Amit Alexander- Ph.D (Pharmaceutics)
- Professor (Associate) at National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, India, 781101.
Amit Alexander
- Ph.D (Pharmaceutics)
- Professor (Associate) at National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, India, 781101.
Associate Professor, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Guwahati (NIPER-Guwahati), India
About
245
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Introduction
Current institution
National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Changsari, Kamrup, Guwahati, Assam, India, 781101.
Current position
- Professor (Associate)
Additional affiliations
November 2007 - June 2017
July 2012 - April 2014
July 2012 - present
Publications
Publications (245)
![Representation of polymer-drug conjugate for multipurpose use [32]](publication/379220416/figure/fig1/AS:11431281291591594@1732158465948/Representation-of-polymer-drug-conjugate-for-multipurpose-use-32_Q320.jpg)
![Bioorthogonal chemical reactions [57]](publication/379220416/figure/fig3/AS:11431281291694230@1732158466425/Bioorthogonal-chemical-reactions-57_Q320.jpg)
Due to their potential to enhance therapeutic results and enable targeted drug administration, polymer-drug conjugates that use polyethylene glycol (PEG) as both the polymer and the linker for drug conjugation have attracted much research. This study seeks to investigate recent developments in the design and synthesis of PEG-based polymer-drug conj...
The drug delivery to the brain on systemic administration creates hindrance because of the presence of blood–brain barrier (BBB). The utilization of novel nanomaterials such as inorganic nanoparticles for delivery of drug to the brain by overcoming such barriers has been explored widely in recent years. These include carbon, silver, gold, and iron...
Brain disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, glioma, depression, and anxiety are affecting the cognitive ability, senses, memory, mood, and emotional behavior of affected people and are the second leading sources of deaths across the globe. The current treatments with the conventional delivery systems alleviate the sy...
Nanobiomaterials combine nanotechnology methods with biomaterials to create customized structures for enhanced biomedical applications at the boundary between nanotechnology and biology. This chapter focuses on the basic principles and current advancements related to the development, production, analysis, interactions with host organisms, and medic...
The most prominent cause of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is one of the most prevalent CNS disorders. A survey claims that by 2050, it will likely impact 131 million individuals worldwide. AD and other neurodegenerative conditions have notable unmet medical needs. The CNS drug's therapeutic potency is affected due to the reduced amount of dru...
According to Global Burden of Disease, skin disease is the fourth leading cause of non-fatal disease burden worldwide. As a result, there is a greater demand for high-quality living and technical innovation. Cosmetics and cosmeceutical products were developed with the aid of this. Cosmeceuticals are cosmetic products that have the ability to provid...
Amorphous solid dispersion is one of the recent technologies that attracted the pharmaceutical industry to deliver poorly soluble drugs. However, the selection of polymeric carriers and characterization of drug‐polymer interactions need to be performed systemically to develop a stable amorphous delivery system. Solubility parameter analysis was use...
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of liver cancer; accounts for 75-85% of cases. The treatment and management of HCC involve different sanative options like surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, etc. Recently, various advancements have been introduced for the diagnosis and targeting of hepatic tumor cells. Among these,...
The temperature-triggered in situ gelling system has been revolutionized by introducing an intelligent polymeric system. Temperature-triggered polymer solutions are initially in a sol state and then undergo a phase transition to form a gel at body temperature due to various parameters like pH, temperature, and so on. These smart polymers offer a nu...
The exponential growth of nanotechnology has focused on therapeutic pursuits, notably for brain disorders. Nanocarriers have submicron particle sizes, typically around 500 nm. Over the past few years, interest in nanostructured lipid carriers as alternative pharmaceutical delivery systems has increased on both the scientific and commercial fronts....
In the present study, the larvicidal efficacy of the juices of the weeds Lantana camara Linn (L. camara) and Ocimum gratissimum Linn (O. gratissimum) was evaluated against the larvae of the malaria vectors Aedes aegypti, Anopheles subpictus and Culex quinquefasciatus. The freshly prepared juices of leaves were prepared by grinding them and diluting...
