Andres Honrubia-Escribano

Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Albacete, Spain · Electrical Engineering

Electric vehicle technology is transitioning from mobility based on fossil fuel combustion to one based on vehicle electrification, in which the primary energy is increasingly renewable, and the generation of pollutants and CO2 emissions is being reduced. This paper provides a tour of the key aspects of these systems, reviewing their most important...

Over the last decade considerable efforts have been made to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, leading to the significant development and implementation of renewable energy plants across all power systems in the world. Wind energy has consolidated its position as one of the two key energy sources (in conjunction with solar photovoltaics) to achieve c...

With the exponential growth of electric vehicle sales worldwide over the past years and progress in technology and actions to combat climate change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, the trend is expected to continue with a significant increase in the deployment of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids. Given these circumstances, it is essential...

The availability and accessibility of renewable energy in locations worldwide make it play a leading role in the decarbonization process of the energy sector [...]

Renewable energy and, in particular, solar PV power, will play a crucial role in achieving net-zero emissions scenarios over the coming decades. Increasing the share of renewables in countries’ energy mixes is therefore a major challenge that must be urgently addressed. Within this context, the present work proposes an innovative tool that may acce...

The integration of new renewable power capacity into the grid constitutes an important challenge. Control issues become more complex, and the behavior of the new installations must be carefully assessed. In this sense, countries are establishing strict technical requirements when integrating new generation facilities into networks. Within this fram...

The enormous rise in installed wind power capacity worldwide over the last twenty years means most of the wind power plants will soon reach their end-of-life of service. The attention of owners, governments and investors is being drawn to strategies aimed at increasing the useful life of these facilities or the repowering of old wind farms, with th...

. It is interesting to study electricity consumption in buildings due to the fact that it can lead to useful information that can help society as a whole. Lots of studies have been performed in residential buildings since every individual can have access to their electricity consumption. Even though these studies have a real use case and are really...

New global situation is boosting the necessity of analysing electricity consumption of university buildings, mainly motived by the exorbitant increase in electricity prices. In this regard, knowing such demand aims at three goals: i) to reduce their consumption, ii) to increase energy efficiency and iii) to develop solar PV installations. Very few...

To continue to make successful progress towards the achievement of net zero emissions by 2050, a significant number of new facilities based on renewable technologies must continue to be deployed at large scale. However, the integration of large capacities of renewable generation sources into power systems leads to a series of challenges that must b...

The aim of this paper is to provide a multi-criteria decision-making intelligent approach based on Industry 4.0 and Triple Bottom Line principles for sustainable supply chain development in the renewable energy sector. In particular, the solar photovoltaic energy supply chain is used as a case study, encompassing the entire energy production proces...

The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the usefulness, practical applicability, accuracy and reliability of Standard IEC 61400-27-1. The objective of this standard is to specify generic simulation models for the four main types of wind turbines, as well as procedures to validate them. Given that most of the works published and related to the valid...

The rapid evolution of wind energy in reducing CO2 emissions world wide is undeniable, which is, in fact, expected to continue or even increase its impressive yearly capacity growth. In this regard, optimizing operations and maintenance of wind turbines (WTs) and farms is considered to be one of the options for reducing the levelized cost of electr...

Current power systems are undergoing a rapid and complex transformation due to the integration of distributed generation. Load flow analysis is increasingly necessary to evaluate not only the operating point of the existing power system but also the design of future expansions. There are a wide variety of power system analysis packages used for loa...

This paper proposes a practical approach to assess wind energy resource and calculate annual energy production for use on university courses in engineering. To this end, two practical exercises were designed in the open-source software GNU Octave (compatible with MATLAB) using both synthetic and field data. The script used to generate the synthetic...

Abstract Publicly available wind turbine failure rate and downtime studies are scarce in the scientific literature. Recent surveys in the field reveal that only 20 studies of wind farms based in Europe, Asia and the U.S. have been published, but there are no studies analysing wind farms located in Spain. With Spain holding the second place in terms...

