Amit Kumar Nayak

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha ‘O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India

Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) are lipidic nanocarriers that recover the permanency and capacity of drug payloads. NLCs are well-known as second-generation lipid nanocarriers with an unstructured matrix, presenting potentially advantageous nanocarrier systems with marketable opportunities because of reproducible production methodologies and b...

Background Fungal keratitis (mycotic keratitis) is an eye infection in which the cornea is infected by fungi and such fungal keratitis management can be effectively possible by ocular administration of antifungal drugs. Objective The main objectives of the present research were to develop and evaluate fluconazoleloaded transfersomal hydrogels for...

The current study investigates replacing water (2.5–15%) in whole wheat pasta with groundnut oil/candelilla wax (GNO/CW) oleogel. To assess the impact of incorporating GNO/CW oleogel at varied concentrations, both uncooked and cooked pasta samples are physicochemically characterized. The water absorption capacity of oleogel‐containing cooked pasta...

Insulin is a peptide hormone that is essential for regulating body homeostasis. Furthermore, it is involved in various neurological functions such as memory, behaviors, and cognition. The ubiquitous distribution of insulin receptors on various brain cells, such as neurons, microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, and their differential localiza...

Different nanocarriers-based strategies are now extensively being used as an important strategy for improving drug efficacy and responsiveness, reducing toxicity issues related to drugs and harmful side effects, and overcoming the numerous significant difficulties related to absorption and bioavailability. Amongst different nanocarriers, nanovesicl...

Carboxylesterase enzymes convert a prodrug ramipril into the biologically active metabolite ramiprilat. It is prescribed for controlling ocular hypertension after oral administration. High concentrations of carboxylesterase enzymes in rectal and colon tissue can transform ramipril significantly to ramiprilat. Sustained rectal delivery of ramipril h...

In the current work, the efficacy of sago starch as potential biopolymer‐blends with sodium alginate in the designing of sustained drug‐releasing particles for oral delivery is investigated, where calcium alginate‐sago starch particles are prepared via ionic gelation process employing calcium chloride as ionic cross‐linker. These particles showed t...

In many cases, conventional therapeutics are not able to cure diseases in a proper and safe manner. Conversely, plants and their derivatives have been successfully used for the treatment of numerous diseases and disorders for centuries and have proven themselves as efficient, inexpensive, environmentally friendly, faster, and less toxic. However, t...

Lifestyle diseases are medical conditions and are primarily caused by unhealthy habits and practices. The different risk factors responsible for lifestyle diseases include poor diet, lack of physical activity, unrestricted alcohol consumption, smoking and chronic stress, and anxiety. Commonly occurring lifestyle diseases are type 2 diabetes mellitu...

The current investigation describes extraction and characterization of aqueous‐soluble polysaccharide (DIFP) from mature Dillenia indica L., fruits to explore its biocompatibility and antioxidant properties (in vitro). In this work, employing the hot‐water extraction method, a whitish brown colored, tasteless, odorless DIFP is extracted (14.45% yie...

In the current research, acyclovir-loaded microbeads were formulated via ionotropic gelation using sodium alginate-gellan gum and sodium alginate-xanthan gum. In the preparation of these acyclovir-loaded microbeads, aluminium chloride and barium chloride were used as cross-linking agents. All these ionotropically-gelled acyclovir-loaded alginate-ge...

Pharmaceutical grade sugars manufactured under Current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP) and complied with International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council (IPEC) quality standards, also contain a significant amount of nano-particulate impurities (NPIs). This review will focus on the origin of NPIs, the mechanism of their interference with Dynamic...

Bioelectronic medicine is a multidisciplinary field that combines molecular medicine, neurology, engineering, and computer science to design devices for diagnosing and treating diseases. The advancements in bioelectronic medicine can improve the precision and personalization of illness treatment. Bioelectronic medicine can produce, suppress, and me...

The objective of the present research was to develop fluconazole-loaded transferosomal bigels for transdermal delivery by employing statistical optimization (23 factorial design–based). Thin-film hydration was employed to prepare fluconazole-loaded transferomal suspensions, which were then incorporated into bigel system. A 23 factorial design was e...

This study aimed to deliver a potential water-soluble antiviral drug (sofosbuvir) through optimized vesicular lipid nanocarriers (LNs) to the rat brain as a novel strategy against viral meningitis. A 2³ factorial design approach was established to assess the effect of formulation composition and process variables on the physicochemical properties o...