Aim: Amoxapine (AMX) has been reported to be metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP2D6. Naringin (NG) has been reported to inhibit CYP enzymes. Therefore, the current work was designed to develop AMX solid lipid nanoparticles (AMX-SLNs) and NG-SLNs for better therapeutic performance. Materials & methods: AMX-SLNs and NG-SLNs were prepared and characterized....
Understanding and establishing a link between the physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles (NPs) and their biological interactions poses to be a great challenge in the field of nanotherapeutics. Recent analytical advancements concerning bio-nanointerfaces have accelerated the quest to comprehend the fate of nanocarrier systems in vivo. Scie...
Dementia is a collective term for various physiological conditions related to abnormal functions of the brain like a deficit of memory, thinking, behavior, and cognitive ability, and difficulty in performing routine activities. Severity in the pathophysiological factors leads to various neurodegenerative diseases (comes under the umbrella term “dem...
Biosurfactants are amphiphilic molecules that contain water-soluble molecules and water-insoluble substances. This allows their partition at solid/liquid, liquid/liquid, and gas/liquid interfaces and allows them to perform functions such as emulsification, dispersion, detergency, and foaming. Biosurfactants are a precious collection of chemical com...
Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, glioma, depression, and anxiety are seriously affecting humans across the globe. Currently, FDA-approved medicines are practiced using conventional drug delivery systems to treat these brain disorders. Moreover, these delivery systems fail to provide sufficient drug...
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a fatal disease that has a 5-year survival rate of less than 9%. It is expected to rank second in cancer-related deaths across the United States by 2030. Out of all the patients only about one-fifth patients are potentially treatable, and treatment options are often palliative. PC's poor prognosis is credited to its diffic...
Upon exhaustive research, the transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) has appeared as a potential, well-accepted, and popular approach to a novel drug delivery system. Ease of administration, easy handling, minimum systemic exposure, least discomfort, broad flexibility and tunability, controlled release, prolonged therapeutic effect, and many more...
Berberine is a traditional Chinese medicine that has excellent potential for anti-inflammatory activity. However, due to its poor penetration into the skin, its applicability via topical administration is restricted. Also, due to the high hydrophilicity of BCS class III drugs such as BBR, loading such drugs into lipid-based drug delivery systems is...
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) include a broad spectrum of 50 discrete genetic diseases, primarily due to defective lysosomal protein or their activity; in other scenarios, the irregularities arise from non-lysosomal activities such as lysosomal biogenesis or protein maturation. Gaucher disease is the most common disease, followed by Fabry disea...
Background: The Severe Acute Respiratory Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged in a variety of forms since its first appearance in early December 2019. The Omicron variation (B.1.1.529) was recently confirmed as a relatively new Variant of Concern (VOC). There are several mutations in this S-protein, making it an exclusively lethal version of the pr...
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is highly efficient in eradicating a specific cell by using potential photosensitizers (PS) triggered by external energy and therefore is a point of attraction to the research fraternity working in cancer research. At the same time, nanotechnology helps increase the solubility and effective delivery of PS towards improvin...
The novel enveloped β-coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) has offered a surprising health challenge all over the world. It develops severe pneumonia leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Like SARS-COV-2, other encapsulated viruses like HIV, HSV, and influenza have also offered a similar challenge in the past. In this regard, many ant...
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) attracted biomedical researchers due to their unique properties like large surface area, pore-volume, and surface-active groups. These properties of MSNs have been broadly explored in drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, biosensors, and tissue engineering in the last decade. The porous nature facilitates highe...
A smart linker is a crucial element throughout the creation of polymer-drug conjugates. It binds different portions or subunits altogether and may be freed by a suitable trigger, resulting in localized drug distribution and enhanced bioavailability. PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) linkers can be synthesized chemically by specifically adding functionalize...
A smart linker is a crucial element throughout the creation of polymer-drug conjugates. It binds different portions or subunits altogether and may be freed by a suitable trigger, resulting in localized drug distribution and enhanced bioavailability. PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) linkers can be synthesized chemically by specifically adding functionalize...
