Amiram D Vinokur

• University of Michigan

Callous-unemotional (CU) traits and effortful control (EC) are personality and temperament traits implicated in early-onset antisocial trajectories. This secondary analysis of Hitkashrut’s randomized controlled trial first tested parent training’s effects on EC and CU traits while controlling for more general treatment effects on conduct problems (...

Unemployment undermines the mental health and well-being of unemployed individuals. It deprives them of critical financial resources and their identity as productive workers, which, in turn disrupts family and social relationships. Unemployment deprives the person of vital resources thus leading to stress and its negative consequences for health an...

Empirical investigations concerning the interplay between supervisor support and supervisor undermining behaviors and their effects on employees yielded contradictory findings, with some studies suggesting that support buffers the adverse effects of undermining, and others suggesting that support exacerbates these adverse effects. Seeking to explai...

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1970. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 119-126). Microfilm. s

Vigor is a positive affect experienced at work. It refers to feelings of possessing physical strength, emotional energy, and cognitive liveliness. Accumulated evidence suggests that vigor has a protective effect on health, but the mechanisms of this link remain to be discovered. This study focused on sleep quality as one possible mechanism. We used...

We examined the effect of family life, work, and war-related stressors on posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, depression symptoms, perceived physical health, and perceived functioning in a large sample of 796 randomly selected Air Force men and women who were deployed during the period of October 7, 2001 to September 2004. As predicted b...

When identification of causal effects relies on untestable assumptions regarding nonidentified parameters, sensitivity of causal effect estimates is often questioned. For proper interpretation of causal effect estimates in this situation, deriving bounds on causal parameters or exploring the sensitivity of estimates to scientifically plausible alte...

This randomized experimental study (N = 1,034) examines both the direct and the indirect effects of the Towards Working Life intervention on 2 components of adolescents' career preparation: preparedness for career choice and attitude toward career planning. The intervention comprised a 1—week workshop program, the proximal goals of which were to en...

This study tested the effects of two theory-based interventions to increase fruit and vegetable intake. Hypothesized intervention mediators included self-efficacy (SE), social support (SS), autonomous motivation (AM), and controlled motivation (CM). At baseline, 1,021 African American adults were recruited from 16 churches randomized to one compari...

Mediation analysis uses measures of hypothesized mediating variables to test theory for how a treatment achieves effects on outcomes and to improve subsequent treatments by identifying the most efficient treatment components. Most current mediation analysis methods rely on untested distributional and functional form assumptions for valid conclusion...

Longitudinal data from a stratified representative sample of U.S. Air Force personnel (N = 1009) deployed to the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan, and other locations were analyzed in this study. Using structural equation models, we examined the effects of war exposure on traumatic experiences, Post Traumatic Stress (PTS) symptoms, resource loss, and on s...

This study examines the mediating role of employment preparedness in improving employment, mental health, and construction of work-life goals among young vocational school graduates who participated in the School-to-Work effectiveness trial. The trial included a 1-week intervention program that focused on enhancing employment preparedness. In this...

We tested a model in which perceived workload and autonomy were hypothesised to mediate the effects of work hours and caseload on physician burnout. The study was based on data provided by 890 specialists representing six medical specialties. We used structural equation modeling to test our hypotheses. Controlling for the effects of gender, seniori...

Aims: To disentangle the longitudinal relationship between job burnout and general health among deployed military members by testing the following hypotheses: (1) job burnout and health are related, (2) over time, job burnout predicts a decrease in perceived health, (3) perceived health predicts a decrease in job burnout, and (4) the predicted effe...

The reciprocal and longitudinal effects of job burnout and perceived health were examined in a sample of Air Force personnel ( N = 1,009) deployed to the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and supporting locations. We estimated a structural equation model that described the relationships between the job burnout and perceived health and their effects on each...

We investigated the additive and interactive effects of self-efficacy as a possible moderator of the effects of a job-search workshop on re-employment outcomes. We recruited 659 recently unemployed respondents and randomly assigned them to an experimental group invited to participate in the job-search workshop (n = 442), or a control group (n = 217...

