Aliyu Muhammad Musa

• B.Pharm, MSc, PhD
• Head of Department at Ahmadu Bello University

Globimetula oreophila is a hemiparasitic plant commonly called mistletoe, found growing on several dicotyledonous trees using them as a host for its root-like structure called haustoria. Globimetula oreophila has been used to cure various ailments, including diarrhea, stomachache, headache, and malaria. This research study aims to isolate and chara...

Citation: Garba, D.; Ali, B.H.; Bawa, B.; Maryam, A.; Nasiru, H.A.; Sani, Y.M.; Magaji, M.G.; Abdullahi, M.I.; Musa, A.M.; Sadiya, H.H. Phytochemical Constituents from Globimetula oreophila as Plasmepsin I and II Inhibitors in Antimalarial Drug Abstract: Malaria remains a critical global health challenge, particularly affecting Sub-Saharan Africa....

Bombax costatum is a member of the family Bombacaceae and is commonly called red-flowered silk-cotton tree or red kapok tree. In Nigeria, it is locally known as Kurya or Gujjiya in Hausa, Joohi or Kuruhi in Fulfulde and Kutupkaci in Nupe. Phytochemical studies conducted on the chloroform fraction from the methanol crude extract lead to the isolatio...

Phytochemical investigation into the root bark of Bombax costatum led to the isolation of catechin-7-O-glucoside. The root bark of the plant was macerated using methanol. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude methanol extract revealed the presence of saponins, flavonoid, alkaloid, carbohydrate, triterpenes and steroid. The methanol extra...

The multifactorial nature of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has driven a need to discover multifunctional antidiabetic peptides preferably from functional food sources for possible application as antidiabetic supplements. Herein, the antidiabetic effects of bioactive peptides previously identified in yam (AVIAIMF & GPADPF) and taro (NGDF & NGNW) w...

Malaria remains a febrile infection of public health concern in many countries especially tropical countries in Africa and certain countries in Southern and North America such as Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Colombia, and Ecuador. Hence this has made research into this area paramount. Acetophenones are active fragments in many co...

Ethnobotanical information indicates that Indigofera conferta is used in northern Nigeria for the management of poisonous snakebites and the methanol extract was previously reported to have antivenin activity. In this study, we report the isolation of an oxyprenylated bioactive secondary metabolite; 2',4'- dihydroxy-4-prenyloxychalcone from the chl...

Globimetula braunii is a parasitic plant belonging to the family Loranthaceae. Traditionally, the plant has been reported to be used in the treatment of insomnia. The study was carried out to investigate the central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity of the fractions of Globimetula braunii growing on Terminalia catappa and to isolate the phyt...

Isolation and purification of natural products from medicinal plants are important components of drug development. Many important phytochemical compounds have been isolated from medicinal plants and are used as active therapeutic substances. This study aimed to isolate and characterize some of the phytochemical compounds present in the n-butanol so...

Two new glucosamines, Microphyllose A and B were isolated from the chloroform fraction of Neocarya macrophylla fruit using flash column chromatography. The structures of these compounds were elucidated based on chemical tests and the analysis of their spectral data (IR, 1D- & 2D-NMR). The compounds have demonstrated significant (p<0.05) antivenom a...

Objectives: The novel coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) that emerged in China, is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2); the disease has been declared by the World Health Organization as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. The unavailabilit...

5-[(E)-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylidene)amino]-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol was designed based on ADME prediction and a proposed pharmacophore model, and synthesized by condensation reaction.The structure of the compound was established by means of FTIR, UV-Visible, 1 H and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and elemental anal...

Ficus capensisThunb. (Moraceae) is used widely in traditional medicine in west Africa to treat and manage various health problems such as epilepsy, leprosy, neuralgia, weakness, stiffness, edema, amenorrhea and difficult child birth. The aim of the study was to carry out isolation of some of the bioactive constituent(s) present in methanol root ext...

Ficus sycomorous (Sycamore fig.) Family Moraceae is a plant used in African traditional medicine to treat mental illness, dysentery, cough, diarrhea, tuberculosis and Cancer. In this research work the leaf of the plant was subjected to cold maceration using 75% ethanol. The extract was fractionated using n- hexane, chloroform ethylacetate and n-but...