The unique interfacial properties, huge diversity, and biocompatible nature of phospholipids make them an attractive pharmaceutical excipient. The amphiphilic nature of these molecules offers them the property to self-assemble into distinct structures. The solubility, chemical and structural properties, surface charge, and critical packing paramete...
Rheumatoid arthritis has become a common disease among the elderly. Plumbagin, a plant-derived chemical, has been shown to lower the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and interleukins linked to rheumatoid arthritis progression. The objective of the present research work was to assess the anti-arthritic activity of plumbagin-loaded microemulsion i...
The aim of this study was to develop and validate UV-Vis spectrophotometric method for
simultaneous estimation of Diclofenac diethylamine and Plumbagin in a combined dosage form.
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder, manifested by the loss of memory and cognitive abilities, behavioral disturbance and progressive impairment of activities of daily life. The sharp rise in the number of AD patients has brought it with-in the top eight health issues in the world. It is associated...
Reaction optimization has been a tedious task for the research chemist for very long and many approaches has been employed to achieve the best reaction condition resulting in highest yield. As an answer to this problem the statistical optimization approach has better chances of providing most acceptable solution to it. Through, our present work we...
Owing to the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, amyloid inhibition, and neuroprotective potency, curcumin proved as an excellent herbal bioactive to treat AD. However, poor solubility, lipophilicity, rapid metabolism, and short half-life restrict its therapeutic efficacy. To improve the physicochemical properties and achieve prolonged release, we have...
Aims
To investigates the stability of ATZ along with PIP under different stress conditions and characterization of degradants by LC-QTOF-ESI-MS including in-vitro cellular anticancer activity, in-vivo pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution studies.
Background:
Anastrozole (ATZ) is being widely used in the treatment of breast cancer and it requires...
A number of stimuli-responsive-based hydrogels has been widely explored in biomedical applications in the last few decades because of their excellent biodegradability and biocompatibility. The development of synthetic chemistry and materials science leads to the emergence of in situ stimuli-responsive hydrogels. In this regard, several synthetic an...
Transmitted by mosquitoes, vector-borne diseases such as Malaria, Filariosis and Dengue had an enhance in the global mortality rate due to increase in resistance of mosquitoes towards the commercial insecticides.Leaf extracts can produce the knock-down effect and smoke toxicity, the aim of the study is to evaluate such effects of five common indige...
Introduction
The irreversible destruction of neurons, progressive loss of memory and cognitive behavior, high cost of therapy, and impact on society desire a better, effective, and affordable treatment of AD. The nose-to-brain drug delivery approach holds a great potential to access the brain without any hindrance of BBB and result in higher bioava...
Brain tissue is considered of paramount importance in the field of neuroscience. Sample preparation for a brain sample is also an important step before quantitative analysis. This chapter focuses on various sample preparation techniques for processing brain tissue samples. Solid-phase extraction, liquid–liquid extraction, protein precipitation, sol...
Polymeric micelles are one of the prominent nanocarriers used to deliver drugs. These micelles are made up of amphiphilic copolymers that shape into a nanosized micellar assembly containing a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell. The modifiable structural properties of polymeric micelles has led to particular interest in choosing it as a drug c...
Introduction
Investigating the transportation of a drug molecule through various layers of skin and determining the amount of drug retention in skin layers is of prime importance in transdermal and topical drug delivery. The information regarding drug permeation and retention in skin layers aids in optimizing a formulation and provides insight into...
Farnesol (FAR) is a sesquiterpene molecule with high lipophilicity that has antibacterial and other pharmacological properties along with broad nutritional values with high commercial values. Although having potential, FAR stability behavior and degradation kinetics are not available in the literature. Hence, it is very essential to develop a simpl...
Cold atmospheric plasma therapy is a new and latest approach whose arrival has astonished experts all around the world from the area of biological and pharmaceutical sciences. Owing to its simple and non-invasive nature, this technique has been admired and encouraged to use different therapeutic regimes like wound healing, ulceration, and cancer. I...