Following Bernheim, ¹ we examine aspects of ‘felicitometrics,’ ² the measurement of the ‘quality’ term in Quality of Life (QOL). Bernheim argued that overall QOL is best captured as the Gestalt ³ of a global self‐assessment and suggested that the Anamnestic Comparative Self Assessment (ACSA) approach, in which subjects' memories of the best and wor...

Chronic dialysis imposes ongoing stress on patients and staff and engenders recurring contact and long-term relationships. Thus, chronic dialysis units are opportune settings in which to investigate the impact of patients' relationships with staff on patient well-being. The authors designed the present study to examine the degree to which perceptio...

The ability of welfare-to-work clients to leave the welfare rolls and stay in the labor force is often limited by the work barriers they face. Using a sample of 1,404 female welfare-to-work clients we first examined the structure of work barriers and then tested their contribution to current work status in the context of a structural equation model...

To examine the association between medication expectations and subsequent experience on treatment satisfaction and intention to continue using the medication. A longitudinal study with two surveys administered to each patient. Patients prescribed a new medication were recruited in pharmacies within Michigan. Medication-related expectations were eva...

A sample of 490 high school students from 81 schools in Michigan participated in an experiment in which they were randomly assigned to either a control or an experimental Web site. The experimental Web site provided exposure to educational material about the process of organ donation and organ transplantation. The control Web site provided educatio...

A model in which perceived overload and burnout mediated the relations of workload and autonomy with physicians' quality of care to their patients was examined. The study was based on data from 890 specialists representing six medical specialties. Including global burnout as well as its three first-order facets of physical fatigue, cognitive wearin...

What determines job‐seeking behavior following a job loss? What are the mental health consequences of an unsuccessful job search? These questions were addressed in a longitudinal panel survey of 297 recently unemployed people, over a four‐month period of their lives. In support of the Fishbein and Ajzen (1975) attitude‐behavior model, intention to...

This inquiry explores variables that predict elementary school students' fear of attending school due to school violence and their overall judgments of school violence as a problem. Using a nationally representative sample (Israel) of 5,472 elementary-school-aged children, this study tested the hypotheses that: (a) young students' personal fear of...

Previous studies that have demonstrated the beneficial effects of the Työhön Job Search Intervention for job seekers on re-employment and mental health have not revealed the specific mediators of these effects. The present study examined two specific mediators that were targeted by the intervention, job-search self-efficacy and inoculation against...

This study examined mechanisms of strain crossover within couples and the moderating role of gender. Data were collected at a time of military downsizing from a sample of 1,250 Russian army officers and their spouses. The authors tested a model that incorporated 3 mechanisms for the crossover of marital dissatisfaction among dual-earner couples. Th...

When individuals who receive social support are in poor physical or mental health and are criticized or made to feel unwanted, they may perceive themselves as a burden. Poor physical health and depression were hypothesized to exacerbate the harmful effects on suicidal ideation of receiving critical negative messages and of receiving social support....

When individuals who receive social support are in poor physical or mental health and are criticized or made to feel unwanted, they may perceive themselves as a burden. Poor physical health and depression were hypothesized to exacerbate the harmful effects on suicidal ideation of receiving critical negative messages and of receiving social support....

This study examines the relative contributions of giving versus receiving support to longevity in a sample of older married adults. Baseline indicators of giving and receiving support were used to predict mortality status over a 5-year period in the Changing Lives of Older Couples sample. Results from logistic regression analyses indicated that mor...

Self-efficacy belief is a significant predictor of behavioral choices in terms of goal setting, the amount of effort devoted to a particular task, and actual performance. This study conceives of formation and change of self-efficacy as a social and context-dependent process. We hypothesized that different group factors (discretionary and ambient gr...

Little is known regarding the potential of Internet-based educational interventions to increase organ donor registry participation and family notification of donation wishes. We studied the effects of an Internet-based multimedia intervention (www.journey.transweb.org) on donor registry participation and family notification. Visitors to a specially...