Background The tear ferning test can be an easy clinical procedure for the evaluation and characterization of the ocular tear film Objective The objective of this study was to examine the restoration of tear ferning pattern and reduction of glycosylation peak after amlodipine application in carrageenan-induced conjunctivitis. Methods At the rabbi...

The current research attempted to design and evaluate sustained stomach-specific ofloxacin delivery by single-unit hydrodynamically balanced system (HBS)-based floating capsules. These HBS-based floating capsules of ofloxacin were prepared using two oppositely ionic polymers, namely cationic-natured low molecular mass chitosan (LMMCH) and anioni...

Nanostructured Materials for Tissue Engineering introduces the key properties and approaches involved in using nanostructured materials in tissue engineering, including functionalization, nanotechnology-based regenerative techniques, toxicological and biocompatible aspects. A broad range of nanomaterial types are covered, from polymer scaffolds and...

Cancer is one of the most common lethal diseases and the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Effective cancer treatment is a global problem, and subsequent advancements in nanomedicine are useful as substitute management for anti-cancer agents. Nanotechnology, which is gaining popularity, enables fast-expanding delivery methods in science for cur...

Since long, medicinal plants or herbs are being used in different traditional treatment systems as therapeutic agents to treat a variety of illnesses. Bixa orellana L., an medicinal plant (family: Bixaceae), is an Ayurvedic herb used to treat dyslipidemia, diarrhoea, and hepatitis since ancient times. B. orellana L., seeds contain an orange-red col...

Dental caries, periodontal disease, and endodontic disease are major public health concerns worldwide due to their impact on individuals' quality of life. The present problem of dental disorders is the removal of the infection caused by numerous microbes, particularly, bacteria (both aerobes and anaerobes). The most effective method for treating an...

Quantum dots (QDs) are recognized as semiconductor or fluorescent nanocrystals, which due to their distinctive physical and chemical properties, have been used as a promising tool in various research fields, including biology, drug delivery, bio-medical, and bioimaging. Moreover, most of the conventional organic label dyes are unable to produce emi...

The current research attempted to design a sustained releasing microparticles made of chitosan and carboxymethylated derivative of gum ghatti (CMGG) via polyelectrolyte complexation. CMGG was synthesized by conventional Williamson ether synthesis method, where degree of substitution was found 0.40 ± 0.04%. The synthesized CMGG and chitosan was used...

The present research intends at investigating the extraction and characterization of linseed polysaccharide to explore its haematocompatibility and antioxidant properties. In this research, a light brown colored, odorless, tasteless, and aqueous-soluble polysaccharide was extracted (with a yield of 20.77%) from linseed powder of mature and ripe see...

The objectives of present research work were to extract cashew exudate gum (CG), perform thiolation of extracted CG, and evaluate the synthesized thiolated cashew exudate gum (TCG) as a mucoadhesive agent in designing metronidazole mucoadhesive gels and metronidazole mucoadhesive buccal discs. The CG was thiolated or thiol-modifi ed via esterifi ca...

Biopolysaccharides extracted from plants are mainly photosynthetic byproducts found in leaves, pods, stems, fruits, grains, seeds, corms, rhizomes, roots, bark exudates, and other plant parts. Recently, these plant-derived biopolysaccharides have received a great deal of attention as pharmaceutical excipients in a range of different dosage forms be...

Objective: The objectives of the present work were to carry out thiol-modification (i.e., thiolation) of fenugreek polysaccharide (FP) and to assess the synthesized thiolated product (TFP) as a mucoadhesive excipient in the designing of mucoadhesive formulations (metronidazole gels and metronidazole buccal discs). Methods: Extracted CG was thiol-mo...

Objective: The objectives of the current study were to synthesize thiolated moringa exudate gum (TMEG) via thiolation of moringa exudate gum (MEG) and to evaluate TMEG as an improved bio-mucoadhesive agent in semi-solid formulations like dental paste and gel. MEG-and TMEG-based mucoadhesive dental pastes of aceclofenac and mucoadhesive gels of metr...

Polysaccharide nanoconjugates are becoming popular due to various reasons, including increased water solubility, capability to control the drug release at the target site, and decreased side effects. At the cellular level, polysaccharide nanoconjugates can be designed for receptors with the aim to improve cancer diagnosis. The nanoconjugates may al...

The effective and safe delivery of anticancer drugs is always a major concern for pharmaceutical chemist and drug delivery formulators. In the recent years, many polysaccharides-based drug delivery systems (DDS) have become a widely approved biomaterial method for the preparation of novel nanoparticle system, and this system has attracted the atten...

