Andreas Kruck

Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich | LMU · Institute for Political Science

This volume provides researchers and students with a discussion of a broad range of methods and their practical application to the study of non-state actors in international security. All researchers face the same challenge, not only must they identify a suitable method for analysing their research question, they must also apply it. This volume pr...

This article analyzes the empowerment and disempowerment of credit rating agencies (CRAs) as private regulatory intermediaries. Until the recent financial crisis, regulators heavily relied on private credit ratings to impose risk-sensitive requirements on financial market actors (targets). Regulatory use of credit ratings was instrumental in empowe...

The authority of credit rating agencies (CRAs) has been surprisingly resilient even in the face of recurrent, widely recognized and severe rating failures. This contribution analyses why rating fiascos have had little impact on CRAs’ status as transnational private authorities. This resilience is not only owing to CRAs’ own (genuinely private) sour...

How do international institutions adjust to shifting power distributions among their members? We argue that institutional adaptations to the rise of emerging and the decline of established powers are different from what power transition theories (PTTs) would lead us to believe. Institutional adaptations are not impossible, as pessimist PTT variants...

This article seeks to systematise and advance the theoretical debate on the causes and conditions for the privatisation of security. Drawing on previous research on private military and security companies (PMSCs) and theories from International Relations and Comparative Politics, it reconstructs functionalist, political-instrumentalist and ideation...

International institutions are increasingly under attack from their member states, who embark on varying and sometimes escalating modes of contestation. At the same time, states’ negative institutional power, i.e. their opportunities to avoid undesired outcomes in international institutions, has been declining for some time. This paper claims that...

While the United States (US) acted as a liberal hegemon in setting up the Liberal International Order (LIO), it is increasingly contesting the inclusive legacy institutions underpinning the LIO and is instead moving towards alternative, more exclusive institutions. Why is the US contesting the institutions it once set up to stabilize the LIO? We ar...

European security policy is still widely regarded as the realm of national and “positive” states. In contrast to this conventional view, this article argues that the European Union – and the broader European multi-level system – can be conceived as a “regulatory” state in many areas of European security policy-making. The European regulatory securi...

The ‘regulatory state’ has prevailed in almost every sector of European public policy. The provision of security, however, is still widely viewed as the domain of the ‘positive state’, which rests on political authority and autonomous capacities. Challenging this presumption, we argue that expertise – as foundation of authority – and rules – as pol...

International institutions underpinning the 'liberal international order' are increasingly contested by established Western powers. This article contributes to a better understanding of this novel challenge 'from within'. We conceptualize four types of contestation frames according to (1) whether contesting states attribute the source of grievances...

Internationale Institutionen werden vermehrt durch westliche Mächte attackiert, die gemeinhin dem Kern der "liberalen internationalen Ordnung" zugerechnet werden. Die Intensität und die Modi ihrer institutionellen Kontestation variieren jedoch stark. Unser Beitrag untersucht, inwiefern institutionelle Faktoren-Merkmale und Effekte der kontestierten...

In the mid-2000s, India turned from a nuclear pariah of the international community into a de facto recognized nuclear power. Why and how did this status elevation come about? Realist, liberal, and constructivist perspectives point to important motivations but fail to elucidate the process of India’s (re-)integration. Our strategic cooptation argum...

The Liberal International Order (LIO) is in a crisis from within. Under President Trump, the United States (US) has turned against some of the major multilateral institutions that underpin the order. Existing research either points to the material decline of the US as a driver of the LIO's crisis, as the power shift literature does, or emphasizes a...

As powers such as China and India rise, and powers such as the US or the UK decline, international institutions such as the United Nations Security Council, the World Trade Organization and the International Monetary Fund come under pressure to adapt to new power realities. In the wake of global power shifts, both emerging and established powers ma...

This chapter retraces how states as governors have weighed and rebalanced the imperatives of competence and control in utilizing private military and security companies (PMSCs) as intermediaries. It argues that the complex and varying competence requirements of governors, derived from both their operational deficits and their legitimacy concerns, a...

As emerging powers rise and established powers decline, international institutions come under pressure to adjust to new power realities. When and how do international institutions adapt to underlying global power shifts? We propose an (institutionalist) theory of strategic co-optation that differs from both (realist) accommodationist and (liberal)...

The third edition of this popular core textbook provides wide-ranging coverage of the structure, internal working, policies and performance of international organizations such as the UN, EU, IMF and World Bank. Such organizations have never been so important in addressing the challenges that face our increasingly globalised world. This book introdu...

