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Publications (184)
In three studies, we examined a novel approach to the social evaluation of groups whereby we combined a typology of groups with a recent model of the two fundamental dimensions and four facets of social evaluation. We investigated two main questions. First, whereas previous research has proven the usefulness of the two-dimension/four-facet model fo...
Five studies (N = 7972) validated a brief measure and model of four facets of social evaluation (friendliness and morality as horizontal facets; ability and assertiveness as vertical facets). Perceivers expressed their personal impressions or estimated society’s impression of different types of targets (i.e., envisioned or encountered groups or ind...
Five studies (N = 7,972) validated a brief measure and model of four facets of social evaluation (friendliness and morality as horizontal facets; ability and assertiveness as vertical facets). Perceivers expressed their personal impressions or estimated society’s impression of different types of targets (i.e., envisioned or encountered groups or in...
Zusammenfassung
In diesem Beitrag geht es um Wertekonfigurationen in Lehrplantexten unterschiedlicher Schularten. Mit der empirischen Studie werden die fachübergreifenden Richtlinien von vier Lehrplänen in Bayern inhaltsanalytisch untersucht und die darin vorfindlichen Wertespektren nach Schulart verglichen. Die Studie knüpft an einen in den letzte...
Zusammenfassung: Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt, dass Qualitätssicherung von der DGPs in ganz unterschiedlichen inhaltlichen Bereichen und Themen aktiv befördert worden ist. Er systematisiert diese Themen und ordnet sie in die Bereiche der Qualitätssicherung in der Psychologischen Diagnostik, der Zertifizierungen, der Forschungsethik, der Forschungs...
Zusammenfassung: In diesem Beitrag werden die wesentlichen Schritte der Professionalisierung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie (DGPs) hinsichtlich ihrer Strukturen, Verwaltung, Kooperationen und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit betrachtet. Neben relevanten Satzungsänderungen, die zur Etablierung der Fachgruppen und des Fakultätentags Psychologie führ...
Following Paulo Freire and his concept of pedagogy of hope, this book explores the educational role of hope as an approach to learning about global issues in different areas of the world. Climate change, racism, and the COVID-19 pandemic have shown more than ever the need for a global shift in education policy and practice. This book provides a con...
Social evaluation of the self, of others, and of groups rests on two dimensions, also called ‘the Big Two’ (Horizontal: Communion, Warmth; Vertical: Agency, Competence). These Big Two have recently been broken down into two facets each. The Vertical dimension comprises Ability and Assertiveness, the Horizontal dimension Friendliness and Morality (A...
The fundamental dimensions of social judgment and social evaluation, called agency and communion, are overarching constructs in many fields of psychology. Agency is related to goal-striving and “getting ahead”, communion is related to forming bonds and “getting along”. These dimensions are used both to interpret behaviors, and to evaluate targets....
This chapter compares five models that analyze social evaluation from the micro, interpersonal to macro, many-group level: the Dual Perspective Model (DPM), Behavioral Regulation Model (BRM), Dimensional Compensation Model (DCM), Stereotype Content Model (SCM), and Agency-Beliefs-Communion (ABC) Model. A proper understanding of social evaluation mu...
Social evaluation occurs at personal, interpersonal, group, and intergroup levels, with competing theories and evidence. Five models engage in adversarial collaboration, to identify common conceptual ground, ongoing controversies, and continuing agendas: Dual Perspective Model (Abele & Wojciszke, 2007); Behavioral Regulation Model (Leach, Ellemers,...
Die Bereitstellung von Forschungsdaten im Rahmen von wissenschaftlichen Publikationen und öffentlich geförderten Forschungsprojekten wird heutzutage als ein zentraler Aspekt offener und transparenter Wissenschaftspraxis angesehen und von immer mehr Förderinstitutionen und wissenschaftlichen Fachzeitschriften eingefordert. Forschende sollten sich da...
Providing access to research data collected as part of scientific publications and publicly funded research projects is now regarded as a central aspect of an open and transparent scientific practice and is increasingly being called for by funding institutions and scientific journals. To this end, researchers should strive to comply with the so-cal...
Body posture influences feelings about the self, but little is known about its impact on social cognition more generally. We apply the Big Two framework (Agency/Competence, Communion/Warmth) and study how body posture influences interpersonal perception in a dyadic interaction. In three experiments, we studied dyads with different body postures (Ex...