Interpenetrating polymeric network (IPN) systems are formed when at least one polymer network is composed and/or crosslinked in the instantaneous occurrence of other polymer(s). In general, IPN-based materials are capable of meeting up diversified functional properties, and therefore, it is advantageous to synthesize IPN-based materials using two o...

Polysaccharides are economically and abundantly produced as raw materials for use in many industrial applications. The industrial applications of various polysaccharides have been growing because of their safety, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. These polysaccharides are being derivatized in various ways to achieve tailor-made polysaccharide...

The uses of natural polysaccharides in biomedical applications including drug delivery have been growing owing to their biosafety, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Since long, natural polysaccharides are being used as drug delivery excipients, such as thickening agents, gelling agents, emulsifying agents, binding agents, disintegrating agent...

Naturally occurring polysaccharide macromolecules contain monosaccharides joined together by O-glycosidic bonds. These polysaccharides are widely obtained from various sources such as plants, animals, microbes, and marine sources. As compared to synthetic polymers, these natural polysaccharides exhibit good compatibility for the delivery of therape...

Thiolation is a well-known potential polymer modification approach imparting the mucoadhesive properties on the tailored (modified) derivatives of polymers. The tailoring of polymers via the introduction of thiol groups (SH) to the polymers usually presents elevated biomucoadhesive characteristics when applied to the biological system. Actually, th...

In recent years, polymer grafting has created an innovative pathway to develop new and improved polymers having desired functional properties for use in different pharmaceutical formulations. The modification of the polymers used to take place with the help of those techniques, such as grafting, cross-linking, blending, composite formation, etc. In...

A polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) can be defined as a complex of two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes held together by electrostatic interaction(s). The formation of PECs requires only physical mixing of two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes in solution without any chemical covalent cross-linker. Natural polysaccharide-based PECs have been inves...

Starch is well-known category of natural polymers being extensively explored in pharmaceutical industry and mainly obtained from different plant parts and organs. To maximize the utility of starches as excipients to develop various drug delivery dosage forms, their functional properties can be modified by chemical modifications, i.e., oxidation, es...

Viruses are acellular obligate intracellular parasites that can infect humans, plants, animals, yeast, bacteria, protozoa, archaea, as well as other viruses. Transmission of viruses takes place in a variety of ways. Some viruses are transmitted through touch, air, and saliva and others are transmitted by insects (e.g., mosquitoes), sexual contact,...

In the past few years, many plant polysaccharides are being investigated for their antiviral actions. Plant polysaccharides act mainly by interfering with a few steps in the life cycle of viruses to prevent infections. A variety of molecular structural arrangements determine the antiviral effectiveness of plant polysaccharides. In addition, plant p...

In recent years, an inspiring variety of plant-derived polysaccharides have been unveiled as excipients in pharmaceuticals, cosmeceuticals, medicinal, packaging, textiles, and other applications. A number of plant polysaccharides have already been recognized as a useful class of polymeric biomaterials with certain distinct advantages over conventio...

Researchers all around the world are working tirelessly to develop successful targeted nanotheranostics for cancer diagnosis and treatment [1e3]. In recent years, nanomedicine researchers have facilitated the production of “smart” nanocarriers or nanotheranostics, which comprise nanovehicles that simultaneously transport medications and act as imag...

Recent years have witnessed a boom in ocular nanomedicine research with a number of lipid-based nanocarriers such as liposomes, niosomes, cubosomes, nanoemulsions, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, etc., to improve the ocular bioavailability of a variety of drugs and biologics due to their high solubility, drug loading and t...

Introduction: Red blood cell (or erythrocyte) membrane-camouflaged nanoparticles (RBC-NPs) not only have a superior circulation life and do not induce accelerated blood clearance, but also possess special functions, which offers great potential in cancer therapy. Areas covered: This review focuses on the recent advances of RBC-NPs for delivering...

Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of gelatin/κ-carrageenan crosslinked polyacrylic acid hydrogel (GT-CAG-cl-polyAA) and graphene oxide incorporated hydrogel nanocomposite (GOHNC) through a free radical crosslinking pathway. Under optimized reaction conditions, GT-CAG-cl-polyAA displayed 486 % maximum swelling percentage. TEM imag...

Viruses are the potential cause of several diseases including novel corona virus-19, flu, small pox, chicken pox, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, severe acute respiratory syndrome etc. The objectives of this review article are to summarize the reasons behind the epidemics caused by several emerging viruses and bacteria, how to control the infec...