As per the WHO, every year around 2.1 million women are detected with breast cancer. It is one of the most invasive cancer in women and second most among all, contributing around 15% of death worldwide. The available anticancer therapies including chemo, radio, and hormone therapy are associated with a high load of reversible and irreversible adver...
Conventional drug delivery system generally deals with the issues involving repeated dosing and systemic toxicities. Since few decades, hydrogels have played a significant role as a carrier in drug delivery to minimize the drawbacks pertaining to conventional drug delivery. They.
have been considered as one of the most reliable groups of biomateria...
Nanotechnology provides enormous opportunities and aids in several fields such as medical, environmental, communication, engineering, biological, and further future sustainable innovations. There is an increase in the control over atomic and molecular levels during the synthesis of nanomaterials. This is in lead to develop the newer and highly soph...
Herbal antioxidant like curcumin holds great potential to treat neurodegenerative disease like Alzheimer's disease. However, its therapeutic potency is obstructed due to rapid metabolism, poor solubility, GI susceptibility, enzymatic degradation and lower bioavailability. Thus, the present work aimed to design and optimize curcumin-loaded NLC (CNL)...
Breast cancer is commonly known life-threatening malignancy in women after lung cancer. The standard of care (SOC) treatment for breast cancer primarily includes surgery, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy. However, the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy is restricted by several limitations such as poor targeting, drug resista...
The unending outburst of COVID-19 has reinforced the necessity of SARS-CoV-2 identification approaches for the prevention of infection transmission and the proper care of severe and critical patients. As there is no cure, a prompt and reliable diagnosis of SARS-CoV2 is vital to counter the spread and to provide adequate care and treatment for the i...
Lipid nanocapsules (LNCs) are lipid-based nanocarriers that have found application as drug delivery systems, in diagnostics, and theranostics. They are biocompatible and able to circumvent biological membranes easily because of their morphological features and structural facets. This article aims to review lipid shell lipid nanocapsules as a smart...
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the most recent coronaviruses, which has infected humans, and caused the disease COVID-19. The World Health Organization has declared COVID-19 as a pandemic in March 2020. The SARS-CoV-2 enters human hosts majorly via the respiratory tract, affecting the lungs first. In few critica...
Breast cancer (BC) is a highly heterogeneous malignant carcinoma that is the most frequently occurring cancer in women. The major types of BC are luminal A, basal-like, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive/ estrogen receptor (ER) negative, and triple-negative BC (TNBC). The conventional therapies against BC include va...
Microneedles (MNs) fabrication using chitosan has gained significant interest due to its ability of film-forming, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, making it suitable for topical and transdermal drug delivery. The presence of amine and hydroxyl functional groups on chitosan permits the modification with tunable properties and functionalities....
Targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic agents is considered a prominent strategy for the treatment of cancer due to its site-specific delivery, augmented penetration, bioavailability, and improved therapeutic efficiency. In the present study, we employed UniPR126 as a carrier in a mixed nanomicellar delivery system to target and deliver anticancer d...
Development of natural mosquito repellants is essential considering their safety profile unlike synthetic insecticides. Herein, novel liquid vaporizable preparations of the essential oils obtained from the leaves of weeds Lantana camara Linn (L. Camara) family Verbenaceae, and Ocimum gratissimum Linn (O. gratissimum) family Lamiaceae were developed...
At the end of 2019 and 2020s, a wave of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) epidemics worldwide has catalyzed a new era of 'communicable infectious diseases'. However, the world is not currently prepared to deal with the growing burden of COVID-19, with the unexpected arrival of Hantavirus infection heading to the next several healthcare emergencies...
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a non-recoverable progressive neurodegenerative disorder most prevalent but not limited to the old age population. After all the scientific efforts, there are still many unmet criteria and loopholes in available treatment and diagnostic strategies, limiting their efficacy. The poor drug efficacy is attributed to various...
