Andrea Bernardes

• Doctor of Nursing Practice
• University of São Paulo

Objetivo: analizar la relación entre el ejercicio del liderazgo auténtico por parte de los coordinadores y la satisfacción en el trabajo de los profesores de los cursos de pregrado en enfermería de universidades públicas federales. Método: se trata de un estudio con enfoque cuantitativo, diseño observacional analítico y transversal. Se seleccionaro...

Objective:to analyze the relationship between the exercise of authentic leadership by coordinators and job satisfaction among professors of undergraduate nursing courses at federal public universities. Method:this is a quantitative study with an observational, analytical, and cross-sectional design. Twelve undergraduate nursing courses at public hi...

Objetivo: analisar a relação entre o exercício da liderança autêntica pelos coordenadores e a satisfação no trabalho de professores dos cursos de graduação em enfermagem de universidades públicas federais. Método: trata-se de um estudo de abordagem quantitativa, com delineamento observacional analítico e transversal. Doze cursos de graduação em enf...

Aim To analyse the relationship between authentic nursing leadership and safety climates across hospital settings during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Background Authentic nursing leadership shapes the safety climate by fostering positive perceptions of workplace policies, processes, procedures and practices that influence how safety is prioritised and a...

Objective: to map the literature on the incorporation of the metaverse in the education of undergraduate healthcare students. Method: scoping review following the recommendations of the JBI and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), performed on Web of Science, Medical Literatu...

Objetivo: mapear la literatura respecto de incorporar el metaverso a la educación de estudiantes de carreras del área de salud. Método: revisión de alcance, acorde recomendaciones del JBI y Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), realizada en Web of Science, Medical Literature A...

Objetivo: mapear a literatura a respeito da incorporação do metaverso na educação de estudantes de graduação na área da saúde. Método: revisão de escopo de acordo com as recomendações do JBI e Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), conduzida na Web of Science, Medical Literatur...

Objective to synthesize and analyze the scientific evidence on the structural empowerment of nurses, specifically in the context of the emergency room. Methods An integrative literature review was carried out using the electronic databases Lilacs, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase. 174 articles were identified in the databases, considering...

Background: Entrepreneurship education is commonly incorporated into areas beyond nursing. However, advocating for curricular changes is necessary in a generation that seeks new learning styles and has different preferences and needs. Entrepreneurship has been identified as a valuable subject to be incorporated into nursing education, as it aligns...

Objective To analyze the evidence on the influence of Lean and/or Six Sigma for process optimization in the perioperative period. Methods Integrative review carried out in the MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus and LILACS databases on the use of Lean and/or Six Sigma to optimize perioperative processes. The studies included w...

Objetivo: Analisar as evidências acerca da influência do Lean e/ou Six Sigma para otimização de processos no período perioperatório. Métodos: Revisão Integrativa realizada nas bases de dados MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus e LILACS, a respeito do uso do Lean e/ou Six Sigma para otimização de processos no perioperatório. Os...

Aims To understand factors influencing nurse manager retention or intention to leave, develop a preliminary theoretical model and identify strategies and interventions for workforce planning. Design Systematic review update of literature with integrated design of mixed research synthesis. Methods We included peer‐reviewed articles examining facto...

Leadership is an essential competency for nursing, especially when taking into account its influence on health system performance to enable high quality and efficiency in healthcare settings. However, so that leadership can be undertaken by nurses in clinical practice, it is essential that this competency can be developed in undergraduate programs,...

Resumo Objetivo Sintetizar e analisar as evidências científicas acerca do empoderamento estrutural dos enfermeiros, especificamente no contexto da emergência. Métodos Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas: Lilacs, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science e Embase. Foram identificados 174 artigos nas bases de dados, consid...

Safety culture is understood as the set of individual and group values, attitudes, perceptions, competencies and behaviour patterns that determine the commitment, style and proficiency of managing a healthy and safe organization. Health institutions must be aware of the existence of an organizational culture of low expectations, characterized by la...