Previous research has shown that self-esteem is dominated by agency, whereas communion shows no or only weak associations (Abele et al., 2016; Wojciszke, Baryla, Parzuchowski, Szymkow, & Abele, 2011). But does it really not matter for self-esteem if someone is honest or friendly? In our research, we will show that an in-depth analysis helps to reso...
Crises in science concern not only methods, statistics, and results but also, theory development. Beyond the indispensable refinement of tools and procedures, resolving crises would also benefit from a deeper understanding of the concepts and processes guiding research. Usually, theories compete, and some lose, incentivizing destruction of seemingl...
Central to human sociality, evaluation occurs at personal, interpersonal, group, and intergroup levels, with competing theories and evidence. Five current social-evaluation models engage here in adversarial alignment, to identify common conceptual ground, ongoing controversies, and continuing agendas for work on social evaluation: Dual Perspective...
ABSTRACT
Negative gossip can negatively influence the gossip target as well as the gossip receiver.
Building on the “Big Two” of agency and communion and their facets of assertiveness and
competence (agency) and warmth and morality (communion), we show in three studies
that negative gossip based on these four types of content differentially affect...
Acknowledgements We thank Lara Kürten (Study 2) and Viktoria Probst (Study 4) for their help in data collection. We thank Susanne Bruckmüller who commented on a previous version of this paper.
The Big Two of agency and communion can be distinguished into the facets of agency‐assertiveness, agency‐competence, communion‐morality, and communion‐warmth. The present research studies how these facets are related to global evaluation of self versus others. In five studies we tested if self‐evaluation is reliably related to agency‐assertiveness...
Central values of science are, among others, transparency, verifiability, replicability and openness. The currently very prominent Open Science (OS) movement supports these values. Among its most important principles are open methodology (comprehensive and useful documentation of methods and materials used), open access to published research output...
Central values of science are, among others, transparency, verifiability, replicability, and openness. The currently very prominent Open Science (OS) movement supports these values. Among its most important principles are open methodology (comprehensive and useful documentation of methods and materials used), open access to published research outpu...
Communion is evaluated more positively and people are more concerned if their communion is discredited, but their self-esteem is dominated by agency. For reconciling these results we present an extended Dual Perspective Model that distinguishes the actor-self perspective (self-as-identity) and the observer-self perspective (self-as-reputation) and...
What are the ultimate motives that instigate individuals' behaviours? What are the aims of social perception? How can an individuals' behaviour be described both from the perspective of the actor and from the perspective of an observer? These are the basic questions that this book addresses using its proposed agency-communion framework. Agency (com...
Purpose
Life satisfaction is an ultimate goal in human existence, and it is also an important factor in the work domain. It may both trigger work-related outcomes and be influenced by work-related factors. The authors are here concerned with career satisfaction and its association with life satisfaction. From a bottom-up perspective, career satisfa...
Objective: The self has three parts: individual, relational, collective. Typically, people personally value their individual self most, their relational self less, and their collective self least. This self‐hierarchy is consequential, but underlying processes have remained unknown. Here, we propose two process‐accounts. The content account draws up...
Calls for public access to research data have been ongoing for some time. For instance, in their “Recommendations for Secure Storage and Availability of Digital Primary Research Data” (2009) the German Research Foundation (“Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft”, DFG) demanded that publicly funded data are freely available after the completion of a proje...
The present research tests predictions of Dimensional Comparison Theory (DCT) with respect to the fundamental dimensions of social judgment, agency (A) and communion (C). A and C represent fundamental challenges every person is confronted with: getting ahead and getting along. It is examined if dimensional comparisons take place in self-evaluations...
Agency (A) and communion (C) are fundamental content dimensions. We propose a facet-model that differentiates A into assertiveness (AA) and competence (AC) and C into warmth (CW) and morality (CM). We tested the model in a cross-cultural study by comparing data from Asia, Australia, Europe, and the USA (overall N = 1.808). Exploratory and confirmat...
Progress in science is dependent on the people doing science. Adequate selection procedures for hiring well-suited individuals are of eminent importance. The present research studies for the first time how psychology researchers perceive hiring procedures in psychology. It analyzes the perceived relevance of a number of selection criteria, it exami...
In negotiations, a focus on interests (why negotiators want something) is key to integrative agreements. Yet, many negotiators spontaneously focus on positions (what they want), with suboptimal outcomes. Our research applies construal-level theory to negotiations and proposes that a high construal level instigates a focus on interests during negoti...