A basic understanding of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is essential for the novel advancements in targeting drugs specific to the brain. Neoplasm compromising the internal structure of BBB that results in impaired vasculature is called as blood tumor barrier (BTB). Besides, the BBB serves as a chief hindrance to the passage of a drug into the brain...
The present work aimed to develop topical solid lipid nanocarriers (SLN) loaded hydrogel of apremilast (API) for psoriasis therapy to minimize the systemic adverse effects. The quality by design approach was implemented for the optimization of API loaded SLN using Box-Behnken design. SLN were prepared using hot emulsification followed by size reduc...
Peptides and proteins have emerged as potential therapeutic agents and, in the search for the best treatment regimen, the oral route has been extensively evaluated because of its non-invasive and safe nature. The physicochemical properties of peptides and proteins along with the hurdles in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), such as degrading enzymes...
The domain of nanomedicine owns a wide-ranging variety of lipid-based drug carriers, and novel nanostructured drug carriersthat are further added to this range every year. The primary goal behind the exploration of any new lipid-based nanoformulation is the improvement of the therapeutic index of the concerned drug molecule along with minimization...
Nanotechnology-enabled medical technologies will have a huge impact on human disease detection, prevention, and treatment over the next couple of decades. Nanomedicines have new properties designed to improve their bioavailability and can be activated by external stimuli. The number of approved nano-based pharmaceutical products has been significan...
The implementation of the quality-by-design (QbD) approach to the analytical techniques is a systematic approach to drug discovery. The predetermined objectives, scientific methods, sequential approach, and risk management offer a better understanding of product design and process control. The development of analytical QbD (AQbD) for any specific a...
Quality by design (QbD) is a scientific approach in pharmaceutical product development beginning with predefined goals and utilizes scientific knowledge and risk management tools to understand the process/product and finally process control. The change in mindset of a research professional from quality by testing to QbD is a significant trend in an...
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) forms a flinty sheath around the brain and controls the entry of most of the therapeutic agents especially the high molecular weight lipophilic and hydrophilic moieties including various proteins, peptides, stem cells, and gene vectors. It reduces the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs because of poor bioavailability at...
Present work focuses on the development and optimization (Box-Behnken design) of calcipotriol (CP) loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) enriched nanogel for topical treatment of psoriasis. In this regard, CP-NLCs were prepared, optimized, and investigated in vitro for various physical parameters. Further, the optimized batch of CP-NLCs was loa...
In December 2019, when the whole world is waiting for Christmas and New Year, the physicians of Wuhan, China, are astounded by clusters of patients suffering from pneumonia from unknown causes. The pathogen isolated from the respiratory epithelium of the patients is similar to previously known coronaviruses with some distinct features. The disease...
The diagnosis and treatment of neurological ailments always remain an utmost challenge for research fraternity due to the presence of BBB. The intranasal route appeared as an attractive and alternative route for brain targeting of therapeutics without the intrusion of BBB and GI exposure. This route directly and effectively delivers the therapeutic...
SARS-CoV-2, a newly emerged pathogen in December 2019, marked as one of the highly pathogenic Coronavirus, and altogether this is the third coronavirus attack that crossed the species barrier. As of 1st July 2020, it is spreading around 216 countries, areas or territories, and a total of 10,185,374 and 503,862 confirmed cases and death reports, res...
Major goal of dental treatment is to eradicate the existing diseases of the oral cavity and implement preventive measures to control the spread of the diseases. Various interventions are being used to cure the dental diseases. Due to the nanostructures, high surface volume and biocompatibility, Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been experimented in th...
In last two decades, the lipid nanocarriers have been extensively investigated for their drug targeting efficiency towards the critical areas of the human body like CNS, cardiac region, tumor cells, etc. Owing to the flexibility and biocompatibility, the lipid-based nanocarriers, including nanoemulsion, liposomes, SLN, NLC etc. have gained much att...
