Anders Lie

Swedish Transport Administration · Traffic Safety

The concept of acceptable risk (AR) is used in many risk environments in the community. The application of AR can be made, in most cases, either as accepting what citizens or those exposed to risk seem to accept as current or future level, or as a predefined risk level. AR, as a predefined level exists in medicine, aviation, rail, workplace, etc.,...

Objective: The objectives of the present article were to (a) describe the main characteristics of bicycle crashes with regard to the road environment, crash opponent, cyclist, and crash dynamics; (b) compare individuals who describe their health after the crash as declined with those who describe their health as not affected; and (c) compare the nu...

Objective The objective of this study was to estimate the safety benefits of in vehicle Lane Departure Warning (LDW) and Lane Keeping Aid (LKA) systems in reducing relevant real-world passenger car injury crashes. Methods The study used an induced exposure method, where LDW/LKA sensitive and non-sensitive crashes were compared for Volvo passenger c...

The aim of this study was to describe and compare road traffic injuries leading to long-term problems in Health related quality of life (HRQoL), with regards to road user group, injury severity and injured body region, which is important when considering injury preventive strategies. From the Swedish Traffic Accident Data Acquisition (STRADA), a ra...

This paper compiles, evaluates and analyses information from different data sources on accidents and health, road transport and economic performance in a comprehensive manner to assess the size and impact of road accidents and injuries in regions under increasing motorization. Strategies based on global road safety improvement experiences are prese...

Established in 1997, the European New Car Assessment Programme (Euro NCAP) provides consumers with a safety performance assessment for the majority of the most popular cars in Europe. Thanks to its rigorous crash tests, Euro NCAP has rapidly become an important driver safety improvement to new cars. After ten years of rating vehicles, Euro NCAP fel...

Assess the status of road safety in Asia and present accident and injury prevention strategies based on global road safety improvement experiences. Discuss the way forward by indicating opportunities and countermeasures that could be implemented to achieve a new level of safety in Asia. Review and analyses of data in the literature, among others fr...

This study set out to evaluate the effectiveness of low speed autonomous emergency braking (AEB) technology in current model passenger vehicles, based on real-world crash experience. The validating vehicle safety through meta-analysis (VVSMA) group comprising a collaboration of government, industry consumer organisations and researchers, pooled dat...

Pedestrians and bicyclists account for a significant share of deaths and serious injuries in the road transport system. The protection of pedestrians in car-to-pedestrian crashes has therefore been addressed by friendlier car fronts and since 1997, the European New Car Assessment Program (Euro NCAP) has assessed the level of protection for most car...

This study aimed to investigate the potential effect of Automatic Collision Notification (ACN) on reducing road fatalities and naturally deceased in the road environment. No such detailed study had previously been made in Sweden. The material consisted of in-depth studies of fatal crashes collected by the Swedish Transport Administration (STA) and...

It has been proposed in the European Union (EU) to adopt a Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAIS) of 3 or greater as the basis for a road safety target. To have a common definition of serious injury across the EU is in itself very positive. In this study, fatalities, MAIS 3+, MAIS 2+ and injuries leading to permanent medical impairment (PMI) were...

Exceeding the speed limit is a factor in the causation and severity of many road accidents. Speed limits are intended to assure safe operation of the road network by keeping traffic speeds to no more than the maximum that is appropriate for a given traffic environment. The speed of traffic also influences the flow of densely trafficked roads. Volun...

Infrastructure systems such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2X) communication can theoretically prevent nearly all accidents by gathering the speed, locations, and travel directions of traffic participants, and intervening to control vehicle motion as required to help prevent collisions. However, during the phase-in of t...

Many new safety systems are entering the market. Vision Zero is a safety strategy aiming at the elimination of fatalities and impairing injuries by the use of a holistic model for safe traffic to develop a safe system. The aim of this article is to analyze fatalities in modern cars with respect to the Vision Zero model with special respect to elect...