We hypothesize that career success assessed as objective career achievements (income and responsibility status) has an indirect positive association with life satisfaction that is channeled through multiple subjective success evaluations. These are based on (a) social comparisons (comparison with others, other-referent success evaluation) and (b) i...
Job satisfaction is a central concept in work and organizational psychology as it is associated with important individual as well as organizational outcomes (e.g., higher life satisfaction, higher job performance, lower absenteeism, and lower counterproductive work behavior; see Cohrs, Abele, & Dette, 2006; Dorman & Zapf, 2001). Thus, research rega...
This study analyzed the influence of the occupational context on the conceptualization of career satisfaction measured by the career satisfaction scale (CSS). In a large sample of N = 729 highly educated professionals, a cross-occupational (i.e., physicians, economists, engineers, and teachers) measurement invariance analysis showed that the CSS wa...
The present research investigated the short- and long-term relation between calling and life satisfaction and tested new mechanisms underlying this relation. Based on self-discrepancy theory and the calling model of career success, we assumed that people who are living their calling feel high self-congruence between their actual and ideal self and...
We summarize and integrate a large body of research showing that agency and communion
constitute two fundamental dimensions of content in social cognition. Agentic content
refers to goal-achievement and task functioning (competence, assertiveness,
decisiveness), whereas communal content refers to the maintenance of relationships
and social function...
The dual perspective model of agency and communion predicts that observers tend to interpret a target’s
behavior more in terms of communion than agency, whereas actors interpret their behavior more in terms of agency. The present research for the first time tests this model in real interactions. Previously unacquainted participants had a short conv...
The present research studies the association between traits, values, and life satisfaction. While values should influence the direction of an individual’s goals and behavior, his/her traits impact effort-expenditure, efficiency, and persistence in goal-pursuit. We apply the framework of the “Big Two” of agency and communion (Bakan, 1966) for distin...
Abstract Despite excellent educational backgrounds women are still less successful in their occupational careers than men. The present research tests hypotheses derived from a dual-impact model of gender-and career-related processes in a longitudinal study with 1,015 German professionals over a time span of 10 years. In line with predictions, paren...
The present research investigated the short- and long-term relation between calling and life satisfaction and tested new mechanisms underlying this relation. Based on self-discrepancy theory and the calling model of career success, we assumed that people who are living their calling feel high self-congruence between their actual and ideal self and...
This study analyzed the influence of the occupational context on the conceptualization of career satisfaction measured by the career satisfaction scale (CSS). In a large sample of N = 729 highly educated professionals, a cross-occupational (i.e., physicians, economists, engineers, and teachers) measurement invariance analysis showed that the CSS wa...
It is a common assertion that being successful in one's work and occupational career should enhance a person's well-being. After introducing the constructs of subjective well-being and of career success studies concerned with their relationship are reviewed. We find that objective measures of career success (income) have a small positive influence...
We integrated research on the dimensionality of career success into social-cognitive career theory and explored the positive feedback loop between occupational self-efficacy and objective and subjective career success over time (self-efficacy ■ objective success ■ subjective success ■ self-efficacy). Furthermore, we theoretically accounted for sync...
Sowohl in der Diskussion von Kompetenzprofilen für die zukünftige Psychotherapeutenausbildung als auch bei einem potenziellen Direktstudium Psychotherapie wird bereits im Studium das Vermitteln praktischer Handlungskompetenzen vorgesehen. Im nachfolgenden Beitrag werden mögliche solcher praxisorientierter Lehrveranstaltungen vorgestellt. Beispiele...
Previous research has suggested that communal self-descriptions might be less malleable than agentic ones. We propose that the communal self-concept is malleable as well, and that empathic perspective taking activates the communal self-concept. In two studies, participants watched a video and were either instructed to empathically take the perspect...
Communion and agency are fundamental dimensions of social perception and judgment. Previous research revealed a primacy of communion in social information processing. The present research investigates whether there is a similar asymmetry in the “density” of communion and agency. We test whether communal content is more densely clustered in memory t...
This editorial introduces the current special issue of Social Psychology discussing the topic of two fundamental content dimensions which underlie judgments of the self, others, social groups, nations, cultures, faces, etc. These two fundamental dimensions are also called the “Big Two.” These “Big Two” have the potential to integrate different line...