In order to ensure grid stability and due to the growth of newly installed wind power capacity worldwide, conduction of transient stability analyses is one of the current challenges for Transmission System Operators (TSOs) and Distribution System Operators (DSOs). TSOs and DSOs need to provide a safe, reliable and sustainable service to consumers,...

The expansion of wind power worldwide brought the total cumulative capacity to more than 743 GW by the end of 2020. However, the growth in this type of renewable energy source affects stability and quality of electricity supply in current power systems, thus bringing some uncertainty. To ensure network stability and assess the impact of the penetra...

Wind power is positioned as one of the fastest-growing energy sources today, while also being a mature technology with a strong capacity for creating employment and guaranteeing environmental sustainability. However, the stochastic nature of wind may affect the integration of power plants into power systems and the availability of generation capaci...

The calculation of short-circuit currents is critical for the design of protection systems and electrical equipment rating. The short-circuit current contribution of traditional synchronous generators, which depends on common machine parameters, has been validated in recent decades. In this sense, the increasing penetration of wind power generation...

Generic wind turbine (WT) models have amply demonstrated their capabilities for power system stability studies. These models, developed by the IEC and the WECC, can adapt their behavior to any actual WT with the adjustment of a limited number of parameters and reduced computational time. However, these generic models present certain limitations, es...

Modern and larger horizontal-axis wind turbines with power capacity reaching 15 MW and rotors of more than 235-meter diameter are under continuous development for the merit of minimizing the unit cost of energy production ($/Kw.hrs). In this context, the European Wind Energy Association has set a target of installed capacity of 150 GW by 2030, whic...

Transient stability analyses are one of the key tools used to ensure grid stability and safeguard security of electricity supply, as well as to comply with different countries grid interconnection agreements. Transmission and distribution system operators require validated wind turbine models to perform these studies. This is becoming increasingly...

Operation and maintenance costs of wind power plants represent a significant share of the total expenditure of a wind farm project. It is therefore vital to optimize maintenance activities in order to reduce costs while improving wind turbine reliability and availability. The induction generator is a major contributor to failure rates and downtime...

The aim of this paper is to provide a multi-criteria decision making framework based on the Triple Bottom Line principles and Analytic Hierarchy Process methodology for sustainable supply chain development in the renewable energy sector. The proposed framework encompasses the whole energy production supply chain, from raw materials’ suppliers to di...

Power systems are currently witnessing a high wind-power penetration due to the development and commissioning of an increasing number of wind-power plants. This new scenario inevitably changes the way power systems are operated, mainly due to the uncertainties associated with wind, with the proper integration of this renewable energy source into th...

The participation of wind power in the energy mix of current power systems is progressively increasing, with variable-speed wind turbines being the leading technology in recent years. In this line, dynamic models of wind turbines able to emulate their response against grid disturbances, such as voltage dips, are required. To address this issue, the...

Forecasts for 2023 position wind energy as the third-largest renewable energy source in the world. This rapid growth brings with it the need to conduct transient stability studies to plan network operation activities and analyze the integration of wind power into the grid, where generic wind turbine models have emerged as the optimal solution. In t...

Condition-based maintenance (CBM) is currently seen as the preferred approach to optimise operation and maintenance (O&M) strategies by the early detection and diagnosis of critical failures for wind turbines (WT). WT reliability is highly affected by failures of the mechanical components from the drive train, although doubly-fed induction generato...

The expansion of wind power around the world poses a new challenge that network operators must overcome, namely the integration of this renewable energy source into the grid. Comprehensive analyses involving time-domain simulations must be carried out to plan network operation and ensure power supply. In light of the above, and with the aim of exte...

This work presents a comprehensive study of the performance of six large photovoltaic (PV) power plants with different mounting topologies over several years of operation. This is a marked contrast to most available performance studies which focus on the study of a single installation of low rated power and one mounting type. The performance result...

Wind power plants are becoming a generally accepted resource in the generation mix of many utilities. At the same time, the size and the power rating of individual wind turbines have increased considerably. Under these circumstances, the sector is increasingly demanding an accurate characterization of vertical wind speed profiles to estimate proper...

