Amina Zuberi

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• Doctor of Philosophy, From Quaid-i-Azam University, Post Doc from Auburn University, USA under fulbright scholarship, Post Doc from Macquarie University, Australia under Endeavor Research Fellowship award
• Professor (Full) at Quaid-i-Azam University

Microencapsulation is utilized to protect probiotics, such as Geotrichum candidum, ensuring their survival, stability, and targeted release. The encapsulation efficiency depends on factors such as the type and concentration of the polymers and the encapsulation method. In this study, G. candidum was encapsulated using alginate (Alg) combined with s...

This study is focused on examining the proximate body composition (water, fats, proteins, and ash) of Clarias batrachus, exposed to different concentrations of ammonia. Fish were kept in different groups with ammonia concentrations of 0 mg/L (T-0), 0.25mg/L (T-I), 0.5mg/L (T-II), 0.75mg/L (T-III), and 1mg/L (T-IV) for 3 months. At the end of the tr...

The present study was undertaken to evaluate cypermethrin (CYP)-induced oxidative stress [reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in gills, muscles, brain, and liver tissues] and DNA damage/genotoxicity (peripheral blood erythrocytes) in a freshwater teleost rohu (Labeo rohita) and the protective role of vitamin C. The LC50 of CY...

Physicochemical properties of water influence planktonic diversity and distribution, which is essential in obtaining basic knowledge of aquatic biodiversity. Thus current study aims to investigate the spatiotemporal diversity, abundance ratio, and distribution of phytoplankton species and their association with water quality parameters of Chashma L...

Clarias batrachus is a commercially important food fish. In the present study, effect of varying dietary protein levels was evaluated on the survival, growth parameters and proximate composition of C. batrachus. Diets comprising 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% crude protein (CP) were supplied to fish in T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6, respectively, at...

Formulation and preparation of larval feed according to the requirement of Indian major carp is a prerequisite for improving the survival (%) and growth during early developmental stages. A feeding trial of 50 days in a replicate of five was conducted to determine the optimal inclusion levels of fish oil (lipid) in the larval diet of Labeo rohita....

Genetic diversity serves as the basis for selecting and genetically enhancing any culturable species in aquaculture. Here, two different strains of wild (River Ravi and River Kabul) and six captive-bred strains of Labeo rohita from various provinces were selected, and genetic diversity among them was evaluated using three different microsatellite m...

This study is focused on examining the proximate body composition (water, fats, proteins, and ash) of Clarias batrachus, exposed to different concentrations of ammonia. Fish were kept in different groups with ammonia concentrations of 0 mg/L (T-0), 0.25mg/L (T-I), 0.5mg/L (T-II), 0.75mg/L (T-III), and 1mg/L (T-IV) for 3 months. At the end of the tr...

Clarias batrachus is a commercially important food fish. In the present study, effect of varying dietary protein levels was evaluated on the survival, growth parameters and proximate composition of C. batrachus. Diets comprising 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% crude protein (CP) were supplied to fish in T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6, respectively, at...

The nutritional requirement of fish larvae remains a limiting factor in advanced aquaculture. Micronutrients are crucial for early development, but their dietary inclusion level in the larval feed of carps has not been standardized. The present study was executed to determine the optimum dietary inclusion level of organic and inorganic selenium in...

Excessive use of plastics in daily life is causing plastic pollution in aquatic environment and threatening the aquatic life. Therefore, research on the plastic pollution in aquatic environment is crucial to understand its impact and develop effective solution for safeguarding aquatic life and ecosystem. The current study investigated the effects o...

To investigate the usefulness of encapsulation technique in aquaculture feed, 11 weeks feeding experiment was designed to check in vivo comparative efficacy of G. candidum encapsulated with alginate (Alg) alone as well as in combination with starch (Alg-S) and xanthan (Alg-X) followed by coated with chitosan (Alg-C, Alg-S-C, Alg-X-C) and nano-chito...