Objectives to identify scientific evidence regarding the use of Lean Healthcare approach in the hospitalization and patient discharge process. Methods this is an Integrative Review conducted in the PubMed, LILACS, SCOPUS, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Embase databases. Results out of 904 records identified, three were included in this review. The s...

Objectives to identify scientific evidence regarding the use of Lean Healthcare approach in the hospitalization and patient discharge process. Methods this is an Integrative Review conducted in the PubMed, LILACS, SCOPUS, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Embase databases. Results out of 904 records identified, three were included in this review. The s...

Resumo Objetivo Analisar o modelo de gestão adotado nos Prontos Atendimentos dos municípios que integram um Departamento Regional de Saúde. Métodos Estudo de métodos mistos, com desenho incorporado concomitante, realizado em 2017, com seis gestores e 223 trabalhadores de saúde (médicos, enfermeiros e técnicos/auxiliares de enfermagem) de dez Pronto...

Objective: To analyze the management model adopted in Emergency Services in municipalities that are part of a Regional Health Department. Methods: Mixed methods study with a concomitantly incorporated design. It was conducted in 2017 with six managers and 223 health workers (physicians, nurses and nursing technicians/assistants) from ten Emergency...

Objectives to analyze the incidence of preventable adverse events related to health care in adult patients admitted to public hospitals in Brazil. Methods observational, analytical, retrospective study based on medical records review. Results medical records from 370 patients were evaluated, 58 of whom had at least one adverse event. The incidenc...

Objectives to analyze the incidence of preventable adverse events related to health care in adult patients admitted to public hospitals in Brazil. Methods observational, analytical, retrospective study based on medical records review. Results medical records from 370 patients were evaluated, 58 of whom had at least one adverse event. The incidenc...

Objective: to identify the knowledge produced in the literature about the influence of nurse leadership on the safety of hospitalized patients. Method: integrative review with search in LILACS, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus and Web of Science databases. Original articles published between 2017 and 2022 in Portuguese, English or Spanish were included. The...

Objective. To analyze the incidence and avoidability of adverse events in adult patients hospitalized in an emergency care unit in the countryside of Minas Gerais. Methods. A cohort study, with a retrospective review of 296 medical records using screening (phase 1) and evaluation (phase 2) forms, completed by non-medical professionals and physician...

Resumo Objetivo Analisar a incidência e a evitabilidade de eventos adversos em pacientes adultos internados em uma unidade de pronto atendimento no município do interior mineiro. Métodos Estudo de coorte, com revisão retrospectiva de 296 prontuários por meio do uso de formulários de rastreamento (fase 1) e avaliação (fase 2), preenchidos por profis...

Aim To examine the influence of hospital culture and authentic leadership on the effects of quality improvement practices on patient satisfaction. Background Nurses in formal leadership roles shape and are shaped by organizational culture to achieve high performance standards to influence quality of care. Design Using structural equation modellin...

Introducción: Los problemas relacionados con la seguridad del paciente en el contexto prehospitalario son poco explorados, pero esenciales, dada la vulnerabilidad a incidentes. Objetivo: analizar el clima de seguridad del paciente desde la perspectiva del equipo multidisciplinario que actúa en la Atención Prehospitalaria Móvil (APS). Materiales y M...

Objective: To analyze the relationship between leadership coaching and nurses' resilience in hospital environments. Method: This is a cross-sectional study, carried out with nurses, nursing assistants and technicians. Nurses answered the Nurse Self-Perception Questionnaire in Leadership Exercise Questionnaire (QUAPEEL) and the Connor-Davidson Sc...

Objetivo: analisar a formação, composição e funcionamento dos Núcleos de Segurança do Paciente em hospitais de um município do interior de São Paulo. Métodos: estudo quantitativo, exploratório-descritivo, com dados coletados pelo pesquisador principal em Núcleos de Segurança do Paciente de hospitais gerais e especializados. Aplicado instrumento, de...

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a formação, composição e funcionamento dos Núcleos de Segurança do Paciente em hospitais de um município do interior de São Paulo. Métodos: estudo quantitativo, exploratório-descritivo, com dados coletados pelo pesquisador principal em Núcleos de Segurança do Paciente de hospitais gerais e especializados. Aplicado instrume...