Three studies test the proposition that people appreciate others’ traits relative to the kind of relationship they have. Hypotheses are derived from the dual-perspective model, according to which the fundamental content dimensions of traits, agency, and communion are linked differently to the perspectives of actor versus observer; and that the kind...
The present research analyzes the influence of situational (role stability vs. instability) and personal (power motivation) variables on risk-taking behaviour of people with low vs. high power. We predicted that low power people are mainly influenced by the situation, whereas high power people also act in accord with their power motivation. We inde...
The experience of a calling may be seen as the ultimate form of subjective career success that has many positive consequences for individuals and organizations. We are here concerned with the conceptualization of a new multidimensional measure of calling, the MCM. In the first two studies we employed a qualitative approach and came up with five cor...
When unknown groups and equal status groups are compared by contrasting one group (“the effect to be explained”) against another (“the linguistic norm”), the group positioned as the norm is sometimes perceived as more powerful, more agentic, and as less communal. Such perceptions may contribute to status-linked stereotypes, as group differences are...
An important aim of person perception is to guide people in their actions towards others and an especially important question in this regard is whether to approach a target or not. A target's traits can be differentiated into the “Big Two” fundamental content dimensions of agency and communion. Four studies test the hypothesis that relative to agen...
The present article reports on a long-term study in the course of which individuals who had studied mathematics finishing with either a state exam or a diploma were interviewed at the end of their studies and again ten years after they had started working in their professional field. The aim was to examine how far socio-cognitive variables (profess...
We present a Double Perspective Model (DPM) explaining why agency (competence) and communion (warmth) constitute two basic content dimensions of social cognition. Every social action involves two perspectives: of the agent (a person who performs an action) and of the recipient (a person at whom the action is directed). Immediate cognitive goals of...
The aim of the study was to examine the relationships between physical activity and several health parameters in German adolescents. We predicted that the association between physical activity and physical and psychosocial health resources (physical and psychosocial characteristics that tend to enhance coping and well-being) would be stronger than...
The present research analyses the adequacy of the widely used Career Satisfaction Scale (CSS; Greenhaus, Parasuraman, & Wormley, 1990) for measuring change over time. We used data of a sample of 1,273 professionals over a 5-year time period. First, we tested longitudinal measurement invariance of the CSS. Second, we analysed changes in career satis...
This study investigated the impact of gender, the gender-related self-concept (agency and communion), and the timing of parenthood on objective career success of 1,015 highly educated professionals. Hypotheses derived from a dual-impact model of gender and career-related processes were tested in a 5-wave longitudinal study over a time span of 10 ye...
While previous research has mainly emphasised the importance of leader–member exchange (LMX) to job satisfaction, there is a lack of research on reciprocal relationships between job satisfaction and LMX. In this study, we not only suggest that good LMX increases job satisfaction, but that job satisfaction can also enhance high-quality supervisor–em...
Purpose
The purpose of this study was to investigate multiple indirect Big Five personality influences on professionals’ annual salary while considering relevant mediators. These are the motivational variables of occupational self-efficacy and career-advancement goals, and the work status variable of contractual work hours. The motivational and wor...
Over the past 40 years, industrialized nations have experienced major changes in their labor market characteristics. Of special
importance is the steady increase of women’s participation in the paid workforce. In the United States (US), 72.3% of all
women aged between 25 and 54 (US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2009) were in employment, and 59.1% of...
The aim of the present paper is twofold. We first give an overview of the multi-faceted construct of career success with its “objective” (real attainments) and “subjective” (perceived attainments) components and with the different methodologies measuring them (“subjectivist” vs. “objectivist” approaches). We also discuss the relationship between th...
The aim of the study was to examine the relationships between physical activity and several health parameters in German adolescents. We predicted that the association between physical activity and physical and psychosocial health resources (physical and psychosocial characteristics that tend to enhance coping and well-being) would be stronger than...
In intergroup comparisons one group usually becomes the implicit norm that other groups are compared to. Three studies address the consequences that the direction of the comparison has for perceptions of the compared groups. For real groups (Experiment 1) and fictitious groups (Experiments 2 and 3) participants perceived a group as more powerful an...
Liking and respect are proposed as two dimensions of interpersonal attitudes. Whereas liking–disliking reflects personal preferences, respect–disrespect reflects deference. Four studies involving a variety of samples and target persons showed that: (1) liking is more strongly influenced by communal than agentic qualities of the target, (2) respect...