A 35 day feeding trial in a replicate of five was conducted to evaluate the impact of partial and total replacement of live feed (LF) with nanoparticulate-prepared diet (ND) on early rearing of rohu (Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822)). Larvae 3 days after hatching (DAH) were evenly distributed into three groups; T1 was reared exclusively on LF, T2 was...

For decades hemp has been used as a therapeutic agent for enhancing immunity in animals. Current study was conceptualized to find out the protective role of dietary hemp seed products (hemp seed oil (HO) and hemp seed (HS)) against copper-induced toxicity in fish. Fingerlings of Labeo rohita (Rohu) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Mrigal) were exposed to cop...

Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly contagious and significant economic disease of cattle caused by a virus belonging to the family Poxviridae and genus Capripoxvirus. The present study aimed to determine the severity of the lumpy skin disease outbreak and associated losses in tehsil Bara, Pakistan. The data was collected through a questionnaire f...

For the initiation of a genetic improvement program of any culturable fish species, the assessment of the genetic quality of different stocks is prerequisite. However, in Pakistan, such data of all culturable fish species including an indigenous Labeo rohita are lacking. Here, an attempt has been made to determine the genetic diversity among five d...

The present study reports the fish fauna of Gomal Zam Dam at three different sites from October 2018 to July 2019. The total sampled fish belong to 18 species, 15 genera, 5 families, and 4 orders. Fourteen species belong to family Cyprinidae, which was the most abundant, while one species belong to each family Mastacembelidae, Channidae, Siluridae,...

The current study was targeted to determine the effect of probiotics on the growth, physiology, and gut microbiology of Labeo rohita fingerlings. One hundred and twenty fishes were divided into four dietary groups, each in triplicate for a feeding trial of 90 days. These treatments included T0 (control, basal diet) used as the reference, and three...

Extrinsic factors play a significant role during aquaculture feed manufacturing practices. Herein, a 90-day feeding trial was designed in triplicate under controlled environmental conditions to evaluate the efficiency of different chemical forms of dietary cobalt at different dosage levels on growth performance, hematological, and immunological ind...

Metallic nanoparticles are gaining importance in various fields of life due to their large surface area to volume ratio. However, metallic nanoparticles pose different toxic effects on fish when they appear with different shapes and compositions in water. Herein the present study was designed to evaluate the median (LC50) and sub-lethal (1/10th of...

Current study identified the rohu–catla intergeneric hybrids produced from reciprocal crosses at fingerling stage and attempted to find relationship with parent species, Catla (Labeo catla) and rohu (Labeo rohita) through traditional morphological and meristic approaches and a genetic marker, cytochrome C Oxidase I (CO1). Phenotypically, both hybri...

The use of Probiotics in aquaculture got an importance in the previous years. Hence, present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of the commercially available dietary probiotic (a consortium of Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the growth, proximate body composition, digestive enzymes, hematological parameters and immune...

The use of probiotics is considered effective for survival, growth and enhanced immune response in aquaculture. In the current study, effects of commercially available probiotic (Magic Plus) was investigated on survival, growth and immune response of Mori (Cirrhinus mrigala) in a polyculture system. The experiment was conducted for 90 days on 1200...

Microbiota is an integral component of the intestinal tract and plays a significant role in health status of fish. However, diet and feeding habits are the key factors affecting the intestinal microbiota. Here, a 90-day feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of a plant-based β-mannanase supplemented diet on the growth, gut microbiom...

Gut microbiota play a very important role in the health of the host, such as protecting from pathogens and maintaining homeostasis. However, environmental stressors, such as ocean acidification, hypoxia, and warming can affect microbial communities by causing alteration in their structure and relative abundance and by destroying their network. The...

A 90-day feeding trial was carried out to determine the comparative effect of Lemna minor and Glycine max on haematological parameters such as haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cells (RBCs), mean cell haemoglobin (MCH), and also glucose level in the blood; total protein content and anti-oxidant enzyme activities: catalase assay (CAT), peroxidase assay (P...

Globally, with the expansion of aquaculture, the demand for functional feeds is continuously increasing, and effort is in progress to improve the efficiency of the feed additives. Herein, nano-scale chitosan (CNP) with an average size < 35 nm was prepared by using an ionotropic gelation method, and a completely randomized feeding experiment in thre...

