Alojz Kopacik

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• prof. PhD.
• Head of Department at Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava

Due to usage, handling, and improper storage, measuring tapes undergo changes in their condition over time. For this reason, regular inspection is necessary to ensure the desired quality of results, aiming to verify the accuracy of the tape and its usability in practice. During the calibration of measuring tapes, the position of the scale divisions...

For the calibration of linear scales, comparators are generally used. Comparators are devices that enable the movement of an evaluation apparatus over a calibrated scale along a linear base with high precision. The construction of a comparator includes a movable carriage that carries the device for the evaluation of the position of the given edge o...

This book primarily explores the segmentation of fundamental geometric shapes from point clouds. It delves into the development of algorithms for filtering point clouds, utilizing local density and the variation of normal vectors within a specified neighborhood. These filtering algorithms are integrated into the segmentation processes but can also...

BIM (Building Information Modeling) allows the use of a virtual building model throughout the whole life cycle of the building. It is a parametric object-oriented 3D data model of a building, which contains information about structures, elements, and their parameters. The combination of the BIM model with detailed data on the as-built geometry of t...

The article deals with the developing and applying of the mobile mapping system developed at the Department of Surveying of the Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava. The article presents a low-cost mobile mapping system for simultaneous localization and mapping of the indoor environment. Existing systems are costly and have robust construc...

Today, point clouds are becoming an increasingly common digital representation of realworld objects. However, the raw point clouds obtained by terrestrial laser scanning (or other methods, e. g., photogrammetry or low-cost sensors) are often noisy with many outliers. Thus, it is necessary to remove the noise and outliers from the point clouds befor...

Building information models (BIM) in the civil industry are very popular nowadays. The basic information of these models is the 3D geometric model of a building structure. The most applied methodology to model the existing buildings is by generating 3D geometric information from point clouds provided by laser scanners. The fundamental principle of...

The laser tracker is a widely used instrument in many industrial and metrological applications with high demand measurement accuracy. Imperfections in construction and misalignment of individual parts deliver systematic errors in the measurement results. All error sources need to be identified and reduced to the minimum to achieve the best possible...

In the manufacture of various large-scale industrial components and machines (aerospace industry, shipping industry, automotive industry, etc.), high precision is required in determining their shape and parameters. At present, coordinate measuring systems—laser trackers—are often used to determine the dimensions of these components, with precision...

The main problem of the use of inertial measurement unit (IMU) lies in the systematic increase of position and orientation errors resulting from their functional principle. Position and orientation calculation based on the integration of inertial measurements (accelerations and angular velocities) leads to a rapid accumulation of errors of the iner...

An integral part of the construction works is the as-built documentation of the constructed structures and buildings and the check of the geometry of their parts. Moreover, in the nowadays era of automatization of processes, this procedure is often semi- or fully automated. For the data acquisition except for conventional surveying methods, terrest...

The information technology input for the building life cycle is more and more intensive, starting with design, through realization and including the use and the operation of the building. The progress in this field is represented by Building In-formation Modelling (BIM). BIM is in its base object-oriented 3D model of the building, which includes in...

Weather conditions and different operational loads often cause changes in essential parts of engineering structures, and this affects the static and dynamic behavior and reliability of these structures. Therefore, geodetic monitoring is an integral part of the diagnosis of engineering structures and provides essential information about the current...

Nowadays huge datasets can be collected in a relatively short time. After capturing these data sets the next step is their processing. Automation of the processing steps can contribute to efficiency increase, to reduction of the time needed for processing, and to reduction of interactions of the user. The paper brings a short review of the most rel...

The warm-up effect is a well-known phenomenon, which occurs in all types of laser trackers. The series of experiments was performed to determine the influence of warm-up effect on measurement and a warm-up time of device – the time after the temperature inside the tracker is stable. In this paper, the tested tracker was Leica AT960-MR. Results show...

This book presents contributions from the joint event 8th INGEO International Conference on Engineering Surveying and 4th SIG Symposium on Engineering Geodesy, which was planned to be held in Dubrovnik, Croatia, on April 1–4, 2020 and was canceled due to COVID-19 pandemic situation. Editors, in cooperation with the Local Organisers, are decided to...

The conference proceedings includes papers in the field of engineering geodesy, geodesy in construction, determination of displacements and deformations, monitoring of buildings, BIM, land consolidation, preservation of cultural heritage, GNSS and new technologies.

