Alptekin Ulutas

• PhD
• Professor (Associate) at Inonu University

The requisition for maintainable constructions has been greatly raising over the last several years. To fulfil the maintainability necessities of a construction, decisions or changes must be done to a construction in the course of the preconstruction and design steps. This can be plausible utilizing building information modelling. To indicate the u...

This study investigates the logistics risk factors impacting Sivas, a strategically significant region in Turkey’s logistics network, especially within the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) framework. Using the Best-Worst Method (BWM), the study analyzes nine main criteria and twenty-seven sub-criteria that can cause delays or disruptions in logistics...

The term "emerging markets" refers to countries that are undergoing economic and financial development. As financial development progresses in these nations, the capital available for international trade and the expansion of logistics infrastructure grows as well. This increased capital enables the financing of international trade activities and fa...

The project phase is where the life-cycle of a building starts. The best decisions are made during the design or pre-project step. In terms of both economic resources and time, changes to specific design decisions made at this step are inexpensive compared to subsequent steps of architectural planning, not to mention the course of the construction'...

Enterprise resource planning (ERP) is widely used to boost the total market power of businesses. The wrong selection is one of the key reasons why ERP installations fail. Due to the complexity of the business environment and the range of ERP systems, choosing an ERP system is a complex and time-consuming procedure. ERP alternatives may be assessed...

The current business climate has generated considerable uncertainty and disrupted supply chain processes. Suppliers have frequently been identified as the primary source of hazards responsible for supply chain disruptions. Using a strategic approach to supplier selection that prioritizes providers with resilience features, mitigating the risk expos...

Lojistik, yatırım kârını azami seviyeye yükseltmek için bir ürünü depolayabilen veya stratejik olarak akışlarını belirli bir plan dahilinde kontrol edebilen bir yönetim kararı oluşturmaya yönelik sistemdir. Lojistik Performans Endeksi (LPI), ülkelerin lojistik alanında durum tespiti yapabilmeleri ve iyileştirmeleri gereken alanları belirlemede oldu...

This work aims to enhance the efficiency and dependability of the green supplier selection process by developing a decision support tool. Thereby, a novel fuzzy group multi-criteria decision-making approach based on the Preference Selection Index (PSI) and Combined Compromise Solution (CoCoSo) methods under the Fermatean Fuzzy (FF) environment for...

Most kinds of natural stones are perfect coating materials. Through utilizing stones with less thermal conductivity coefficients, isolation of constructions improves with energy effective resolution. Modern building technologies prefer either decreasing stone to the weakest plausible extents or utilizing natural stones because natural stones have l...

Automotive businesses often delegate logistical tasks to third-party logistics (3PLs) service providers to acquire a competitive edge in the dynamic market. Nevertheless, selecting the most suitable third-party logistics (3PL) partner is a multifaceted undertaking that needs careful evaluation of several criteria and alternatives. This research aim...

In light of the rapid rate of change and unforeseen occurrences seen in the realms of technology, market dynamics, and the wider business landscape, there is a growing need for the inclusion of uncertainty and risk factors in the realm of supply chain planning. Supplier evaluation and selection (SES) is a major strategic decision area where the imp...

Lojistik sektörü, tedarik zincirlerinin başarısı için zaman ve maliyetin önemi nedeniyle günümüzün küresel iş ortamında oldukça önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Lojistik işletmelerin gelişimi için performans değerlendirme süreci, lojistik yönetim yapısının temel bir unsuru ve işletmelerin kendi ekonomik faydalarını daha fazla değerlendirmeleri için öne...

In the context of sustainable buildings, an ecological study of building and insulating materials is critical since it may assist affirm or shift the path of new technology development. Utilising sustainable material is a part of the sustainable improvement. For this reason, material fabrication is the primary process for the energy usage and relea...

Production enterprises are enterprises that produce goods or services that aim to meet human needs such as machinery-equipment materials and labour. In order for a manufacturing enterprise to carry out its activities successfully, it must make the right choice when choosing its inputs. The correct execution of production activities and the selectio...

Material handling is a cost-intensive operation for businesses. There are several alternative types of equipment for material handling, therefore it is important to select the best one among them to decrease the cost. As there are several different alternatives and criteria which are used to assess these alternatives, multi-criteria decision making...

