthquake engineering literature research, in some cases supplemented by computer and physical modeling, students identified a wide range of earthquake related...

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