Cranes are the basic tools for the movement of elements of equipment and products in industry or at the construction site. According to the shape and functionality, there are plenty of cranes. For safety use, it is very important to have their regular check and rectification. The chapter brings the basic classification of cranes, the basic requirem...

Maps used in the investment process, which are completed by specific content custom to the industrial plant and equipment, are important information sources. Surveying documents create a major part of documents used for design as well as the operation of industrial objects (plants). This chapter presents the factory base map and its design, creatio...

A development of production processes mainly in mechanical engineering production (a car industry, aviation, space industry) but also in the other similar industries causes increasingly requirements on the accuracy of a realization of products. Coordinate measuring machines are very important tools for quality checks in all kinds of manufacturing,...

Measurements done in the industry environment are very intensely influenced by specific conditions, which characterize the environment in industrial plants or enterprises. There are effects, which have a large impact on the measurement process, measured values, and on the measurement instruments systematically, which are very important to take into...

Nuclear power plants are very complex installations with specific requirements mainly on the stability of the base (ground). The assessment of the locality and the regular control of objects of the power plant are needed. The chapter brings the description of the main power plant objects and their function and operation conditions. The methodology...

One of the most used equipment in the production of materials for the building industry is the rotary kiln. Due to the big volume and high temperature, permanent deformations occur during the kiln operation. Considering these conditions, it is important to make regularly control measurements, mainly to check the fulfillment of the basic geometric p...

Construction of large investments usually requires a setup of a local geodetic network, which is above the national geodetic networks according to their density, as well as accuracy. Local geodetic networks are built for limited areas for the setting-out and deformation measurement of civil engineering structures or structures of large demand (high...

Laser scanning has become a part of the surveying practice during the last three decades of the development of scanning systems. Laser scanning technology is one of the most effective methods of spatial data acquisition and creation of 3D models in the present days. The advantage of the terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) to conventional geodetic meth...

Due to the intensive research in the field of development of sensors, measuring instruments or measuring systems, the level of industrial measurement is well developed. The quality of measurement is generally connected with using modern, high-quality, and verified instruments and measurement systems in the process. Parallel to this, the application...

For setting-out and verification of the geometry of different equipment in industry surroundings could not be used every geodetic method, due to the required high accuracy or non-accessibility of measured components for the geodetic measurement. In these cases are necessary to use measurement technology, instruments, and equipment, which are able t...

This book is the translated English version of a text on industrial surveys, originally published in Slovak by SPEKTRUM STU Publishing.This updated version is not only a translation of the original, but also a reviewed, extended version, which reflects up-to-date international standards and regulations. The book covers topics in engineering surve...

The results of terrestrial laser scanning are point clouds, which are becoming an increasingly common initial digital representation of real-world objects. Since point clouds in the most cases represent a huge amount of data, automation of the processing steps is advisable. The paper brings a short review of the most reliable methods of cylinder ex...

Recently, attempts have been made to automate data acquisition, which is also related to efforts to automate data processing. The paper deals with the automation of terrestrial laser scanning data processing. The approaches for point cloud segmentation are briefly described. An algorithm based on random sample consensus is proposed for automated pl...

The current trend of the construction of high-rise buildings is based on construction of a reinforced concrete frame and on subsequent mounting of a light curtain wall. Parts of facades of buildings are also additional elements like balcony railings. The correct functionality, safety and also the aesthetic look of the facades depend on accurate fit...

Inertial measurement systems (IMS) belong among navigation systems which permit the monitoring of the position and orientation of an object in three-dimensional space. The functional principle of IMS is based on the integration of the output signal (acceleration and angular rate) of inertial sensors to the actual position and orientation of IMS. Th...

The weather conditions and the loading during operation cause changes in the shape of engineering structures that affect static and dynamic function and reliability of these structures. Due to this fact, geodetic monitoring is an integral part of engineering structure diagnostics and gives important information about the current state (condition) o...

Inertial measuring systems (IMSs) enable determination of 3-D position and trajectory on a base of the actual measured acceleration and angular velocity. Measurements with the inertial sensors are influenced by errors from used sensors. Because of the principle of calculation of a position based on the recursive algorithm, there is an accumulation...

The paper deals with indoor navigation using inertial sensors (accelerometers, gyroscopes, etc.) built in a smartphone. The main disadvantage of the use of inertial sensors is the accuracy, which rapidly decreases with the increasing time of the measurement. The reason of the deteriorating accuracy is the presence of errors in inertial measurements...