Since past few years, a number of polysaccharides are being extracted from different herbal sources, which have already been investigated for biomedical activities. Nowadays, antioxidant activities of numerous herbal polysaccharides are being extensively researched and it becomes a hot spot in the field of biomedicine research. During past few deca...

Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.; family: Moraceae) seed starch (JSS) is a natural starch candidate, which is already reported as a potential pharmaceutical biopolymeric raw materials/excipients in various pharmaceutical dosage forms, such as binding agent and disintegrants in pharmaceutical tablets, emulsifier in emulsions, suspending agen...

Herbal biopolysaccharides are being extracted from various herbal resources like leaves, stems, rhizomes, corms, roots, pods, flowers, fruits, seeds, exudates, etc. Some of the potential benefits of the use of herbal polysaccharides include easy and economic processing, abundant, and sustainable availability from the nature, solubility, swelling ab...

The uses of herbal biomolecules as phytomedicines in healthcare have been practiced from the early stage of human civilization to the modern age. Plethora of plants with significant value are available worldwide. According to World Health Organization (WHO), about 80% of world population receives phytomedicine for their primary healthcare. Herbal b...

Chitosan is a naturally occurring polysaccharide obtained from the deacetylation of chitin either by chemical or enzymatic or microwave-assisted method. The molecules of chitosan consists of N-acetyl-2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose (acetylated unit) and 2-amino-2-deoxyd-glucopyranose (deacetylated unit), where the repeating units are linked by β-(1...

Chitosan is a natural biopolymer, which is extensively used in the formulation of colon-targeted drug-delivery systems. Chitosan-based systems lead to the release of drugs at the colon region by the subsequent degradation of chitosan. This degradation of chitosan occurs through the lysis of glycosidic bonds by the colonic microflora. Native chitosa...

The current chapter provides a detailed and beneficial overview of previously studied hydrogel systems made of chitosan, a nontoxic natural polysaccharide derived from seaweed, and its derivatives to be used in drug delivery applications. The first section of the chapter covers the fundamentals of chitosan. Then, the latter portion contains the for...

Chitosan, a natural cationic polysaccharide, is produced in large scale by the hydrolysis of aminoacetyl groups of chitin, which is obtained from marine source. Chitosan is a nontoxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable polysaccharide. In a wide range of biomedical and pharmaceutical applications including drug delivery, it has gained the significant...

Amongst various drug delivery approaches, mucoadhesive approaches for drug delivery have achieved great interest as these are capable of prolonging the residence period of the dosage forms at the absorption sites or at the site of action; and thus mucoadhesive drug delivery systems facilitate sustained release of loaded drug candidates with signifi...

Chitosan, a naturally occurring aminopolysaccharide, is derived as a deacetylated form of chitin. It is hydrophilic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, which have been led to significant researches toward various biomedical applications including drug delivery. During past few decades, chitosan has been employed to develop various kinds of drug deli...

Chitosan is a cationic natural polysaccharide, which is produced from partial deacetylation of chitin by enzymatic hydrolysis by chitin deacetylase or chemical hydrolysis under alkaline conditions. Due to biocompatibility, biodegradability, bioactivity, nonantigenicity, antibacterial, and mucoadhesion properties, chitosan is being exploited in biom...

Chitosan is synthesized from the deacetylation of chitin. During the past few decades, chitosan has commonly been utilized as bipolysaccharidic excipients in the formulations of dosage forms, such as tablets, particulates (nanoparticles, microparticles, beads, etc.), gels, films, membranes, patches, implants, or scaffolds for the delivery of differ...

To achieve a fine balance between the onset of therapeutic efficacy and the incidence of side effects, various drug delivery systems have been intelligently fabricated to achieve precise release pattern, thus avoiding premature leakage of drugs in the delivery process. A majority of the drug delivery systems commercially used is nonbiodegradable, a...

Chitosan (deacetylated chitin) is a promising naturally derived biopolysaccharide, which is widely used in numerous biomedical and pharmaceutical applications due to its beneficial properties like solubility, biodegradability, biocompatibility, etc. Since past few decades, it has been used as excipient in the formulations of different drug delivery...

Biological macromolecules are large cellular components abundantly obtained naturally and are responsible for varieties of essential functions for the growth and survival of living organisms. There are four important classes of biological macromolecules, viz., carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. These possess some favorable characte...

Biological macromolecules including carbohydrates, proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, and lipids are the biologically derived molecules of high molecular weight with several potential advantages like sustainable production, renewability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, longer blood circulation period, targeting capability, etc. These are abunda...