The use of Probiotics in aquaculture got an importance in the previous years. Hence, present study was carried out to evaluate the effects of the commercially available dietary probiotic (a consortium of Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on the growth, proximate body composition, digestive enzymes, hematological parameters and immune...

This study was undertaken to investigate the diversity, abundance ratio, and distribution of the fish species and to record the water quality of Konhaye Stream, district Dir Lower, Pakistan. A total of 16 fish species were recorded, belonging to 4 orders (Cypriniformes, Channiformes, Siluriformes and Mastacebilformes), and 5 families including Cypr...

Nowadays, lower post-release survivorship of hatchery-reared fish in natural aquatic bodies has attained great attention and research is in progress to determine the reasons for their higher mortality. It is assumed that hatchery rearing environments negatively affect the physiological stress response of the fish. Thus, understanding how rearing en...

Abstract Enriching rearing environment is the strategy suggested for improving the post release survivorship of captive-reared animals. Here, an attempt has been made to evaluate the impact of early rearing enrichment on the hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal axis (HPI axis), blood glucose, and brain dopaminergic and serotonergic systems of Tor puti...

A 90-day randomized feeding experiment was performed to assess the effects of dietary cobalt (Co) supplementation on the growth performance, muscle composition, status of iron and manganese in the muscle as well as the expression of growth-related genes in the muscle (myoblast determination protein 1 homolog (MyoD) and myogenin) and the stress-rela...

Enriching rearing environment is the strategy suggested for improving the post release survivorship of captive-reared animals. Here, an attempt has been made to evaluate the impact of early rearing enrichment on the hypothalamic-pituitary-interrenal axis (HPI axis), blood glucose, and brain dopaminergic and serotonergic systems of Tor putitora. Fif...

The present trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (vitamin C) on immune and antioxidant defence system in captive-reared juvenile mahseer (Tor putitora (Hamilton, 1822)). The experiment consisted of four treatments (3 replicates each), which received four semi-purified diets containing 0, 100, 200 and 300...

Heavy metals pollution affects the nutritive value of fish. This study examined if the inclusion of dietary hempseed (HS) and hempseed oil (HO) in the diet of the fish could revert the copper-induced toxic effects on muscle fatty acid profile of rohu (Labeo rohita) and mrigal (Cirrhinus mrigala). Fingerlings of both species were exposed to a sub-le...

Pesticides contribute to human welfare by reducing vector-borne diseases and protecting crops against pests. Insecticides are the most widely employed pesticides for agricultural, domestic, and industrial pest control. However, some insecticides such as synthetic pyrethroids, analogs of the natural pyrethrin, persist in the environment and result i...

In this paper up-to-date information on the known introductions of non-native fish species in Slovenia are summarized. Since the last report of list of alien fish species in Slovenia, two new introduced species has been recorded, which makes 22 new fish species in total. New species was introduced accidentally, by natural range expansion and by aqu...

Relatively poorly developed digestive and immune systems appear as key factors for low survivability and reduced growth rate of major carp during early development stages. Here, an attempt has been made to improve the digestive capability and immune response of Labeo rohita larvae by feeding diets supplemented with yeast and bacterial based probiot...

This study was undertaken to investigate the diversity, abundance ratio, and distribution of the fish species and to record the water quality of Konhaye Stream, district Dir Lower, Pakistan. A total of 16 fish species were recorded, belonging to 4 orders (Cypriniformes, Channiformes, Siluriformes and Mastacebilformes), and 5 families including Cypr...

Authors' Contribution AS conducted experiments, collected and analyzed the data and wrote the manuscript. AZ planned and supervised this research and reviewed the manuscript. MA assisted in research work, statistical analysis and interpretation of results. SA helped in acquisition of data and preparation of manuscript. The ability of species and po...

Pesticides are being widely employed in the modern agriculture, though in different quantities, across the globe. Although it is useful for crops yield enhancement, however, there are the serious environment, health and safety related concerns for aquatic and terrestrial living biomes that include humans, animals, and plants. Various in practice an...