Supply chain management (SCM) is deeply afected by the COVID-19 pandemic besides breakdowns occurred in all sectors. Nowadays, managers need techniques for protecting supply chains from serious and costly disruptions, establishing permanent relationships with the customers and partners and preventing breakdowns throughout the process. Each frm need...

The Economic Freedom Index is a valuable comparison tool in terms of helping countries to consider in which areas they are better and determining priorities accordingly, as well as ensuring full economic freedom. There are many studies in the literature on this index. However, no study that deals with the criteria of the economic freedom index with...

Sovyetler Birliği’nde 1989 yılından başlayarak 1990’lı yıllara uzanan, ekonomik ve siyasal anlamda büyük bir değişim olmuştur. Değişim sonucunda bağımsızlığını kazanan birçok ülke siyasal ve yapısal anlamda serbest piyasa ekonomisine geçiş süreciyle karşı karşıya kalmışlardır. Çalışmaya konu olan 14 ülkede geçiş süreci sancılı başlamıştır. Yapısal...

Although some of the resources required to meet human needs can be provided by a country, the rest must be supplied from other countries because not every country has all resources. Therefore, the demand for international trade emerges. A country earns incomes by selling its surplus and obtains scarce resources from other countries with these incom...

Building insulation is the most respected among the compatible and effective energy conservation technologies available today, as it also reduces yearly energy costs and negative environmental effects. A building envelope is made up of various insulation materials that are important in determining a building’s thermal performance. Proper insulation...

This study investigates the optimum insulation thickness value using MATLAB Optimization Toolbox based on a mathematical model for sandwich walls that are formed with different insulation-building materials by different fuel types for a particular city located in the second climatic region of Turkey. In the second stage of study, using the BIM-base...

Supplier selection is an important task in supply chain management, as suppliers have a vital role in the success of organisations in a supply chain. Sustainability has emerged as a solution to decreasing resources and increasing environmental and social problems in the past few decades. It has been applied to various industrial operations, one of...

The purpose of this article is to introduce to the literature a new extension of the Simple WISP method adapted for utilizing the triangular fuzzy numbers. This extension is proposed to allow the use of the Simple WISP method for addressing decision-making problems related to uncertainties and inaccuracies, as well as for solving problems related t...

As governments seek renewable and more sustainable energy resources, wind energy has emerged as one of the most rapidly developing renewable power resources. The relevance of wind energy turbines has grown as more nations turn to renewable energy. A significant criterion that conduces to wind energy’s efficient production is the proper wind turbine...

One of the easiest and most common methods for effectively reducing building energy demand is the selection of adequate thermal insulation materials. Thermal insulation is a substantial contribution and an evident, logical and practical first stage toward improving energy performance, particularly in envelope-load-dominant structures located in dif...

Increasing competition as a result of globalization has forced the businesses to increase efficiency by focusing on the core competencies. This led businesses to outsource logistics. As a result, most of the businesses started to use third-party logistics (3PLs). There are various and conflicting criteria involved in 3PL selection, thus the selecti...

Background: The article presents an MCDM model based on the MEREC and WISP-S methods for pallet truck selection. Purpose: The main purpose of the study was to apply a new MCDM model for pallet truck selection in the textile workshop. Study design/methodology/approach: This article presents a simplified adoption of the Simple Weighted Sum Product (W...

The use of fossil fuels has decreased compared to the past due to the gradual depletion of fossil fuels and the greenhouse gases emerging in their use. As a result of this decrease, many countries have turned to alternative energy sources instead of fossil fuels. The most popular energy sources among these alternatives are renewable energy sources....

This article presents a comparison of the results obtained using the newly proposed Simple Weighted Sum Product method and some prominent multiple criteria decision-making methods. For comparison, several analyses were performed using the Python programming language and its NumPy library. The comparison was also made on a real decision-making probl...

Background: Uncertainty is the major source of hazards, and it is present in a wide range of business activities. Due to the high level of unpredictability in logistics operations, the logistics sector has traditionally operated in a high-risk environment. These risks have become considerably more complicated as the corporate environment has change...