Building structures are extremely sensitive at influence of outdoor conditions. Most often these are the influence of wind, sunshine, temperature changes of the surrounding and at least the influence of the own or other loading. According to resonance of the structure with the surrounding is coming to vibration and oscillation in relative high freq...

The paper presents the possibilities of radar interferometry in dynamic deformationmonitoring of bridge structures. The technology is increasingly used for this purposethanks to high accuracy of realized measurements and possibility to measure deformationat multiple places of the monitored structure. High frequency of realized measurements (upto 20...

The paper deals with the geodetic monitoring of a parabolic shaped reinforced con-crete roof structure in the chemical company Duslo, Ltd. in Šaľa (Slovak Republic).The monitored structure is a part of the roof of a warehouse used for the storage offertilizer. The atmospheric conditions and the operation load caused deformationof the construction....

Nowadays, in the era of intelligent buildings, there is a need to create indoornavigation systems, what is steadily a challenge. QR (Quick Response) codesprovide accurate localization also in indoor environment, where other navigationtechniques (e.g. GPS) are not available. The paper deals with the issues of posi-tioning using QR codes, solved at t...

Building structures are extremely sensitive at influence of outdoor conditions. Most often these are the influence of wind, sunshine, temperature changes of the surrounding and at least the influence of the own or other loading. According to resonance of the structure with the surrounding is coming to vibration and oscillation in relative high freq...

Building structures are extremely sensitive to the influence of outdoor conditions, especially the influence of wind, temperature changes in the surroundings caused by sunshine, and the effect of the building's own or operating load. According to the resonance of the structure with the surroundings, vibrations and oscillations in relatively high fr...

Building structures are extremely sensitive to the influence of outdoor conditions. The most frequent types of outdoor conditions are the influence of wind, sunshine, changes in the temperature of a building's surroundings and, lastly, the effect of a buildings own loading or the improper loading by another source. According to the resonance of the...

The aim of this paper is to point at several aspects, which are important by an optimal configuration project of TLS standpoints. The scanning accuracy is influenced by uncertainties in the distance and angle determination as well as by uncertainties resulting from the point transformation into one block. The accuracy measurement analysis at one st...

This paper discusses about the dynamic monitoring of stability (tilt measurement) of bearing pillar of high-rise building using the electronic measuring system. The electronic measuring system consists of Libela 2800 tilt sensor, input/output device for the AE 2DN tilt sensor, measuring amplifier and also the Spider8 analog/digital converter and th...

Tail bays (TB) of Gabčíkovo Water Work belong to the biggest in Europe. They enable to overcome the altitude difference of water levels between the incoming and outlet chanel in the range of 16 – 23,3 m. On the above heading are installed segment shutters; the bottom heading is locked with rotating gates. With a huge amount of water, one tail bay i...

Discusses geodetic work involved with the construction of the bridge system across the water reservoir Kralova (length 634 m) including geodetic measurements, building-up the local geodetic network, methods of measurements and proposed and realized optimal plans of measurements.-English summary

Proposes an analytical method of determining the direction parameters of crane rails which corresponds to the contemporary level of development in mathematical statistics and computational technique. The method reduces time consumption in the process of measurement, increases the safety of labour and simultaneously ensures the high accuracy of resu...

Monitoring of Building Structure by Tiltsensors This paper discusses about the dynamic monitoring of stability (tilt measurement) of bearing pillar of high-rise building using the electronic measuring system. The electronic measuring system consists of Libela 2800 tilt sensor, input/output device for the AE 2DN tilt sensor, measuring amplifier and...

In connection with the above fact the necessity has arisen to analyse of the present time traffic structure and their basis realise the update the national traffic routes. The Slovak Road Administration has elaborated the "Concept of the Traffic Network Development in the Slovak Republic" which re-evaluates the used network classification as well a...

SUMMARY Actual problem of investigation in area of laser scanner technology is testing of terrestrial laser systems (TLS) with aim of acquisition of supplementary information about TLS's properties. TLS producers describe the accuracy characteristics of TLS with one value only, without specification of measuring conditions. This paper deals with th...

The role of bridge testing is to verify technical stage (condition) and safety of bridge. Technical frame of loading test is given by standards. There are presented basic Slovak standards for loading tests and deformation measurement of bridges. Information about classification, preparing and realisation of tests are included in paper. Geodetic and...

The paper deals with terrestrial laser system (TLS) testing based on scanning of reference bodies which geometry is know and which represent the standard (etalon) for the models created from scanned data. Two reference bodies of different shape – blocks and cylinders, are designed and made from material, which is temperature stabile and durable (re...