We asked in an open-ended way in 1999–2000 what national and world events Israeli Jews consider most important from the past 60 years. Ten events were identified as foremost, including three from the time of independence and one that was quite recent. All the major memories are associated with efforts of the state through commemorations and in othe...

The primary aim of this study is to explore how school-related variables predict high school students' subjective judgements of school violence. Using a nationally representative sample (Israel) of 3,518 high school-aged youth, this study tested the hypotheses that (a) students' personal fear of attending school due to violence and (b) students' as...

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/142734/1/Brown-Nesse-Social_Supp-PsychSci-2003.pdf

The authors tested hypotheses concerning risk mechanisms that follow involuntary job loss resulting in depression and the link between depression and poor health and functioning. A 2-year longitudinal study of 756 people experiencing job loss indicates that the critical mediating mechanisms in the chain of adversity from job loss to poor health and...

This article examines an exploratory model of how variables in school settings affect school victimization and the consequences of victimization for junior high school students. The dependent variables are fear of attending school and the students' assessment of the severity of school violence. The model presents the ways in which school context an...

The impact of preventive interventions for the unemployed may vary depending on the context of the labor policies and benefit systems of the country where it is implemented. The Työhön Job Search Program was based on a method developed in the United States for recently unemployed workers. This study examined outcomes of the intervention in the cont...

Structural equation modeling analyses of data from 2 longitudinal community studies of recently laid-off workers examined the interrelationships and pathways from personal coping resources to job-search intensity and the extent and quality of reemployment at 2 follow-ups (at 6 months and at 12 or 24 months). In both studies, the proposed models for...

In field experiments evaluating preventive interventions, nonparticipation of persons who decline to participate at the outset, or later, by not showing up to the experimental treatment, constitutes a serious threat to the validity of the findings. However, in social intervention programs nonparticipation is a commonplace reality. Since nonparticip...

Past research has demonstrated that the psychological state of observers influences how they view others. This influence often has been termed “projection.” The current study explores projection in close relationships of cohabiting partners. In Study 1a, structural equation modeling revealed a significant component of projection when spouses report...

Past research has demonstrated that the psychological state of observers influences how they view others. This influence often has been termed "projection." The current study explores projection in close relationships of cohabiting partners. In Study 1a, structural equation modeling revealed a significant component ofprojection when spouses reporte...

Analyses of data from a randomized field experiment with 1,801 participants (A.D. Vinokur, R.H. Price. & Y.Schul, 1995) examined the long-term effects of a job-search workshop (JOBS) and the independent effects of demographic and psychological factors on reemployment and mental health outcomes. Two years after the JOBS workshop, the experimental gr...

This paper examined the effects of work and family stressors and conflicts on Air Force women's mental health and functioning. We analyzed data from a 1993 survey of representative stratified samples of 525 Air Force women from the active duty reserve and guard forces. The analyses of the data are guided by the comprehensive model of work–family co...

Military personnel deployed to the Middle East included an unprecedented number of women, many of whom were mothers. Using a structural equation modeling approach, we examined the predictors of children's adjustment problems in data collected from a representative sample of 263 Air Force mothers 2 years after the Gulf War. Using a retrospective sur...

Using structural equation modeling analyses we examined the correlation in levels of depression symptoms within couples to determine whether the underlying mechanism is due to common stressors, empathic reactions, or crossover via social interaction. The analyses were based on two waves of data collection from a sample of 354 male Vietnam veterans,...

Earlier analyses of the JOBS II intervention for unemployed job seekers demonstrated that the intervention facilitated reemployment, reduced depressive symptoms, and improved role and emotional functioning (A. D. Vinokur, R. H. Price, & Y. Schul, 1995). The present study focuses on mediational processes of the active ingredients targeted by the int...

From job loss to reemployment: Field experiments in prevention-focused coping In an age of organizational downsizing, restructuring, and outsourcing, the long-term relationship between employer and employee is disappearing (Reich, 1991). Rapid changes in technology are leading to predictions that careers will last only half as long for the next gen...