Dünya Bankası her iki yılda bir ülkelerin lojistik performansını altı kritere (gümrük işlemleri, altyapı, uluslararası taşımacılık, lojistik kalitesi ve yeterliliği, izlenebilirlik ve zamanlama unsurları) göre belirlemektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Dünya Bankasının belirlemiş yayınlamış olduğu 2018 yılı raporunda yer alan 160 ülkenin lojistik perfor...

There are many different multi-criteria decision making methods in the literature. These methods, which enable criteria with different measurement units to be examined together, allow choosing between alternatives. However, different methods can produce different results depending on the data set. The aim of this study is to combine the results obt...

Warehouses link suppliers and customers throughout the entire supply chain. The location of the warehouse has a significant impact on the logistics process. Even though all other warehouse activities are successful, if the product dispatched from the warehouse fails to meet the customer needs in time, the company may face with the risk of losing cu...

Rapidly changing markets, actors, new legal regulations, information and data intensity have increased uncertainty, and as a result, businesses that want to continue operating in the market need to pay more attention to risk criteria. Risk can be explained as unplanned event which affects a business's overall performance. Logistics practices that d...

Freight transportation is one of the most important and costly operations in logistics as economy and society are significantly depended on freight transportation for the sustainability of life. Vehicle selection in freight transportation is a crucial and strategic decision as it requires high investments, and if the desired performance cannot be a...

The performance effect of construction on energy conservation substantially depends upon application of correct materials and energy saving methodologies. A sizable financial impact is accomplished through insulated walls. The criteria explaining the present wall insulating material options may have different values. Furthermore, they may alter in...

Nowadays, customers are not only interested in the quality of products, but they also want to have these products in a timely manner. The managers of an organization are faced with two problems when the distribution of products is in question, namely: (1) customers are usually geographically dispersed and (2) transportation should be performed in a...

The environment in which the decision-making process takes place is often characterized by uncertainty and vagueness and, because of that, sometimes it is very hard to express the criteria weights with crisp numbers. Therefore, the application of the Grey System Theory, i.e., grey numbers, in this case, is very convenient when it comes to determina...

The environment in which the decision-making process takes place is often characterized by uncertainty and vagueness and, because of that, sometimes it is very hard to express the criteria weights with crisp numbers. Therefore, the application of the Grey System Theory, i.e., grey numbers, in this case, is very convenient when it comes to determina...

This article aims to propose an approach for determining reliability of information collected using questionnaires and bipolar neutrosophic sets. Bipolar neutrosophic sets use six membership functions that express the truth membership, the falsity membership, as well as the indeterminacy membership to the set and complementary set. Therefore, bipol...

Some decision-making problems, i.e., multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) problems, require taking into account the attitudes of a large number of decision-makers and/or respondents. Therefore, an approach to the transformation of crisp ratings, collected from respondents, in grey interval numbers form based on the median of collected scores, i....

Some decision-making problems, i.e., multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) problems, require taking into account the attitudes of a large number of decision-makers and/or respondents. Therefore, an approach to the transformation of crisp ratings, collected from respondents, in grey interval numbers form based on the median of collected scores, i....

Until now, many different multiple criteria decision-making methods have been proposed for the facilitation of different business problems such as entrepreneurial. In this article, a new approach for selecting the most acceptable alternative is considered, which is based on the integration of weighted sum and weighted product approaches. The basic...

Enterprises need to work with a proper third-party logistics provider to reduce costs and increase their logistics performance; so the third-party logistics (3PL) provider selection problem is a significant one for them. in this study, grey step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) and grey combinative distance-based assessment (CODAS) are...

The establishment of a textile manufacturing facility in any city of a country is a very significant decision since it will have a significant positive effect on the economy of both the city and the country and reduce unemployment in the city. Even though it is a very important decision to establish a textile manufacturing facility, there are very...

The main aim of the article is to propose a new multiple criteria decision-making approach for selecting alternatives, the newly-developed MULTIMOOSRAL approach, which integrates advantages of the three well-known and prominent multiple-criteria decision-making methods: MOOSRA, MOORA, and MULTIMOORA. More specifically, the MULTIMOOSRAL method has b...

The main aim of the article is to propose a new multiple criteria decision-making approach for selecting alternatives, the newly-developed MULTIMOOSRAL approach, which integrates advantages of the three well-known and prominent multiple-criteria decision-making methods: MOOSRA, MOORA, and MULTIMOORA. More specifically, the MULTIMOOSRAL method has b...