This study set out to examine the effects of studded tires on fatal crashes on roads covered with ice or snow in Sweden and also to investigate the extra benefits of electronic stability control (ESC) during the winter months. Two different studies are presented in this paper. Both studies used an induced exposure approach. In the main study, 369 i...

The aim of the present study was to estimate the correlation between Euro NCAP pedestrian rating scores and injury outcome in real-life car-to-pedestrian crashes, with special focus on long-term disability. Another aim was to determine whether brake assist (BA) systems affect the injury outcome in real-life car-to-pedestrian crashes and to estimate...

Intersections are challenging for many road users. According to US, European, and global statistics, intersection-related crashes with fatal outcome represent approximately 20 percent of all traffic fatalities. The aim of this study was to use Swedish data to investigate and characterize fatal car-to-car intersection crashes for modern cars equippe...

ABSTRACT Every year approximately 50 motorcyclists are killed on the Swedish roads and almost 400 are severely injured according to police records. The objective of this study was to analyze the relationship between a number of risk factors related to motorcycle fatal crashes in Sweden and to investigate the potential of different countermeasures a...

The risk of injury is known to be related to age. The elderly population has a far higher risk of both serious injury and fatality, for a given severity of impact. While this is known, it is not always used for the understanding of the options for injury prevention that is available or could be developed. In the present study, the risk of in partic...

The objective of this study was 2-fold: first, to compare Euro NCAP safety ratings of cars with those published by the Folksam real-world injury ratings; and second, to compare injury risk measures between Euro NCAP 2 and 5 Star cars with real-world injury and disability outcomes using police and insurance injury data. Car models were grouped accor...

Road traffic Safety Performance Indicators (SPIs) are becoming increasingly used as an instrument for the planning and monitoring of safety progress. SPIs form an intermediate step between actions and final outcome in terms of casualties in road crashes. It is understood that SPIs are closely related to outcome; and that it is also possible to use...

The introduction of automatic emergency braking changes the distribution of impact severity thus the resulting injury risk. In the calculation of the possible safety impact, risk functions must be used. These functions can be derived in different ways. In this paper, matched pair techniques have been used to study if the power models developed by N...

Electronic Stability Control (ESC) has been proven to be one of the most effective safety technologies, reducing serious crashes substantially. In Sweden the first attempt to stimulate the sales of ESC started in mid 2003. By using several market oriented methods the penetration rate on new cars reached over 90% 48 months later and is by late 2008...

Many modern cars have seat belt reminders (SBRs) using loud and clear sound and light signals. These systems have developed over the last few years. This study investigates how these modern systems influence the seat belt use in real-life traffic in built-up areas in some European cities. The data were collected by field observations in major citie...

Recently, smart seat belt reminders (SBR) have been introduced in cars. By increasingly reminding drivers and passengers if they are not using the seat belt, the intention is to increase the belt use to almost 100%. The objective was to study if there were differences in driver's seat belt use between cars with and without SBR. Drivers of cars with...

Electronic Stability Control (ESC) was introduced on the mass market in 1998. Since then, several studies showing the positive effects of ESC have been presented. In this study, data from crashes occurring in Sweden during 1998 to 2004 were used to evaluate the effectiveness of ESC on real life crashes. The effectiveness was analyzed for different...

Dans de nombreux pays de l'OCDE, les accidents de la circulation sont la première cause de décès chez les enfants de moins de 15 ans. Depuis la publication du dernier rapport de l'OCDE sur la sécurité des enfants dans la circulation en 1983, on estime que100 000 d'entre eux ont péri dans un accident de la route. Au taux actuel, un enfant sur 2 100...

This book outlines the progress that has been made in the last twenty years, as well as the need for ongoing change. It provides the latest statistics on children’s injuries, fatalities and trends in transport. It examines the most effective current strategies, identifies areas for improvement and makes a series of policy-related recommendations fo...

ESP (Electronic Stability Program) has recently been introduced onto the market in an effort to reduce the number and severity of loss-of-control automobile accidents. This reduction is expected to be particularly evident for accidents on roads with low friction (e.g., wet or icy conditions). This study aimed to evaluate the statistical effectivene...