Objective analyze Resonant Leadership style among the nurse managers from the perspective of nurse managers and nurses. Methods cross-sectional study, carried out in a hospital in Guyana. Participants were 171 registered nurses and nurse managers. Data were collected from July to October 2020 using Resonant Leadership scale and a socio demographic...

Objetivo: identificar os potenciais eventos adversos e os diagnósticos de enfermagem relacionados em pacientes internados na unidade de terapia intensiva. Método: estudo observacional descritivo, com revisão retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes adultos internados em unidade de terapia intensiva. Utilizou-se o formulário de rastreamento de pote...

The objective of this study was to analyze aspects related to interprofessional education in healthcare through the assessment of the syllabi of undergraduate nursing programs in Brazil. An observational, descriptive study was conducted in two phases. The first phase involved identification of programs, and the second phase involved documental anal...

Objectives: to identify and analyze the knowledge produced in literature about authentic leadership in the educational system, as well as in nursing education. Methods: an integrative review, carried out in the Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE/PubMed, ERIC, LILACS databases. Articles that addressed authentic leadership in the educational sy...

Objectives to identify and analyze the knowledge produced in literature about authentic leadership in the educational system, as well as in nursing education. Methods an integrative review, carried out in the Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE/PubMed, ERIC, LILACS databases. Articles that addressed authentic leadership in the educational syst...

Objective: to establish the psychometric properties of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) applied to Brazilian nurses. Method: cross-sectional observational study with a non-probabilistic sample. The psychometric properties of the RATER and SELF versions of the ALQ were calculated using confirmatory factor analysis with the WLSMV robus...

Objective to correlate the nurses’ self-perception and the perception of nursing aides regarding coaching leadership and the practice environment within Primary Health Care. Method cross-sectional and correlational study addressing 150 nursing workers: 75 nurses and 75 nursing aides of 13 Basic Health Units located in the south of São Paulo, SP, B...

Objective to correlate the nurses’ self-perception and the perception of nursing aides regarding coaching leadership and the practice environment within Primary Health Care. Method cross-sectional and correlational study addressing 150 nursing workers: 75 nurses and 75 nursing aides of 13 Basic Health Units located in the south of São Paulo, SP, B...

Objective To analyse the expenses with hospitalizations by Sensitive Conditions to the Primary Care at the Minas Gerais State. Methods Ecological and retrospective study of the hospitalizations from 2014 to 2019, with data from the Hospital Information System, analysed through descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon paired test. Results We observed a d...

Objective: to establish the psychometric properties of the Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) applied to Brazilian nurses. Method: cross-sectional observational study with a non-probabilistic sample. The psychometric properties of the RATER and SELF versions of the ALQ were calculated using confirmatory factor analysis with the WLSMV robust e...

Resumen Objetivo: estimar las propiedades psicométricas del Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) aplicado a enfermeros brasileños. Método: estudio observacional transversal con muestreo no probabilístico. Las propiedades psicométricas de las versiones RATER y SELF del ALQ se estimaron mediante análisis factorial confirmatorio con el método de e...

Objective To analyze the relationship between leadership coaching and nurses’ resilience in hospital environments. Method This is a cross-sectional study, carried out with nurses, nursing assistants and technicians. Nurses answered the Nurse Self-Perception Questionnaire in Leadership Exercise Questionnaire (QUAPEEL) and the Connor-Davidson Scale...

Objective to assess job satisfaction among nursing technicians working in a Mobile Emergency Care Service and its relationship with professional and demographic variables. Method in this analytical observational study of 155 nursing technicians from the Mobile Emergency Care Service, the Job Satisfaction Survey and non-parametric statistical tests...

Objective: To assess primary health care features from the perspective of professionals in a Brazilian municipality with 100% of Family Health Strategy coverage. Methods: Analytical observational study, with a cross-sectional design, involving 83 primary healthcare professionals. It applied the Primary Care Assessment Tool, professional version, wh...