Meeting the energy requirements with imported fuels leads to economic and political problems in the countries. Therefore, renewable energy investments continue to grow globally as a sustainable and increasingly economically viable alternative to conventional sources of energy. This study aims to reduce the share of imported fuels in Turkey's electr...

There are many different multi-criteria decision making methods in the literature. These methods, which enable criteria with different measurement units to be examined together, allow choosing between alternatives. However, different methods can produce different results depending on the data set. The aim of this study is to combine the results obt...

İşletmeler, rekabet avantajı elde etmek ve kar marjlarını artırmak için doğru ve uygun 3PL (üçüncü parti lojistik) firmaları ile çalışmaları gerekmektedir. Bu yüzden doğru ve uygun 3PL firması seçimi işletmeler için önemlidir. 3PL firması seçimi için birden fazla kriter dikkate alınmalıdır. Birden fazla kriter göz önünde bulundurulmasından dolayı ç...

Bu çalışmada üç çok kriterli karar verme (ÇKKV) yöntemi karşılaştırılmaktadır. Buna istinaden daha önce MAUT yöntemi ile çözülen bir fason üretici seçimi problemi, bu çalışmada MOOSRA ve ROV yöntemleri ile çözülmektedir. MOOSRA ve ROV yöntemleri MAUT yöntemi gibi az işlem gerektiren ÇKKV yöntemleridir. Bu yüzden bu çalışmada tercih edilmiştir. Sonu...

People represent one of the most significant resources of an organization, and therefore, personnel selection is one of the problems that organizations have increasingly been facing. The criteria that influence the final decision are usually opposing, so the application of multiple-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) represents a suitable way f...

The main goal of this paper is to propose a Multiple-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) approach that will facilitate decision-making in the field of logistics—i.e., in the selection of the optimal equipment for performing a logistics activity. For defining the objective weights of the criteria, the correlation coefficient and the standard deviation (...

This study has three objectives. First, there are many publications in the literature on the countries of transition economies. However, there are few publications in the literature on the logistics performance of countries of transition economies. This study analyses the logistics performance of countries of transition economies to fill this resea...

Neutrosophic sets have been recognized as an effective approach in solving complex decision-making (DM) problems, mainly when such problems are related to uncertainties, as published in numerous articles thus far. The use of the three membership functions that can be used to express accuracy, inaccuracy, and indeterminacy during the evaluation of a...

Kargo taşımacılık hizmetleri, lojistiğin temel faaliyetlerinden birisidir. Kargo firmalarının müşteriye sundukları hizmetin kalitesi kargo firmasından kargo firmasına değişmektedir. Ayrıca bazen müşterilerin gönderdiği kargolar tam zamanında gönderim adresine ulaşamamakta ve bazı zamanlarda da müşterilerin kargoları kaybolma ve taşıma sırasında has...

Logistics centers are home to many and varied facilities, such as storage, transportation of goods, handling, reassembling, clearing, disassembling, quality control, social services and providing accommodation, so on. Providing logistical activities from one location can provide some macro advantages, as well as regional development in developing c...

The textile sector has become an indispensable part of the Turkish economy. The sewing machine is a long-lasting and easy-to-use tool widely used in the garment industry, which is a branch of the textile industry. The sewing machine is an indispensable production tool for the textile industry and sewing machine selection is a significant decision f...

zet Ülkeler lojistik sektöründeki performanslarını değerlendirmek ve lojistik sektöründeki hedeflerini belirlemek için lojistik performans endeksini (LPI) dikkate almak zorundadırlar. LPI değerleri, her iki yılda bir Dünya Bankası tarafından yayınlanmaktadır. LPI listesindeki sıralamalar ülkeler için önemlidir. Böylece ülkeler lojistik sektöründe d...

Özet Malzeme taşıma sistemleri, hem üretim hem de hizmet sektöründe önemli bir yere sahiptir. Malzemelerin yüklenmesi, taşınması ve depolanması vb. faaliyetlerin yapılmasında kullanılan bu sistemler hem üretimin hem de hizmetin verimliliğini etkilemektedir. Konveyörler, iki sabit nokta arasında sürekli veya aralıklı malzeme taşınmasını sağlayan mal...