The widespread use of renewable energies around the world has generated the need for new tools and resources to allow them to be properly integrated into current power systems. Power system operators need new dynamic generic models of wind turbines and wind farms adaptable to any vendor topology and which permit transient stability analysis of thei...

While wind turbine (WT) power capacities continue to increase and new offshore developments are being deployed, operation and maintenance (O&M) costs continue to rise, becoming the center of attention in the wind energy sector. The electric generator is among the top three contributors to failure rates and downtime of WTs, where the doubly-fed indu...

The current work presents a review of wind turbine reliability studies. Thirteen reliability studies were identified in the scientific literature, highlighting the lack of public reliability data. We present the differences across the studies, with great effort being made to unify the various studies to obtain comparable results. To this end, we ha...

The generic wind turbine models developed in recent years by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Western Electricity Coordinated Council (WECC) are intended to meet the needs of public, standard, and relatively simple (small number of parameters and computational requirements) wind turbine and wind farm models used to conduc...

The wind industry is currently facing a major challenge due to the ageing of the wind turbines that were first commissioned. Recent wind turbine designs present higher power performance and lower maintenance requirements than older wind turbines. Furthermore, most of the old wind turbines are installed in the best sites for wind resource exploitati...

Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Union (EU) defines a target of production from renewable energy (RE) for all the EU-28 countries to be achieved by the end of 2020. Spain accepted a target of at least 20% of gross final consumption of energy (GFCoE) from renewable energy sources (RES), which is not expected to be reached. This is because, on th...

The goal of the present paper is to achieve the diagnosis of an in-service 1.5 MW wind turbine equipped with a doubly-fed induction generator through current signature and vibration analyses. Real data from operating machines have rarely been analysed in the scientific literature through current signature analysis supported by vibrations. The wind...

Solar technology development in recent years has facilitated access to solar PV systems at increasingly competitive costs. This paper analyses the influence of solar technology on the economic performance of different topologies of PV power plants. An economic model is proposed and used to identify the most suitable type of installation for a wide...

Operation and maintenance (O&M) of wind turbines is recently becoming the spotlight in the wind energy sector. While wind turbine power capacities continue to increase and new offshore developments are being installed, O&M costs keep raising. With the objective of reducing such costs, the new trends are moving from corrective and preventive mainten...

Ancillary services are intended to ensure the quality, reliability, and security conditions of the electricity supply. Active power‐related ancillary services are considered balancing services, including mandatory services, such as spinning or primary regulation, and optional services, such as secondary and tertiary regulation. These optional balan...

This paper analyzes the response under voltage dips of a Type 3 wind turbine topology based on IEC 61400-27-1. The evolution of both active power and rotational speed is discussed in detail when some of the most relevant control parameters, included in the mechanical, active power and pitch control models, are modified. Extensive results are also i...

The definition of standard dynamic wind turbine models for power system stability analysis has been under development in recent years. These standard models, also known as generic or simplified models, have been developed under the framework of a new international standard, IEC 61400-27-1, the first edition of which was published in February 2015....

As wind energy continues to develop with increasing wind turbine power capacities often deployed offshore, reducing operation and maintenance costs have become a critical aspect. Condition monitoring has been found to be the key to achieve this goal. Under this framework, the induction generator of a wind turbine is a major contributor to failure r...

In recent years, international working groups, mainly from the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and the Western Electricity Coordinating Council (WECC), have made a major effort to develop generic —also known as simplified or standard— dynamic wind turbine models to be used for power system stability analysis. These models are requir...

This paper presents the use of real time simulation applied to the development of generic wind turbine models, defined by IEC 61400-27-1, which are used in order to obtain an accurate behaviour under power system stability concerns without the need of many computation resources. These models have been implemented to be simulated in a real time simu...

According to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the standardization and modelling of generic Wind Turbine Generators (WTG) is a key fact which allows the co-operation of international organizations in the electrical field. Thus, according to the IEC 61400-27-1, the generic Type 1 WTG model has been implemented and simulated in DIg...