Objectives: to identify the dominant dimensions of the authentic leadership of nurses in a private hospital network and to verify the association with job satisfaction and accreditation. Methods: cross-sectional, analytical study carried out in 11 hospitals with 282 nurses, of which 94 were leaders and 188 were led. Participants answered the Aut...

Objective To analyze the incidence and preventability of adverse events related to health care in adult patients admitted to a Brazilian teaching hospital. Methods A retrospective cohort study, in which the incidence and preventability of adverse events related to health care were based on a two-stage retrospective review of 368 medical records (n...

Background Front-line nurse managers provide direct oversight of healthcare delivery to ensure organizational expectations are enacted to achieve optimal patient and staff outcomes. Ensuring the job satisfaction of front-line nurse managers is key to retaining these individuals in their integral roles. Understanding factors influencing job satisfac...

Objective: To investigate relationships among flexible and hierarchical organizational cultures, quality improvement domains, and authentic leadership competencies in Canadian healthcare facilities. Method: Observational cross-sectional study conducted in Alberta, Canada. Nurse managers (n=226) completed a survey including validated measures of or...

Objetivo: Identificar e analisar os aspectos relacionados às práticas da liderança exemplar na perspectiva dos enfermeiros do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU), distinguindo a autopercepção desses profissionais enquanto líderes e caracterizando a percepção da liderança exercida por enfermeiros integrantes de suas equipes. Método: Estu...

Objective: To identify and analyze the existing scientific production on the positive aspects of authentic leadership in the nurse’s work process. Method: This is an integrative literature review. The databases used were Scientific Electronic Library Online; Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences; and National Library of Medici...

Objectives: to adapt and validate the Leader Empowering Behavior scale for Brazilian Portuguese in a sample of Brazilian nurses. Methods: cross-sectional study through translation, back-translation, expert evaluation, application and analysis of content, criteria and construct of the scale. Results: the title of the final version was Comportament...

Objective: To highlight the scientific production related to the use of the retrospective chart review methods to assess the incidence and preventability of adverse events in hospitals. Method: An integrative review in the MEDLINE, LILACS, SCOPUS, Web of Science and EMBASE databases conducted in May 2019 with the following guiding question: What i...

Objective: to evaluate the correlation between the practice of Coaching Leadership performed by nursing coordinators and job satisfaction, in the self-perception of coordinators and the perception of nursing technicians of the Mobile Emergency Care Service. Method: a descriptive, correlational study that used the Questionnaire on Self-Perception o...

Medication dispensing performed without the necessary information on proper use can result in harmful effects to the individual, and therefore providing this service with quality for the users is necessary to promote the rational use of medication; however, in a developing country this activity is performed largely by unqualified people and in an i...

Objectives: to adapt and validate the Leader Empowering Behavior scale for Brazilian Portuguese in a sample of Brazilian nurses. Methods: cross-sectional study through translation, back-translation, expert evaluation, application and analysis of content, criteria and construct of the scale. Results: the title of the final version was Comportamento...

Objective: To analyze two hospital emergency services, one in a public institution and another in a philanthropic one, from the perspective of rapid response team professionals in the face of positive and negative critical incidents. Method: Descriptive, exploratory, qualitative study carried with 62 health professionals. Critical Incident Techniq...

Objetivo: Analisar a Liderança Coaching exercida pelos coordenadores de enfermagem nas unidades do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência, na percepção dos coordenadores e técnicos de enfermagem, além da sua correlação com três variáveis sociodemográficas. Método: Estudo descritivo e analítico realizado com coordenadores de enfermagem e técnicos...

Objetivo: Analisar as compet�ncias profissionais requeridas para a atua��o do enfermeiro hospitalar e aquelas implementadas durante a sua forma��o acad�mica. M�todo: Estudo documental, qualitativo, tendo como cen�rio uma institui��o hospitalar p�blica e uma institui��o de ensino superior, sendo fontes de evid�ncias documentos legais das referidas i...

Objective: To identify and compare the self-perception of nurses and the perception of nursing aides and nursing technicians towards coaching leadership practices. Method: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in 2016 with 69 nurses and 233 nursing aides and technicians from two public hospitals in the Brazilian state of São Paulo. The rese...