The process linking unemployment and economic hardship to depression and marital or relationship satisfaction in couples was examined. Using structural equation modeling, the authors tested models in which financial strain and partners' symptoms of depression influence the behavioral exchange of the couples in terms of social support and social und...

When life crises occur, significant others are thought to help alleviate distress and resolve practical problems. Yet life crises may overwhelm significant others, eroding their ability to provide effective support. The accuracy of these contrasting accounts of relationship functioning was evaluated in a study of 102 breast cancer patients and thei...

When life crises occur, significant others are thought to help alleviate distress and resolve practical problems. Yet life crises may overwhelm significant others, eroding their ability to provide effective support. The accuracy of these contrasting accounts of relationship functioning was evaluated in a study of 102 breast cancer patients and thei...

Reports the results of the JOBS II randomized field experiment that included a sample of 1,801 recent job losers, 671 of which participated in a modified version of the JOBS I intervention for unemployed workers (Caplan, Vinokur, Price, & van Ryn, 1989). The intervention focused on enhancing the sense of mastery through the acquisition of job-searc...

Reports the results of the JOBS II randomized field experiment that included a sample of 1,801 recent job losers, 671 of which participated in a modified version of the JOBS I intervention for unemployed workers (Caplan, Vinokur, Price, & van Ryn, 1989). The intervention focused on enhancing the sense of mastery through the acquisition of job-searc...

Structural equation analyses were used to examine the impact of social support vs. social undermining (conflict) on mental health in longitudinal data from 1,087 recently unemployed respondents. The results demonstrated that social support and social undermining were not the opposite poles of the same factor, each having some impact independent of...

Conducted process analysis of treatment mediation effects (Judd & Kenney, 1981) on longitudinal data from a large randomized field experiment with 928 recently unemployed persons. The experimental treatment included an intervention that succeeded in promoting quality reemployment outcomes, as described in earlier reports (Caplan et al., 1989; Vinok...

Drawing on coping resources theory, we evaluate the impact of a job search intervention on depressive symptoms in a randomized field experiment at three follow-up periods covering two and one-half years. Baseline depressive symptoms, low social assertiveness, and financial hardship were identified as significant risk variables predicting depressive...

Demonstrated a procedure suggested by Bloom (1984) to provide estimates for the effects of an intervention on its actual participants compared to global effects on study participants in the intervention group, whether or not they showed up. Analyses were based on data collected in a field experiment that tested a preventive intervention for unemplo...

Results are reported from a 2 1/2 year follow-up of respondents who participated in a randomized field experiment that included the Jobs Program, a preventive intervention for unemployed persons. The intervention was intended to prevent poor mental health and loss of motivation to seek reemployment and to promote high-quality reemployment. The resu...

Results are reported from a 2'/2 year follow-up of respondents who participated in a randomized field experiment that included the Jobs Program, a preventive intervention for unemployed persons. The intervention was intended to prevent poor mental health and loss of motivation to seek reemployment and to promote high-quality reemployment. The resul...

The effects of gender, age, marital satisfaction, and physical impairment on patterns of giving and receiving social support and social undermining (e.g., personal criticism) were examined in two samples totaling 431 older married couples. In the first sample, data were collected from husbands and their wives, half of whom were long-term breast can...

A representative community sample of 274 breast cancer (BC) patients from the Metropolitan Detroit Cancer-Surveillance System was studied longitudinally during the year after their BC diagnosis. The adjustment of these patients to their disease was examined in terms of (1) the changes in their physical and mental health functioning; and (2) the fac...

Cognitive theories of adherence to difficult courses of action and findings from previous survey research on coping with a major life event--job loss--were used to generate a preventive intervention, tested by a randomized field experiment. The aim was to prevent poor mental health and loss of motivation to seek reemployment among those who continu...

Cognitive theories of adherence to difficult courses of action and findings from previous survey research on coping with a major life event—job loss—were used to generate a preventive intervention, tested by a randomized field experiment. The aim was to prevent poor mental health and loss of motivation to seek reemployment among those who continued...