Alzheimer's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disorder, is one of the leading causes of death in the USA, along with cancer and cardiac disorders. AD is characterized by various neurological factors like amyloid plaques, tau hyperphosphorylation, mitochondrial dysfunction, acetylcholine deficiency, etc. Together, impaired insulin signaling i...
Polymers are one of the most researched materials in different fields of study like engineering, chemistry, biomedicine, etc. Interpenetrating polymer network-based gels are highly versatile as they possess the properties of two or even more type of polymers from which they are formulated. The 3D structure of IPN hydrogels possesses the ability of...
NLC is a next-generation lipid nanocarrier which holds many advantages over other colloidal lipid carrier system like higher drug loading, better and controlled release and enhanced stability. Owing to the unique structural composition, i.e. crystallized solid and liquid lipid blend it offers excellent biocompatibility and higher permeation across...
Selection of a suitable nanocarrier with an ability to sense and respond to the biological
signals is the most essential and challenging step toward the development of a promising
targeted drug delivery system. The distinct and integrated physicochemical behavior of
carbon nanomaterial presents it as a potential carrier system for site-specific del...
Damaged or disabled tissue is life-threatening due to the lack of proper treatment. Many conventional transplantation methods like autograft, iso-graft and allograft are in existence for ages, but they are not sufficient to treat all types of tissue or organ damages. Stem cells with their unique capabilities like self-renewal and differentiate into...
Polysaccharides are widely found natural biopolymers mainly used as the source of energy by the body. These also provide structural support and are used for the metabolic and physiological regulation processes. To improve the quality of natural polysaccharides or polymers, modification techniques are generally employed to achieve the desired proper...
Background
Diabetes is one of the most common chronic metabolic disorder which affect the quality of human life worldwide. As per the WHO report, between 1980 to 2014, the number of diabetes patient increases from 108 million to 422 million, with a global prevalence rate of 8.5% per year. Diabetes is the prime reason behind various other diseases l...
Dendrimers are emerging class of nanoparticles used in targeted drug delivery systems.
These are radially symmetric molecules with well-defined, homogeneous, and monodisperse structures.
Due to the nano size, they can easily cross the biological membrane and increase bioavailability.
The surface functionalization facilitates targeting of the partic...
Human gliomas are one of the most prevalent and challenging-to-treat adult brain tumors, and thus result in high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Current research and treatments of gliomas include surgery associated with conventional chemotherapy, use of biologicals, radiotherapy, and medical device applications. The selected treatment opti...
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with memory and cognitive impairment. Donepezil is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used for the symptomatic treatment of AD. However, high dose of donepezil is prescribed to achieve effective concentration in the brain, which leads to significant side effects gastroin...
The treatment of central nervous system (CNS) disorders always remains a challenge for the researchers. The presence of various physiological barriers, primarily the blood–brain barrier (BBB) limits the accessibility of the brain and hinders the efficacy of various drug therapies. Hence, drug targeting to the brain, particularly to the diseased cel...
Contents
1. Introduction 1
2. Properties of supercritical CO2 2
3. Applications of SCO2 in polymer production and processing 3
3.1 Purification of polymers 3
3.2 Impregnation and supercritical dyeing 4
3.3 Particle production 4
3.4 Polymer modification 4
4. Polymer production 5
4.1 Step-growth polymerization 5
4.2 Chain growth polymerization 7
5. P...
Contents
1. Introduction 2
2. Green solvent 3
3. Carbon dioxide as a green solvent 4
4. Green tea composition and bioactives 4
4.1 Decaffeination of green tea leaves 5
4.2 Catechin 6
4.3 Physical properties of catechin 8
4.4 Chemical properties of catechin 8
4.5 Biological potential of catechin 8
5. Extraction techniques 10
5.1 Conventional extract...
Questions
Question (1)
In situ forming polymeric formulations drug delivery systems is in sol form before administration in the body, but once administered, undergoes gelation in situ to form a gel. The formulation of gel depends upon factors like temperature modulation, pH changes, presence of ions and ultra-violet irradiation, from which drug gets released in a sustained and controlled manner