In this study, a flavan-3-ol glycoside, (+)-catechin-3ꞌ-O-rhamnopyranoside isolated from the stem bark extract of N. macrophylla was evaluated for its antivenom, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. The compound (at 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg) was able to protect mice against lethality induced by Naja nigricollis venom with 100%, 40%,...

This study was carried out to determine phytochemical constituents, median lethal dose (LD50) and central nervous system depressant activity of ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula braunii using laboratory animal models. The intraperitoneal median lethal dose (LD50) of ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula braunii was determined in mice according to t...

Antisnake venom activity of the ethylacetate and n-butanol soluble fractions of the methanol stem bark extract of Neocarya macrophylla were evaluated against Naja nigricollis venom. There was maximum protection to mice against venom-induced action after administration of the pre-incubated mixture of the venom and the fractions compared with the ven...

Phytochemical investigation of the Bombax costatum methanol root back extract was carried out with a view to isolate and characterize chemical compounds. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the extract has revealed the presence of Carbohydrate, cardiac glycosides, flavonoids, triterpenes, tannins alkaloid, saponin and steroid. Solvent fractionat...

Cissus cornifolia is an annual herb used in the treatment of mental derangement in the African Traditional Medicine. As part of a continuous research on this medicinal plant to scientifically validate its use in mental derangement, the fractions of the leaf extract were investigated for central nervous system (CNS) depressant effects. Successive fr...

Snake envenomation is a major cause of death and disability in many developing countries. Neocarya macrophylla (Sabine) Prance ex F. White (Malpighiales: Chrysobalanaceae) have been reportedly used in traditional medicine to treat snake envenomation. Bioassay-guided isolation of antivenom principles was carried out on the leaf of N. macrophylla aga...

Ficus capensis Thunb. (Moraceae) is used in West Africa to manage different ailments including epilepsy, leprosy, neuralgia, weakness, stiffness, oedema, amenorrhoea and difficult childbirth. The aim of the study was to carry out preliminary phytochemical screening, acute toxicity and anti-convulsant studies of the methanol root extract (MRE) and h...

The importance of Eleusine coracana against diabetes mellitus is documented in the literature. The effectiveness of its leaf extract against diabetes is highly praised among the rural people of northern Nigeria. In this study, we examined the antihyperglycaemic and antihyperlipidaemic potentials of E. coracana leaf extract (ECE) in alloxan-induced...

Hymenocardia acida is a plant used in African folkloric medicine in the treatment of headache, rheumatic pain, sickle cell crisis, malaria, epilepsy and cancer. This study was aimed at investigating the anticonvulsant potential of the methanol leaf extract of H. acida (MLEHA) in chicks and mice. Preliminary phytochemical screening and acute toxicit...

Catechin, a flavan-3-ol, was isolated from the ethyl acetate fraction of the crude methanol leaf extract of Ziziphus mucronata. The plant is widely used in ethnomedicine to treat inflammation, diarrhoea, tumor, cough, sores asthma, measles, fever, infections and urinary problems, amongst numerous indications. The isolation of the compound was carri...

The phenolics-rich fraction of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss (Meliaceae) stem bark extract (pfks) has been previously reported to possess potent antitrypanosomal activity at 300 mg/kg body weight (bw) but could not completely prevent disease-induced anemia and organ damage in addition to being slightly hepatotoxic at the same dose. Therefore, the effe...

Anti-proliferative activity of the ethyl acetate fractions of Ochna schweinfurthiana F. Hoffm. and Ochna kibbiensis Hutch. and Dalziel methanol leaf extracts were investigated against glioblastoma multiforme (GBM U-1242 MG) cell line. O. kibbiensis significantly (p < 0.001) and dose dependently (IC50 = 25.74 μg/mL) reduced cell count. At 125 μg/mL,...

Ficus iteophylla is widely used in African traditional medicines for the management of a variety of human illness including epilepsy. The antiepileptic activities of the methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of the leaves were both examined against maximum electroshock test (MEST) and Pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizures in chicks and mi...