Logistics is a key factor for companies to sustain their businesses, to gain the competitive advantage in the market, and to speed up the transportation process. Companies can perform their own logistic activities using their own core competencies; however, they can face huge logistics costs. To avoid these logistics operating costs, companies need...

As the performance of suppliers directly or indirectly affects the performance of the companies with which they engage, working with the most suitable supplier has become the key to success for companies. When solving the supplier selection problem, many different criteria involving qualitative and quantitative criteria are considered. Therefore, t...

Türkiye’nin bazı bölgelerinde elektrik kesintileri uzun süreli ve sıklıkla yaşanmaktadır. Bu kesintiler hem bireysel hayata hem de kurumsal hayata zarar vermektedir. Kurumların elektriğinin olmaması ile birçok işler aksamaya uğramakta ve çeşitli gecikmeler yaşanmaktadır. Bu gecikmeler, maliyetlerin artmasına sebep olmaktadır. Bu gecikmelerin önüne...

Supply chain management determining the competitive position of corporations in a rival and fast-changing environment is one of the favourite topics in engineering economics. Since the performance of suppliers affects the performance of the whole supply chain, the selection of a supplier is a significant problem in supply chain management. When sol...

Countries can check the performance of their logistics’ activities to determine their competitiveness in trade logistics. One way to check these performances is to analyze the country’s LPI value in detail which is released by the WB every two years. When calculating the LPI, six indicators (criteria) are taken into account. The weights (importance...

Landfill is the most common method used to eliminate municipal solid waste in developing countries. As in all developing residential units, Sivas city is also encountering a major solid waste problem menacing both public health and environment. This study analyzes the 7 criteria (geological structure, land ability class, transportation, groundwater...

Catering firması dışarıdan herhangi bir kişiye ya da kuruluşa yemek ve hizmet sağlayan firmadır. Bu hizmeti alan kurumlar için catering firması çok büyük öneme sahiptir. Bu firmaların sundukları yemekleri, kurumlarda çalışan personeller tüketmektedirler. Yemeklerin doğrudan kurumdaki personelin performansına etkisi vardır. Bu sebepten dolayı kuruml...

Hosting Olympic Games is a significant opportunity for every country and her metropolitan cities. Olympics offer several benefits to the Host countries and cities such as introducing cultural assets of the country to the world and increasing economic value of the country and city Olympics held. Countries and cities wishing to host Olympic Games hav...

İnsan gücünün ürünlerin taşınması, boşaltılması ve istiflenmesi gibi eylemlerde yetersiz kalması sebebiyle işletmelerde malzeme taşıma sistemlerine ihtiyaç duyulmaya başlanmıştır. Bu sistem içerisinde birden çok ekipman çeşidi bulunmaktadır. Transpaletler, genellikle küçük bir depoya sahip işletmeler tarafından tercih edilen, malzeme taşıma sistemi...

Sustainability" term has not only become increasingly important globally for individual companies, but also become important for whole supply chains. The selection of supplier is a significant decision for the sustainability of supply chains. Literature review revealed that supplier selection is made traditionally based on economic attributes which...

Şirketlerin müşterilerinin istek ve ihtiyaçlarını düzgün bir şekilde ve kısa sürede karşılamalarında lojistik faaliyetleri etkin bir rol üstlenmektedir. Şirketler, lojistik faaliyetlerinin çok karmaşık ve pahalı olmasından dolayı kendi bünyelerinde gerçekleştirememektedirler. Şirketler, lojistik faaliyetlerini gerçekleştirmek için lojistik firmalar...

Lojistik günümüz koşullarında önemini giderek artırmaktadır. Bunun sebebi ise lojistiğin taşımacılık dışında tüm faaliyetlerde hizmet vermeye başlamasıdır. Şirketler maliyet minimizasyonu nedeniyle dış kaynak firmalarından lojistik hizmeti almaya başladılar. Lojistik faaliyetlerin içerisinde büyük bir paya sahip olan kargo taşımacılığıyla ilgili li...

The internet has become an indispensable tool for humanity to access any knowledge. Many companies use the internet to provide their customers with information about their organizations. Website development is a tiring process that requires huge investments. If the performance of the website falls below the expected performance, it will have a nega...