The use of probiotics is considered effective for survival, growth and enhanced immune response in aquaculture. In the current study, effects of commercially available probiotic (Magic Plus) was investigated on survival, growth and immune response of Mori (Cirrhinus mrigala) in a polyculture system. The experiment was conducted for 90 days on 1200...

A ninety days feeding experiment was directed to compare the effect of Duckweed (Lemna minor) and soybean, Glycine max (L) meals as a source of protein on the actions of intestinal digestive enzymes of Chinese carps; Grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella (Valenciennes, 1844) and Silver carp, Hypophthylmichthys molitrix (Valenciennes, 1844) fingerling...

Skeletal deformities seriously relegate the biological performance of fish. The frequency of occurrence of different types of meristic variations and skeletal deformities were seen in the population of mahseer fish, Tor putitora, in two main reservoirs; Korang Stream, Islamabad and Dhobi Ghat Stream, Hassan Abdal. A total of ninety-five fish were c...

The present study is designed to evaluate the impact of potential probiotics Enterococcus faecium QAUEF01 in single and its mix-culture with Geotrichum candidum QAUGC01 on the Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822). In the mix-culture, both bacteria and yeast survived comparatively better under mimic gut conditions and showed higher hydrophobicity. Moreover...

Abstract In the present review, the ongoing researches about selenium research in fish nutrition have been comprehensively discussed. Selenium research is getting popularity in fish nutrition as it is required for the normal growth and proper physiological and biochemical functions in fish. Its deficiency or surplus amounts create severe problems i...

The present study was designed to test whether administration of single strain probiotic during early reaing could improve the survival and growth of rohu, L.rohita. Seventy days experiment was conducted in replicate of three and twelve hundred postlarvae (average wet body weight, 0.60 ± 0.05 mg) were equally distributed in two groups , control and...

The current study was conducted to determine the synergistic effects of dietary nano selenium (Nano Se) and vitamin C on growth, feeding, and physiological parameters of juvenile mahseer, Tor putitora. L-ascorbyl-2-polyphosphate (APP) was used as a source of vitamin C. Four semi-purified experimental diets were prepared. A basal diet kept without t...

Structural enrichment in the rearing environment, not only promotes fish welfare, but also affect several aspects of behavioural biology of fish in aquaculture. Here an attempt was made to use physical-enrichment to improve the behaviour of hatchery-reared fish. In this study, three groups of 15 days old mahseer (Tor putitora) hatchlings were reare...

A 70-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs) on physiological and biochemical aspects of juvenile mahseer (Tor putitora) fish. Maintaining a 40% protein level,2 different experimental diets supplemented with 0% Se-NPs and 0.68 Se-NPs mg kg⁻¹ were fed to triplicate groups...

Development of ecofriendly and efficient fish feed for best growth performance is an important step in the field of fisheries and aquaculture. A feeding trial was conducted to compare the effect of Duckweed (Lemna minor) and soybean meal as a source of protein on the growth performance, growth hormone level and proximate composition of Ctenopharyng...

Eighty four farmed Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss ranging from 4.8-38.5cm total length and 1.11-725.00g body weight were collected for analyses of its body composition from Trout Hatchery, Masote near Kali Matti, Murree and Madian, Swat. The condition factor value of O. mykiss ranged from 0.831 to 1.607. The mean percentage of water was found 7...

Development of ecofriendly and efficient fish feed for best growth performance is an important step in the field of fisheries and aquaculture. A feeding trial was conducted to compare the effect of Duckweed (Lemna minor) and soybean meal as a source of protein on the growth performance, growth hormone level and proximate composition of Ctenopharyng...

Development of ecofriendly and efficient fish feed for best growth performance is an important step in the field of fisheries and aquaculture. A feeding trial was conducted to compare the effect of Duckweed (Lemna minor) and soybean Glycine max (L) meals as a source of protein on the growth performance, growth hormone level and proximate compositio...