The effects of age, recency of breast cancer (BC) diagnosis, and severity of the disease on adjustment outcomes were investigated in a sample of 349 women from the 10,056 women screened for BC by the University of Michigan Breast Cancer Detection Demonstration Project between 1974 and 1981. In the 1985 follow-up, data were collected from the 173 su...

For the most part, cost-effectiveness analysis has attempted to incorporate the effects of medical treatments on patients' quality of life by adjusting years of survival with an index of the quality of life in the surviving years. The construction of such a quality-adjusted year index is typically based on implicitly value-laden assumptions regardi...

The purpose of this evaluation study is to identify problems and suggest modifications in the NIH Consensus Development Program. The current program consists of three-day conferences in which experts assess medical technologies for issues of efficacy, safety, conditions of use, and other related topics (e.g., costs and social impact). Eight consens...

During the last decade, the study of social support has relied heavily on recipients' reports of perceived support. However, such reports of support may reflect not only actual supportive interpersonal transactions but also the recipients' own personal and perceptual dispositions and comparatively transient mood states. This study examines these fa...

To determine the additive as well as interactive effects of pre-war stresses (adolescence), Vietnam war stresses (combat experiences) and post-war stresses (job loss, other life events), interview data were collected from a sample of 486 males who were eligible for service during the Vietnam war era. Of these respondents, 297 had recently lost thei...

A model of how five key facets of life events are related to one another and influence mental health and functioning was examined. The facets are the experience of control over, anticipation of, pleasantness from, stress generated by, and adjustment to life events. Multivariate analyses of data from 420 adult male respondents yielded results that w...

Peer Reviewed http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/44018/1/10464_2004_Article_BF00922623.pdf

Decision-making processes and their outcomes were investigated in six consensus development conferences at the National Institutes of Health in which panels of experts evaluated new medical technologies. One hundred seventy-seven self-administered questionnaires were obtained from participants in these conferences. Questionnaire data were analyzed...

Two experiments tested the hypothesis that prior causes in a chain of events are attributed greater relative importance than later, more immediate causes. In Exp I, 170 undergraduates judged the relative contributions to success or failure made by members of a team who initiated a problem-solution process vs team members who terminated it. In Exp I...

In past studies of shifts in attitude following group discussion, a majority initially favors one particular side of the issue. Under such conditions, both theories based on social comparison processes and those based on persuasive argumentation make identical predictions: Discussion will lead to polarization, that is, a shift in the overall group...

This study is concerned with attitude polarization as a function of two properties of a persuasive message: (a) its validity or acceptability and (b) its novelty. The latter is defined as the extent to which the message contains new arguments unlikely to have been already considered by the individual. Acceptability is assumed to be a necessary cond...

The authors investigated closeness and other variables measuring depression in 22 identical and 13 fraternal twin pairs. Each twin rated him/herself on a two-part questionnaire; part 1 included questions on demographic characteristics and the twin relationship, and part 2, the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale, measured depressive symptoms. There w...

A self-administered questionnaire was used to compare selected demographic, drinking and psychosocial variables of 306 convicted drunken drivers with those of 289 alcoholics and 269 controls. The drunken-driver group fell between the other groups on many parameters but resembled the control group on as many others.

Several of our studies indicate that persuasive-arguments theory by itself is an adequate explanation of polarization. Sanders and Baron (Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 1977, 13, 303–314) criticize this research. More generally, they contend that both argumentation and comparison are involved, “with persuasive arguments facilitating the...

A subjective expected utility (SEU) decision-making analysis was performed on the content of arguments generated by subjects privately or during group discussion in response to choice-dilemmas shown to shift toward risk and caution. It was demonstrated that arguments generated in private as well as those emitted in discussion were concerned with ev...

The research of Holmes, Rahe, and their associates disclosing that life events and stress are related to the onset of physical illness is extended to the psychological domain in the present study. Using a modified version of their life events checklist, it is shown that an accumulation of life events is correlated with self-reported tension and dis...