In the last fifteen years, Europe has been involved in the major development of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy. The Kyoto Protocol requirements and the European Union (EU) directives to promote the use of renewable energy sources (RES) together with environmental policies introduced for the development and use of alternative energies have generated...

This paper explains the operation of active and reactive control modes of a generic Type 3 wind turbine model. This generic model is based on the guidelines recently developed by the International Standard IEC 61400-27-1 Ed.1.0. Furthermore, the doubly-fed induction generator model has been implemented in MATLAB/Simulink in order to conduct several...

Considerable efforts are currently being made by several international working groups focused on the development of generic, also known as simplified or standard, wind turbine models for power system stability studies. In this sense, the first edition of International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 61400-27-1, which defines generic dynamic simul...

Resumen Se estudia la relación entre las creencias ambientales y la motivación para transferir lo aprendido sobre un conjunto de prácticas en energías renovables. Participaron 48 alumnos de tres centros de formación profesional (M = 25 años), quienes completaron un cuestionario autoadministrado compuesto de 15 ítems que miden egobiocentrismo, biofe...

Wind forecast is an important consideration in integrating large amounts of wind power into the electricity grid. The wind power forecast error (WPFE) distribution can have a large impact on the confidence intervals produced in wind power forecasting. The problem of accurately wind energy forecasting has received a great deal of attention in recent...

Nowadays, the promotion of flexibility in power systems is crucial to integrate non-manageable Renewable Energy Sources into the grid, mainly due to both variability and uncertainty issues. A wide range of strategies are currently available to provide suitable alternatives depending on the characteristics of each solution. According to previous con...

In the past few years, grid-code requirements for grid-connected photovoltaic power plants have experienced a continuous evolution in different countries to ensure a reliable power system operation as the level of renewable energy penetration increases to high levels. According to several European grid-codes, PV power plants must be able to ride th...

This paper analyzes the response of AC-Contactors connected to different electrical loads under voltage dips and supply interruptions. A wide range of magnitudes, durations and point-on-wave initiation values are considered for generating the power quality disturbances. For the first time, three types of electrical loads are used to evaluate the AC...

This activity is part of a teaching collaboration between the Renewable Energy Research Institute of UCLM and two Vocational Training Institutes of Castilla-La Mancha, in the scope of teaching innovation projects of CYTEMA. While three months, was conducted a series of laboratory practices related to various types of renewable energy. Attended by 4...

The increasing level of wind power capacity in the Spanish electrical system imposes a remarkable influence on the system operation and costs. The notable impact caused by this type of renewable energy source is of particular interest because the Iberian Peninsula Power System presents weak interconnections with other countries. In this scenario, w...

Grid code requirements for grid-connected PV generation have experienced a continuous evolution all over the world in recent years. Among these requirements, PV plants must be able to ride through specific voltage dip shapes, according to current National Grid Codes. Under this new framework, this paper presents a survey of power quality carried ou...

This paper presents a study of industry equipment electrical responses under voltage dips with different magnitude, duration and point-on-wave initiation. The analysis provides electrical sensitive curves for safe and reliable operation based on experimental tests performed over real AC-contactors, ground fault relays, variable speed drives, indust...

This paper reviews and describes a simplified model of a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) based on the IEC 61400-27 devoted to ”Electrical simulation models for wind power generation”. This Standard is focused on defining generic simulation models for both wind turbines (Part 1) and wind farms (Part 2). A brief summary regarding the current st...

To identify the influence of turbulence and vertical wind profile in wind turbine performance, wind speed measurements at different heights have been performed. Measurements have been developed using a cup anemometer and a LIDAR equipment, specifically a pulsed wave one. The wind profile has been recorded to study the effect of the atmospheric cond...

Energy efficiency is one of the most important design requirements for current lighting systems. Retrofitting old buildings with saving energy lighting systems is still unattractive due to economic troubles, such as the high cost of new devices and global rewiring. Though, the advantages offered by wireless sensor networks, propose them as a profit...