Development of ecofriendly and efficient fish feed for best growth performance is an important step in the field of fisheries and aquaculture. A feeding trial was conducted to compare the effect of Duckweed (Lemna minor) and soybean meal as a source of protein on the growth performance, growth hormone level and proximate composition of Ctenopharyng...

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of sub-lethal doses of Cypermethrin (CYP) on the survival and morphological and biochemical aspects of rohu (Labeo rohita) during early developmental stages. Newly fertilized eggs were incubated in the presence of sub-lethal concentration of CYP (20% of LC50 i.e., 8.43 mg L�1) in a well desi...

The current study was conducted in River Panjkora (Khall, upstream; Timergara, downstream) and its tributary (Konhaye stream, reference site) at district Lower Dir. The study was aimed to assess heavy metal load in gills, liver, kidneys and muscles of three fish species, namely Schizothorax esocinus, Racoma labiata and Crossocheilus diplocheilus. T...

To compare the effect of different dietary inorganic sources of zinc (Zn) i.e., zinc oxide (ZnO), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) on growth performance and some hematological indices of juvenile grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella, a 90 day feeding experiment under laboratory condition was executed. Six 35% protein experi...

To know the best stocking density in cage culture for better growth and survival rate of fish is a key step in the field of Fisheries and Aquaculture. A 120 day field experiment was designed to compare the effect of stocking densities on the growth performance and survival rate of Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia (GIFT) Oreochromis niloticus rea...

To cite this paper: Ullah, R., A. Zuberi, M. Naeem and S. Ullah, 2015. Toxicity to hematology and morphology of liver, brain and gills during acute exposure of Mahseer (Tor putitora) to cypermethrin. Abstract The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of acute dose of Cypermethrin (CYP), an extensively use synthetic pyrethroid, on hematolo...

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of acute dose of Cypermethrin (CYP), an extensively use synthetic pyrethroid, on hematology and morphology of the liver, gills and brain of Mahseer (Tor putitora). The effects were assessed on the basis of the previous results of acute toxicity test after exposing fish to acute concentration, 63 μ...

A 70 days feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of graded level of L- ascorby-2- polyphosphate (APP) on growth performance and hematological indices of juvenile mahseer Tor putitora. Four different 40% protein experimental diets supplemented with APP at the rate of 0, 100, 200 and 300 mg APP kg-1 diet were fed to triplicate group of f...

Fish is influencing almost every niche of human life. It is considered as one of the most important animals, on account of its widespread role economically, nutritionally and as a medicinal tool. Intensive research about different aspects of fish has been under its way all around the globe. The current study was conducted on two fish species Cyprin...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate behavioral responses and biochemical changes induced by the extensively used pesticide cypermethrin (CYP) in liver, gills, brain and muscle tissues of mahseer (Tor putitora) fry. Behavioral changes in fish after exposure to an acute concentration of CYP involved jumping, abrupt swimming, loss of balance and...

Karate is a locally used pesticide, has lambda cyhalothrin (�-Cyhalothrin) as an active ingredient. To determine the acute toxicity, fry of Cyprinus carpio were exposed to 0.00, 0.08, 0.16, 0.2, 0.24, 0.32 and 0.4 μL L-1 of Karate for 96 h in a static bioassay. The 96 h LC50value was determined by using Arithmetic method and found to be 0.160 μL L-...

Whole body and water-borne cortisol levels were measured in captive reared and wild Rainbowfish (Melanoteania duboulayi Castelnau 1878) subjected to social isolation by confining them in a beaker for 30 min to induce an acute stress response. Wild fish had higher levels of cortisol before and after exposure to a mild stressor and also showed the gr...

Karate is a locally used pesticide, has lambda cyhalothrin (λ-Cyhalothrin) as an active ingredient. To determine the acute toxicity, fry of Cyprinus carpio were exposed to 0.00, 0.08, 0.16, 0.2, 0.24, 0.32 and 0.4 μL L-1 of Karate for 96 h in a static bioassay. The 96 h LC50value was determined by using Arithmetic method and found to be 0.160 μL L-...