One hundred ninety-five rear impacts with both front- and rear-seat occupants in the struck car, where at least one occupant sustained permanent disability, were selected for study. There was a significantly higher disability risk for the female rear-seat occupant compared with the male driver. Furthermore, a higher risk was found for female rear-s...

The European New Car Assessment Program (Euro NCAP) is a resource for consumers regarding vehicle crash safety. The program promotes safety developments, and credits car manufacturers for focusing on safety. This study was based on real-life car-to-car crashes and results show that the overall indication of the safety level, provided by the Euro NC...

The aim was to study the influence of new car design on the distribution and disability risk of injuries to different body regions. The cars were categorised in 5-year periods according to year of introduction. The injuries of 11,535 injured car occupants, as well as 42,228 two-car crashes reported by the police between 1994 and 2000, were used. C...

L'objectif à long terme de la « vision zéro å est que personne ne soit tué, ni ne subisse une incapacité grave, sur les routes. Cette nouvelle politique se traduit actuellement par un programme en onze points, ainsi que dans de nouvelles réflexions et recherches.

Risk-functions describing the relationship between mechanical dose and injury response are fundamental in injury prevention research. Such risk functions for car occupants are normally derived from in-depth accident reconstruction leading to serious problems with interpretation and quality. An alternative way, based on matched-paired technique to d...

The road transport system is a non-forgiving man-made machine system that in the long run must be redesigned so that it will not generate one of the largest public health problems in society. In order to focus on the necessary steps to be taken, a long-term target must be formulated and a model constructed, showing how an intrinsically safe traffic...

Objective: The objectives were to create a dose-response model of real- life vehicle collisions and to study the effect of measurement errors in real-life accident data. Errors in impact severity measurements can influence the understanding of injury risks and projections of safety benefits. Methods: A theoretical dose-response model of real life a...

Long-term medical disability associated with trauma to the neck is an increasing problem all over the world. In Sweden AIS 1 neck injury has become the most common injury in traffic accidents causing medical disability. Objective: Evaluate the influence of vehicle weight and car model as well as the sex of the occupant. Also the correlation between...

Estimation of the accident severity is a fundamental requirement in accident reconstruction and analysis. Accident severity can be measured in many different ways, but in frontal collisions change of velocity, energy equivalent speed or equivalent barrier speed are frequently used parameters. These parameters are most often estimated from vehicle d...

Distortions of 15 routine implant-supported prostheses were measured in relation to the master casts after completion by means of a 3-dimensional (3-D) photogrammetric technique. All prostheses were designed as one-piece gold-alloy castings with resin teeth. Five of the prostheses were placed in the edentulous maxilla, and the remaining were placed...

This paper presents methods for distant evaluation of crashed car interiors with photogrammetrical and video cameras allowing three dimensional measurements and the possibility of judging interior contacts. With these methods, data collection can be performed by non-specialists but with high quality analysis. The methods are presented with examples...

A photogrammetric technique was tested to measure the topography of the mucosa around implants, placed in edentulous upper jaws. Photographs were taken of casts from 6 patients, who all had used a removable overdenture for one year. Another series of photographs was taken on new casts after the use of a fixed prosthesis for a second year. The 6 pai...

A photogrammetric technique was designed to measure the position of dental implants in 3 dimensions to enable assessment of the fit of superstructures placed on the implants. A relatively simple camera set-up was developed and tested. Calibration of the camera was performed in a high-precision analytical plotter and revealed a film measurement accu...

Vehicle deformations are important sources for information about the performance of safety systems. Photogrammetry has developed vastly under recent years. In this study modern photogrammetrical methods have been used for vehicle deformation analysis. The study describes the equipment for documentation and recording in the field (semi-metric camera...

This paper presented a part of results from an ongoing project for pedestrian protection, which is carried out at Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden. A validated pedestrian mathematical model was used in this study to simulate vehicle-pedestrian impacts. A large number of simulations have been carried out with various parameters. The injur...