In this study, the antimalarial activity of ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula oreophila against Plasmodium berghei berghei infection was investigated using the suppressive and curative tests in mice. The crude ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula oreophila significantly (p< 0.05) produced a dose dependent chemo-suppression on the Plasmodium berghe...

Background: The ethnomedicinal uses of Erythrina senegalensis including its antinociceptive and sedative properties have been documented in literature. Objective: This study evaluated the analgesic and behavioural effects of the ethanol root bark extract of E. senegalensis in mice. Methodology: Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity studies wer...

Two pentacyclic triterpenes α-amyrin acetate and lupeol were isolated from the n-hexane soluble fraction of the aqueous ethanol extract of the aerial parts of Glossonema boveanum, a plant used in traditional medicine for the treatment of epilepsy and stimulation of lactation using a combination of silica gel column chromatography and preparative TL...

Objective: The aim was to determine the chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity of the hexane leaf extract of Anisopus mannii against a wide range of human pathogenic microorganisms. Methods: The chemical constituents of the hexane leaf extract was determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis; and the antimicro...

Chemical investigation into the composition of Cissus polyantha tuber, a plant used in Northern Nigerian ethno medicine for managing inflammatory conditions and conjunctivitis has led to the isolation of a chalcone from the ethyl acetate and a steroid from the hexane soluble fractions of its methanol extract. The structures of these compounds were...

Securinega virosa Roxb (Ex Willd) is a commonly used medicinal plant in the management of inflammatory conditions and tumor in African traditional medicine. In this study, the effects of the crude methanol root bark extract and its fractions were evaluated on the survival of Glioblastoma mutiforme (GBM) tumor cells (U-1242) in vitro. The effects of...

Neocarya macrophylla belongs to the Chrysobalanaceae family and is extensively used in folk medicine as an antibacterial, antivenin, antiasthmatic, anticancer, analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent. This study was aimed at isolation and characterization of compounds from the stem bark of Neocarya macrophylla. Pulverized plant material was exhaustiv...

Preparations ofCissus cornifolia – Bak. (Planch) are used traditionally in Northern Nigeria in the treatment of convulsions and mental derangement. The objective of this work was to screen for the anticonvulsant activity of the methanol root bark extract of Cissus cornifolia using chemical and electrical seizure models. The extract was evaluated fo...

Objective: To investigate the effects of combined administration of a low dose of a phenolicsrich fraction of Khaya senegalensis (PFKS) stem bark with α-tocopherol on Trypanosoma brucei brucei (T. brucei brucei) infection. Methods: Rats were divided into five groups of six animals, namely, normal control, uninfected but treated with PFKS and α-toco...

Neocarya macrophylla is a West African plant species often employed in ethnomedicine for the treatment of pain, inflammation, skin infections, asthma and snakebite. The stem-bark of the plant was pulverized and extracted with methanol by maceration. Preliminary phytochemical screening of the crude methanol extract revealed the presence of secondary...

Objectives: Securinega virosa Roxb (Ex Willd) Baill (Euphorbaiceae) root bark has been reportedly used in African traditional medicine in the management of mental illnesses. Previously, the sleep-inducing potential of the crude methanol root bark of Securinega virosa extract and its butanol fraction have been reported. The study aimed to isolate a...

The methanol stem bark extract of Neocarya macrophylla was screened for its analgesic activity using acetic acid-induced writhing in mice and formalin-induced pain in rats. The results of the study showed that the extract (60mg/kg, i.p.) decreased writhing response with 63.9% inhibition. The methanol extract also exhibited significant analgesic eff...

The antimicrobial effect of the crude methanol leaf extract of Ochna kibbiensis obtained through maceration technique was evaluated against pathogenic microorganisms which include Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci, Listeria monocytogenes, Helicobacter pylori, Campylobacter fe...

An assessment of phytochemical composition and antimicrobial studies of the methanol stem bark extract of Neocarya macrophylla was carried out. Phytochemical screening was conducted using standard procedures and the antimicrobial property of the extract was evaluated against clinical isolates including Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococus feacalis,...

The effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Combretum micranthum were studied on gastro intestinal smooth muscle of rodents. The extract was screened using isolated rabbit jejunum, guinea pig ileum and rat uterus. The extract produced relaxation of isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea pig ileum. The relaxation of guinea pig ileum was inhibited by phen...

The analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of the aqueous leaf extract of Combretum micranthum were studied in mice and rats. The extract was screened for analgesic activity; using acetic acid induced writhing in mice and formalin induced paw licking test in rats. Anti-inflammatory effect was evaluated using formalin induced hind paw oedema in rat...

Background: Medicinal plants remain one of the largest reservoirs of new bioactive compounds. In this study, a new prenylated benzo-lactone (4, 6-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-3-(1, 2, 3, 4, 5-pentahydroxypentyl)-2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one) was isolated from the acetone extracts of the rhizome of Cissus cornifolia. The antimicrobial activity of the compound was...

Preparations of Carissa edulis (Vahl) have been used in the Nigerian traditional medicine for the management of fever, sickle cell disease, epilepsy, pain cancer and inflammatory conditions for many years and their efficacy is widely acclaimed among the Hausa communities of Northern Nigeria. The possible mechanism(s) involved in the anticonvulsant...

The first reported investigation into the phytochemical constituents of Commiphora pedunculata led to the isolation of two flavonoids: kaempferol and dihydrokaempferol from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the methanol extract of the stem bark of the plant. The structures of these compounds were characterised by comparing their spectral data i...

Cissus polyantha is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of conjunctivitis and inflammation. In this study, the methanolic root extract of Cissus polyantha was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, analgesic and anti-inflammatory studies. Phytochemical studies was carried out using standard phytochemical protocol while the ana...

Two saponins were isolated from the stem bark extract of Stachytarpheta angustifolia. Their structures were established by spectroscopic and chemical analysis as (23S, 25S) - 5α - spirostan – 24 – one - 3β, 23 – diol – 3 – O – {α – L – rhamnopyranosyl – (1→2) – [O – β - D - glucopyranosyl – (1→4)] – β - D – galactopyranoside} (1) and 3β – O –( β- D...

Objective: To investigate the phytochemical properties and the anticonvulsant potential of the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula braunii, a plant used in ethnomedicine for the treatment of epilepsy. Methods: The phytochemical screening was carried out using standard protocol while the anticonvulsant activity w...

The chromatographic investigation of the chloroform soluble fraction of methanolic root extract of Ochna schweinfurthiana using a combination of silica and sephadex LH-20 led to the isolation of tri-methoxy derivative of lophirone A. The structure of this new compound was determined using both 1 and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The antimicr...

Securinega virosa (Roxb ex. Willd) Baill. is a plant which is commonly used in African traditional medicine in management of mental illness. Previous study showed that the crude methanolic root bark extract of the plant possesses antipsychotic activity. In this study, the antipsychotic potential of the residual aqueous fraction of the plant was eva...

The methanol extract of the leaf of Cissus polyantha was evaluated for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The analgesic effect was studied using acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests in mice, while anti-inflammatory effect was investigated using carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema in rats. The results of the study showed tha...

Securinega virosa is a commonly used medicinal plant in African traditional medicine in the management of epilepsy. In an attempt to isolate and characterize the bioactive principles responsible for the anticonvulsant property, the crude methanol root bark extract of the plant was exhaustively partitioned into petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl ace...

Context: The stem bark of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss (Meliaceae) is currently used for the treatment of trypanosomiasis by traditional practitioners in Nigeria. Objectives: The present study investigated the anti-Trypanosoma brucei brucei activity of phenolics-rich fraction of K. senegalensis (pfks) and its ameliorative effects on trypanosome-in...

Antioxidants activities from plants sources have attracted a wide range of interest across the world in recent times. This is due to growing concern for safe and alternative sources of antioxidants. The free radical scavenging activity using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), reducing power assay, total antioxidant capacity of the phosph...

This study was conducted to evaluate the neuropharmacological activities of the ethyl acetate fraction of methanol root bark extract of Securinega virosa using in vivo models in laboratory animals. The fraction (125, 250 and 500 mg/kg) did not protect the animals against tonic hind limb extension induced by electroshock but produced a dose-dependen...