A study was conducted to observe the effect of intramuscular injection of ovaprim-C on the number of eggs/kg, fertilization rate and hatching percentage at a private fish hatchery and research center at Faisalabad, Pakistan, during May to June 2008, on Labeo rohita (Rohu). Studied fish specimens were spawned successfully following a single dose of...

Adoption of the hybrid catfish (channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, female×blue catfish I. furcatus, male) is increasing in the catfish industry. The most effective way to produce fry is hormone induced spawning of females coupled with hand stripping and in vitro fertilization. The success of common carp pituitary extract (CPE), luteinizing hormo...

A study was conducted to observe the effect of intramuscular injection of ovaprim-C on the number of eggs/kg, fertilization rate and hatching percentage at a private fish hatchery and research center at Faisalabad, Pakistan, during May to June 2008, on Labeo rohita (Rohu). Studied fish specimens were spawned successfully following a single dose of...

The status of whole body cortisol and total protein content in eggs, embryos and larvae of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) was investigated. After induced spawning, unfertilized and fertilized eggs were sampled and sampling was continued at an interval of two h up to 48 h of post fertilization. Unfertilized and fertilized eggs contained h...

The status of whole body cortisol and total protein content in eggs, embryos and larvae of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) was investigated. After induced spawning, unfertilized and fertilized eggs were sampled and sampling was continued at an interval of two h up to 48 h of post fertilization. Unfertilized and fertilized eggs contained h...

Length-weight (LWR) and length-length relationships (LLR) were determined for a freshwater catfish Mystus bleekeri (Day, 1877) collected from Nala Daik, Sialkot, Pakistan. A total of 105 specimens (56 males; 49 females) were collected from February to March, 2010. Each specimen was weighed (g) and measured (cm). The total length of specimens studie...

There is a growing interest in animal person-ality because individual variation is the substrate of the evolutionary process. Despite revelations that personality traits affect key fitness variables, little is known about the proximate mechanisms generating consistent behavioural differences between individuals. Boldness, the propensity to take ris...

In the present research work, 127 Labeo bata having diverse body size ranging from 8.20 to 16.00 cm total length collected from Head Panjnad, Pakistan were used for the analysis of some morphometrics, that is, length-weight and length-length relationships. Condition factor and their relationships to investigate growth external morphometric characte...

The stress response of wild and captive reared rainbowfish (Melanoteania duboulayi) following chasing by a simulated predator was examined. Cortisol release rate was monitored using a flow through system by measuring water borne hormone levels. Tests using known cortisol concentrations revealed that the technique yielded 95% of the cortisol present...

In this study, length-weight (LWR), length-length relationships (LLR) and condition factor (K) of male Oreochromis mossambicus from Nursery Unit Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan were examined. The range of the total length (TL) was determined to be 13.20 to 18.10 cm. This study shows that b-value in the LWR (W = aL b) for male O. mossambicus had isometric...

In vitro exposure of Barilius vagra ovarian follicles to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) influenced the position of germinal vesicle and resulted in a maturation of oocyte, although the response was time dependent. There was slight but significant (P<0.05) increased in germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD, 12.42 vs. 2.94%) at 24 h, whereas there was...

In vitro exposure of Barilius vagra ovarian follicles to human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) influenced the position of germinal vesicle and resulted in a maturation of oocyte, although the response was time dependent. There was slight but significant (P<0.05) increased in germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD, 12.42 vs. 2.94%) at 24 h, whereas there was...

Effect of intramuscular injection of Ovaprim–C on the number of eggs/kg, fertilization rate and hatching percentage were studied at a private Fish Hatchery at Bahawalpur, Pakistan, during April to June 2008, on Ctenopharyngodon idella (Grass carp). Studied fish specimens were spawned successfully following a single dose of injection of Ovaprim-C (L...

The potency of various estrogens, androgens and progestogens at different concentrations and incubation periods on inducing final oocyte maturation in vitro was investigated. At the highest concentration (1000 ng/ml), all of the C21 steroids tested, progesterone (P4), 17α-hydroxyprogesteron (17-OHP), 17α,20ß-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (17, 20ßP), as...