The aim was to identify the contributions from pedagogical workshops to the interlocutor's training for Continuing Education in Health. This is a longitudinal study, conducted from 2015 to 2017, with a qualitative approach. Fifteen interlocutors from the Center of Continuing Education in Health participated in the study, representing the cities of...

Objective: Analyze the literature for knowledge about charismatic leadership among nursing professionals. Method: This is an integrative review of the literature that searched for studies published in English, Portuguese and Spanish until 2016 in the following electronic databases: LILACS, Pubmed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and CINAHL. Results: T...

Objective: to analyze the influence of Accreditation on the professional satisfaction of nursing workers. Method: multicentric, cross-sectional research, outlined by the sequential explanatory mixed method. In the first preponderant, quantitative step, the validated Brazilian version of the Index of Work Satisfaction was applied to a sample (n = 2...

Objective: To assess the Supervised Curricular Internship of the Nursing undergraduate course of two higher education institutions in the state of São Paulo based on specific skills described in the Brazilian National Curriculum Guidelines regarding preparation to the development of nursing care and management actions from the perceptions of profe...

Objetivo: avaliar a cultura de segurança do paciente das equipes de enfermagem no contexto hospitalar. Método: sob o ponto de vista da enfermagem foi realizado um estudo quantitativo, tipo survey, transversal. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre junho e julho de 2013. Foi utilizado o questionário Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture, respondido p...

Objetivo: Caracterizar as estratégias de educação permanente desenvolvidas pelos enfermeiros atuantes em unidades hospitalares oncológicas. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, tendo como desenho metodológico o estudo de caso múltiplo. Esta investigação foi realizada em Unidades Oncológicas de dois Hospitais de...

pre> Objetivo: avaliar os resultados de programas de melhoria da qualidade no contexto hospitalar. Método: revisão integrativa de artigos publicados, no período de 2003 a 2016, nas bases de dados MEDLINE, LILACS e CINAHL. Resultados: foram identificados 12 instrumentos com diferentes métodos de avaliação, a saber: questionários, entrevistas semies...

Objetivo: investigar o conhecimento dos profissionais de enfermagem e farmacêuticos em relação à identificação de medicamentos potencialmente perigosos, bem como verificar o reconhecimento das barreiras de prevenção de erros nas instituições hospitalares. Método: estudo transversal, tipo inquérito, realizado em unidades de terapia intensiva de qua...

Objective: Analyze the perception of graduates, undergraduates and professors about the teaching-learning process of the Supervised Curricular Internship (SCI) of Nursing Undergraduate Courses and in light of the development of management competencies. Method: Qualitative study based on the Mayan content analysis from a questionnaire of objective...

Objective: To identify the available scientific evidence about the use of instruments for the evaluation of leadership in health and nursing services and verify the use of leadership styles/models/theories in the construction of these tools. Method: Integrative literature review of indexed studies in the LILACS, PUBMED, CINAHL and EMBASE databas...

Objective: to evaluate the use of Standard Operational Protocols (SOPs) in the professional practice of the nursing team based on the theoretical framework of Donabedian, as well as to identify the weaknesses and potentialities from its implementation. Method: Evaluative research, with quantitative approach performed with nursing professionals w...

This study aimed to identify the impact of hospital accreditation programs from the nurses' perspective. This quantitative, descriptive, exploratory study was performed in a private general hospital. This institution is accredited with Excellence (Level III, the highest) by the Brazilian National Accreditation Organization. Data collection was cond...

Objective: to analyze nursing university students' perception of the professional skills to act in the hospital setting developed during their academic training, and what strategies are being created for the development of these skills during their performance. Method: an exploratory, qualitative study in which 40 nursing university students par...

Continuity of care depends on the sharing of information between professionals, which occurs mainly through completion of patient records. Failure to transmit or receive messages may result in risks to patient safety and reflect on the quality of care provided. Aim: To verify whether the nursing records in the medical records of patients hospitaliz...