Meeting the energy requirements with imported fuels leads to economic and political problems in the countries. Therefore, renewable energy investments continue to grow globally as a sustainable and increasingly economically viable alternative to conventional sources of energy. This study aims to reduce the share of imported fuels in Turkey's electr...

Üretim için vazgeçilmez bir girdi olan enerji, üretim ve tüketimiyle çevre ve insan sağlığı üzerinde negatif dışsallıklara neden olmakta ve ülke kalkınmasına zarar vermektedir. Bu nedenle ülkeler enerji kaynağı seçimi yaparken iki temel motivasyonla hareket etmektedir. İlki enerji kaynağının sağladığı üretim artışını ve rekabet gücünü dikkate alara...

In corporations, the aim of classical profit maximization has left its place to value maximization. The performance criteria based on market value increased with the influence of improvements such as increase of business stakeholder numbers, increase in number of publicly traded companies, enlargement of company scale and global qualification. As a...

Lojistik, üretim yapılan fabrikalardan/işletmelerden son tüketiciye kadar olan süreçlerde bilgi ve malzeme akışının yönetilmesi olarak kısaca tanımlanabilir. Teknolojik ilerlemeler ve küreselleşme ile birlikte lojistik sektörü giderek önem kazanmıştır. Lojistikte malzeme ve bilginin akışının doğru bir şekilde gerçekleştirilmesi için doğru bir yerde...

Son yıllarda teknolojinin gelişmesiyle insanlar bilgisayarsız bir yaşamı düşünememektedirler. Bu durum kurumlarda da geçerliliğini korumaktadır. Kurum ile ilgili çalışmaların yapılması için personellerin bilgisayar kullanması şarttır. Bu çalışmada bir işletmeye dizüstü bilgisayar seçiminde yardımcı olabilmek için bir bütünleşik çok kriterli karar v...

Even though efforts to reduce production costs in the search for alternative energy have played an important role in the past, today, especially with the support of international organizations, the search for alternative energy, which is sensitive to the environment and human health, place on the forefront. The most powerful of these alternatives i...

Ülkeler enerji politikalarını oluştururken iki temel konuya fazlaca önem vermektedirler. Bunlardan ilki enerji maliyetlerinin amaçlanan ekonomik büyümeyi destekleyecek biçimde düşük olması ikincisi ise enerji kaynak seçiminin ülkenin sosyal kalkınmasına zarar vermeyecek biçimde olmasıdır. Hangi konunun öncelikli olacağı ülkenin kalkınmışlık düzeyin...

İşletmelerde yöneticiler çok kriterli karar verme (ÇKKV) problemleri ile sıklıkla günlük iş yaşamlarında karşılaşmaktadırlar. Özellikle, satın alma bölümünde çalışan yöneticiler ÇKKV problemleri ile makine, malzeme ve ekipman alımında sıklıkla karşılaşmaktadırlar. Özellikle yüksek teknoloji içeren bir makinenin alımı önemli bir karar verme problemi...

zet Ticari mal taşımacılığı, ürünün toplam maliyetini etkileyen önemli bir maliyet unsurudur. Araç rotalama problemi 60 yıl önce ticari mal taşımacılığının maliyetini azaltmak hedefiyle ortaya çıktı. Literatürde bu sorunu çözmek için önerilen birçok yaklaşım ve model vardır. Bu çalışmada, Sivas'ta bir fırının araç rotalama problemini çözmek için ta...

Bu çalışma Türkiye’nin elektrik üretiminde yenilenebilir enerji payının %100 olması halinde sektöre yapılacak ilave yatırımların istihdamda sağlayacağı artışı tahmin etmektedir. İlave yatırımlarda hangi yenilenebilir kaynağa ne kadar pay ayrılacağı COPRAS çok kriterli karar verme yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. COPRAS’a göre belirlenen yenilenebilir ene...

Supplier selection has become an important topic with the increasing of outsourcing activities of manufacturing companies. Supplier selection is a complex multi-criteria decision problem including qualitative and quantitative criteria, which may be uncertain. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid model including analytic network process (ANP), fuzzy...

Supplier evaluation and selection (SES) problems have long been studied, leading to the development of a wide range of individual and hybrid models for solving them. However, the lack of widespread diffusion of existing SES models in the industry points to a need for simpler models that can systematically evaluate both qualitative and quantitative...