Prevailing power transition theories focus on hard sources of power to explain why international institutions do, or do not, adapt to shifts in the balance of power among their members. This article argues that, in the wake of such a shift in the balance between emerging and established powers, institutional adaptations depend on both their hard an...

This edited volume analyzes mistakes in different areas of international relations including the realms of security, foreign policy, finance, health, development, environmental policy and migration. By starting out from a broad concept of mistakes as “something [considered to have] gone wrong” the edited volume enables comparisons of various kinds...

Mit dem vorliegenden Beitrag wollen wir den Erfahrungsaustausch zwischen DidaktikerInnen und PolitikwissenschaftlerInnen aus dem Bereich der Internationalen Beziehungen (IB) befördern. Während der Austausch über Forschungsfragen in den IB stark institutionalisiert ist, bleibt ein vergleichbarer Austausch über Lehrfragen völlig unterentwickelt. Desh...

This paper analyzes on-going shifts of political authority between states and transnational business actors in financial governance from different theoretical (i.e. functionalist, critical neo-institutionalist and constructivist) and empirical (i.e. intertemporal and cross-country) perspectives. Taking credit rating agencies (CRAs) as an example, i...

Trotz weithin konsensualer Wahrnehmung und erheblicher Schwere ihrer Ratingfiaskos bestimmen Ratingagenturen weiter (mit) über die Refinanzierungsmöglichkeiten und -kosten von privaten und staatlichen Schuldnern. Investoren folgen nach wie vor ihrem Kreditwürdigkeitsstandard. Der Status von Ratingagenturen als private transnationale Autoritäten erw...

Private Militär- und Sicherheitsfirmen (PMSF) haben einen schlechten Ruf und versuchen diesen mittels narrativer Imagekonstruktion gezielt zu verbessern. Einerseits untersucht der Beitrag diese strategische Imagekonstruktion auf den Webseiten von britischen und US-amerikanischen PMSF und zeigt vier dominante Selbstcharakterisierungen auf: PMSF als...

Der Beitrag identifiziert die Dynamiken privater Autorität über Zeit sowie gegenläufige Deprivatisierungsprozesse als empirisch-analytisch und politik-praktisch zentrale, aber bisher zu wenig erforschte Aspekte von privater Autorität und Privatisierung. Er plädiert für eine staatsfokussierte, aber dynamische theoretische Herangehensweise, die die e...

This article points out that dynamics of private authority over time and de-privatization processes are analytically and practically crucial, but so far under-researched aspects of private authority and privatization. It argues that more scholarly attention should be paid to these phenomena and advocates a state-focused, but dynamic theoretical app...

The article illustrates the potential of narrative analysis as a transdisciplinary method for Critical Security Studies by investigating self-legitimizing narratives of private military and security companies (PMSCs) and contrasting them to the narratives on PMSCs found in the news media. Employing narrative analysis and focusing on the websites of...

In den vorangehenden Kapiteln haben wir uns auf die polity- und politics- Dimensionen internationaler Organisationen konzentriert und in allgemeiner Form die Strukturen, Akteure und Prozesse untersucht, die die Entscheidungsfindung in internationalen Organisationen prägen.

Politische Akteure geben Inputs, damit internationale Organisationen bestimmte Outputs produzieren. Zwischen den Inputs in internationale Organisationen und den Outputs, die diese hervorbringen, liegt jedoch ein Umwandlungsprozess (Konversion), der die Erwartungen der Akteure enttäuschen oder erfüllen kann. In diesem Kapitel analysieren wir, wie in...

Wie wirken sich die konstitutionellen und institutionellen Strukturen internationaler Organisationen auf die Politikentwicklung in internationalen Organisationen aus? Wie im Fußball die Grüße des Platzes und der Tore sowie die Spielregeln die Taktiken der Spieler beeinflussen, haben auch die Zusammensetzung, der Aufbau und die Kompetenzen internati...

In den Kapiteln 8 bis 11 haben wir gesehen, dass internationale Organisationen durch ihre programmatischen und operativen Tätigkeiten wichtige Beiträge zur kooperativen Bearbeitung grenzüberschreitender Probleme leisten.

In diesem Kapitel stellen wir verschiedene Theorien über internationale Organisationen vor, die vor allem drei vorherrschende Theorieschulen der Internationalen Beziehungen widerspiegeln: die realistische, die institutionalistische und die konstruktivistische Theorieschule (vgl. u.a. Hasenclever et al. 1997).