Objective: The goal of this study is to analyze nurses’ leadership in intensive care units at hospitals in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, in the face of positive and negative critical incidents. Method: Exploratory, descriptive study, conducted with 24 nurses by using the Critical Incident Technique as a methodological benchmark. Results: Result...

Objective To identify and analyze knowledge about the relationship between leadership and nursing job satisfaction. Methods An integrative review of the MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, PubMed, Web of Science, and LILACS databases to answer the guiding question: What knowledge was produced about the relationship between leadership and nursing job satisfac...

Objetivou-se analisar a notificação de eventos adversos em hospitais acreditados do interior de São Paulo, sob a perspectiva da equipe de enfermagem. Estudo descritivo, tipo survey, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado em três hospitais acreditados do interior do estado de São Paulo, com amostra de 61 enfermeiros e 250 técnicos e auxi...

OBJECTIVE To develop a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) aiming at the training of nursing team workers and emergency vehicle drivers in Basic Life Support (BLS) to attend Cardiorespiratory arrest, and to evaluate the quality of its contents among specialists in the area of Emergency and Urgent care. METHOD Applied research of technological devel...

Objective To verify the association of authentic leadership with the personal and professional profile of nurses. Methods A correlational study, conducted in a tertiary hospital. Data collection occurred from October to December of 2014. Participants included 69 nurses who had worked more than two years in the institution. Instruments used charact...

Objective: To describe the translation into Portuguese and cultural adaptation of a Questionnaire addressing High-Alert Medications to the Brazilian context. Methods:Methodological study comprising the translation from Chinese to Brazilian Portuguese, synthesis of translations, back translation, panel of experts, and pretest to obtain the fi nal...

Estudo descritivo de abordagem quantitativa que teve como objetivo identificar a opinião de enfermeiros gerentes de hospitais de ensino sobre a pertinência de indicadores de qualidade para gerenciar os serviços de enfermagem. A população foi composta por nove gestores dos serviços de enfermagem de hospitais de ensino do estado do Paraná. Os dados f...

p> Objetivo. Analizar las producciones científicas sobre la enseñanza del liderazgo en la graduación en Enfermería a partir del marco de las Directrices Curriculares Nacionales (DCN) de Brasil en 2001. Método. Se realizó una revisión integradora de la literatura sobre las producciones científicas acerca de la enseñanza del liderazgo en la graduaci...

The Center of Materials and Sterilization (CMS) is based on the cost related to the processes developed for its management and the activities-based costing (ABC) can be an adequate tool to help the manager in management decisions and practice. The aim of the study was to evaluate the application of ABC for an evidence-based management practice and...

Objective: To analyze scientific literature about organizational culture’s influence in facilitating participatory management in health organizations. Method: integrative review of literature; Databases: Scopus, Web of Science, SciELO, LILACS, PubMed e Medline. Inclusion criteria: original and review papers, available in Portuguese, English or Span...

The objective of this study was to apprehend the perception nurses have on the use of computer in the hospital environment. Took part in the study 14 nurses of a public hospital. Collection of data took place through recorded interview and Field Diary. Data was analyzed according to Content Analysis technique. Six thematic categories emerged from t...

Descriptive study of quantitative approach aimed at identifying the use of nursing care quality indicators in teaching hospitals. The population consisted of nine nursing care managers from nine teaching hospitals. Data collection was done through an electronic questionnaire on the characterization of the nurses and the use of quality indicators...

Estudo com o objetivo identificar o conhecimento de alunos em Enfermagem de uma universidade publica do interior paulista sobre seguranca do paciente. Trata-se de estudo quantitativo, transversal, entre maio e junho de 2011. Participaram 118 alunos regularmente matriculados no terceiro, quarto e quinto anos. Questionario autoaplicavel foi analisado...

Study to identify the knowledge of Nursing students at a public university in the interior of the State of São Paulo about patient safety. Quantitative, cross-sectional study developed between May and June 2011. The participants were 118 students regularly enrolled in the third, fourth and fifth year. A self-applied questionnaire was analyzed wi...