Small shifts in choice occur even without discussion, when individuals merely know each other's preference. This appears to support an interpersonal comparison explanation of group induced shifts in choice and to refute explanations based on persuasive argumentation. The present study demonstrates the contrary, that such effects are consistent with...

Extended the research of T. H. Holmes and R. H. Rahe (see record), which showed that life events and stress are related to the onset of physical illness, to the psychological domain. Using a modified version of their Schedule of Recent Events in a study with 1,059 male drivers, 285 of whom were alcoholic, it was found that an accumulation of life e...

The concept of stress as causative in human illness has been documented in studies relating significant illnesses to major life changes (i.e., marriage, parenthood, divorce, employment changes, etc.). Although some studies have related accidents to stress, the various types of stress involved were either poorly-defined or narrowly delineated by the...

The Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test and a shortened 13-item version can reliably be used as self-administered questionnaires.

In a departure from traditional personality oriented traffic accident research, the authors assessed, through a self administered questionnaire, the role of transitory life changes and subjective stress among 532 general and alcoholic male drivers. They found that these two factors were significantly correlated with traffic accidents but that perso...

Two studies examined certain discrepancies which have been considered important evidence in support of interpersonal comparison (value-adherence) explanations of group induced shifts in choice. These are (a) the differences between a person's own choice and the choice he predicts others would make and (b) the difference between the former and the c...

Conducted 3 experiments which demonstrated that group-induced shifts in choice are the result of informational influence processes, specifically, persuasive argumentation. These processes were hypothesized to be similar to those described in group-problem-solving research. In Exp I (n = 60 male undergraduates), the relative frequency and the persua...

One class of theories explains group induced shifts in individual choice in terms of interpersonal comparison process. By comparing himself with others a member finds out that his position is uncomfortably discrepant, e.g., he is overly “cautious” or overly “risky”. Knowledge of this discrepancy presumably is necessary and sufficient to induce him...

One class of theories explains group induced shifts in individual choice in terms of interpersonal comparison process. By comparing himself with others a member finds out that his position is uncomfortably discrepant, e.g., he is overly cautious or overly risky. Knowledge of this discrepancy presumably is necessary and sufficient to induce him to c...

Reports an error in the original article by Eugene Bernstein, Harold Miller, Amiram Vinokur, Stuart Katz, and Joan Crowley (Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 1971(Dec), 20(3), 462-471). The tenth line of the first paragraph in the second column on page 463 should read: "The relation between pr and the utilities also shows what changes in...

Conducted 2 experiments with undergraduates (n = 216) which demonstrated that both individual and group decisions concerning minimum acceptable probability (risk level) are the result of a rational decision rule based on subjective expected utility theory. In the 1st experiment, the relative utilities of the outcomes were used to predict s's initia...

Applied a theory of individual choice behavior to the choice-dilemmas task. 4 experiments with male undergraduates (n = 392) demonstrated that individuals' decisions regarding risk could be accounted for by a rational decision rule, which is maximization of subjective expected utility (seu). The informational influence hypothesis, which suggests th...

Presents a theoretical organization of studies comparing individual and group decisions involving risk, emphasizing what has been called the "risky-shift phenomenon." proposed explanations are categorized according to 4 underlying processes: affective, cognitive, interactive, and statistical. A review of these explanations suggests that only 3 spec...

describe how this intervention was designed to provide participants with social support and a promotive learning environment to acquire job-search skills and at the same time to inoculate the participants from common setbacks that are part of the job-seeking process / the intervention goals were to prevent the deterioration in mental health that of...

In this paper, we review the impact of job loss on physical and mental health, emphasizing the mechanisms by which job loss leads to deleterious outcomes. We then describe the transitional role of job seeker, and examine the challenges faced by job seekers. The JOBS program, a preventive intervention developed by the Michigan Prevention Research Ce...

Rejected the hypothesis that the risky-shift phenomenon can be accounted for by the effects of skewness. Although not accounting for the risky shift, skewness significantly influenced group decisions and shifts. However, it had no influence on items that yielded strong shifts toward risk, and moderate-to-strong influence on items that did not yield...