Auch im Sachbereich „Wirtschaft“ sind internationale Kooperation und Global Governance durch ein Dilemma – das Wohlfahrtsdilemma – geprägt. Das Wohlfahrtsdilemma resultiert aus einer dezentralen internationalen Wirtschaftsordnung, in der die Staaten in Abwesenheit einer Weltwirtschaftsregierung ihre eigene Handels- und Währungspolitik verfolgen kön...

Aufgrund des Sicherheitsdilemmas, welches aus der anarchischen Struktur des internationalen Systems resultiert, sind die Hindernisse für internationale Kooperation und Global Governance im Bereich der Sicherheit besonders ausgeprägt.

Theorie und Geschichte beeinflussen sich immer wechselseitig. Daher nehmen wir im Folgenden keine rein historisch-deskriptive Nacherzählung der Entstehung und Entwicklung internationaler Organisationen vor; vielmehr verfolgen wir mit Hilfe der in Kapitel 2 eingeführten Theorien eine theoriegeleitete Analyse der Geschichte internationaler Organisati...

Das internationale Menschenrechtsdilemma unterscheidet sich grundlegend vom Sicherheits-, Wohlfahrts- und Umweltdilemma (Donnelly 2006).

Der Politikentwicklungsprozess in internationalen Organisationen wird durch das konstitutionelle und institutionelle Gefüge des politischen Systems internationaler Organisationen – ihre polity – strukturiert und kanalisiert.

Internationale Kooperation und Global Governance sind im Sachbereich „Umwelt“ nicht weniger durch ein grundlegendes Dilemma geprägt als in den Sachbereichen „Sicherheit“ und „Wirtschaft“.

Internationale Organisationen mit globaler oder regionaler Reichweite (z.B. UN, IWF, Weltbank, WTO, EU) spielen eine zunehmend wichtige Rolle bei der Schaffung und Implementierung von internationalen Normen und Regeln, mithin bei Global Governance. Die Sicherheit, das ökonomische Wohlergehen, der Schutz der Menschenrechte und die ökologischen Leben...

International organizations such as the UN, EU andIMF play an increasingly important role in international politics. Fully revised and updated,this broad-ranging text provides a systematic theoretical and empirical introduction to the structure, policies and performance of international organizations.

Credit rating agencies play a powerful and contentious role in the governance of global financial markets. Introducing an original framework for delegating political authority to private actors, this book explains common trends in the regulatory use of private ratings for public purposes and analyzes regulatory changes after the Financial Crisis.

Cartoons have always been a part of politics. Yet while the use of caricatures in newspapers and of cartoons such as Mickey Mouse and Bugs Bunny as propaganda tools is fairly well established (Smoodin, 1994; Bell et al., 1995; Giroux, 1999), the socializing effect of animated movies has only recently been considered worthy of attention in political...

The intertemporal and interregional analysis of the regulatory use of credit ratings has provided empirical support for the theoretical framework proposed in Chapter 3. In a next step, I examine more closely the decision to include the option of external ratings-based credit-risk assessment into the Basel II provisions. This should provide a more a...

This book has sought a theory-based explanation for the use of credit ratings in financial market regulation. For that purpose, a macro-institutionally embedded resource dependence perspective on the delegation of regulatory authority from public regulators private to credit rating agencies has been proposed: public regulators have delegated regula...

In the preceding chapter the regulatory use of credit ratings has been described and conceptualized as a principal-agent relationship. In this chapter, a synthetic theoretical framework for analysis is developed which yields hypotheses that purport to explain the use of private credit ratings by national and international public regulators in finan...

Having outlined an explanatory framework for the regulatory use of credit ratings, the next step is to check whether the proposed theoretical model holds any water when it is confronted with empirical evidence. This chapter examines how far the theoretical model introduced in Chapter 3 is able to account for both the common trend and cross-country...

In the past three decades, public actors (i.e. states and intergovernmental organizations) have increasingly come to rely on private (business and civil society) actors’ governance contributions in a wide range of political issue areas. A trend has emerged towards a partnering of state and nonstate actors in the provision of governance and a reallo...

Credit ratings have been used for a number of public regulatory purposes in the US regulatory system and other national regulatory systems as well as in international financial market rules. In the three decades before the global financial crisis, national and international regulatory bodies made increasing use of ratings-dependent regulation. Whil...

Dieses Lehrbuch bietet eine verständliche und umfassende Einführung in die Grundzüge und die Analyse der heutigen Weltpolitik. Zu diesem Zweck verbindet es eine systematische Untersuchung des Wandels weltpolitischer Rahmenbedingungen und Akteurskonstellationen mit der theoriegeleiteten Analyse der kollektiven Bearbeitung globaler Herausforderungen...