Lonchocarpus sericeus belonging to the papilionaceae family is a plant used in folk medicine for the treatment of convulsion, backache, constipation and anorexia. 2′,4′-dihydroxy-3′-(4-hydroxy-4-methyl pentenyl)-chalcone was isolated from the chloroform soluble fraction of the methanol extract of Lonchocarpus sericeus bark using a combination of si...

Antioxidant activity of methanol extract of Ethulia conyzoides was evaluated using the free radical scavenging activity of the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of the phosphomolybdenum method and the estimation of total phenolics content. The percent (%) scavenging (antioxidant) activity indicate a con...

Ethnopharmacological relevance: Securinega virosa is a commonly used medicinal plant in African traditional medicine in the management of epilepsy and mental illness. Previous studies in our laboratory showed that the crude methanol root bark extract of the plant possesses significant behavioral effect in laboratory animals. In an attempt to isola...

Crude saponin extracts of five medicinal plants used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases like rheumatoid arthritis, gout and haemorrhoids were screened for anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema test. These plants were the whole plant of Schwenkia americana Linn (WSA), the rhizomes of Asparagus africanus Lam (RAA)...

Partially purified saponin fraction was obtained from column chromatography of crude saponin precipitate of the aerial part of Anisopus mannii, and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility study against pathogenic microorganisms using the disc diffusion technique. The result of the antimicrobial activity indicated by zone of inhibition of growth r...

Extensive phytochemical investigations using silica gel column chromatography, gel filtration and preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) led to the isolation of 2' 4'-dihydroxy-4-prenyloxy chalcone from the methanol extract of Indigofera pulchra. The structure of this compound was elucidated with the help of NMR and mass spectroscopy. The anal...

This study was conducted to investigate the anti-Plasmodium berghei activities of some extracts from Indigofera pulchra leaves. Six groups of mice were intraperitoneally infected with chloroquine sensitive P. berghei (NK 65) among which two groups were orally treated with 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight of methanol leaves extract while another two gr...

The methanolic extract of the rhizome of Stylochiton lancifolius (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) was evaluated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities using acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced pain and formalin-induced-inflammation. The methanol extract exhibited significant (P<0.001) inhibition of acetic acid-induced writhing in mice an...

The chromatographic investigation of the n-butanol soluble fraction of methanolic extract of Ochna schweinfunthiana leaves using Sephadex LH-20 led to the isolation of Quercetin 3-O- β-D- glucopyranosyl (1→6)-α –rhamnoside. The structure of the compound was determined using NMR. The antimicrobial activity of the isolated compound was investigated u...

Cochlopermum tinctorium A Rich (Cochlospermaceae) is a commonly used medicinal plant in the West Africa sub-region for the management of various conditions including pain and inflammatory conditions. In the present study, we report the analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous methanol leaf (20-80 mg/kg), root (7.5-30 mg/kg) and roo...

This study was undertaken to investigate the leaf part of the plant for analgesic and anti-inflammatory. The ethanol extract of Ficus iteophylla leaves (100, 200, and 400 mg kg(-1), i.p) was evaluated for analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The analgesic effect was studied using acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction and hot plate test...

Leaf extract and fractions of Vernonia blumeoides were evaluated for total phenolics content (Folin-Ciocalteu method), free radical scavenging activity (1, l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical assay), total antioxidant capacity (Phosphomolybdate assay) and ferric reducing power. The results of the phenolics content expressed in mg/100 g of Gallic Ac...

Root of Securinega virosa Roxb. (Ex. Baill) Willd. is used in the management of epilepsy in African traditional medicine. Previous studies in our laboratory provided some scientific basis for the use of the root of the plant in the management of epilepsy. In this study, the residual aqueous fraction (RAF) was evaluated for anticonvulsant activity u...

Some Vernonia species (Vernonia ambigua, Vernonia blumeoides and Vernonia oocephala) used in Northern Nigerian traditional medicine, were subjected to phytochemical screening using standard procedures. The antibacterial activity using the disc diffusion method as outlined by the NCCLS was carried out on Klebsiella pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes...

Antioxidant evaluation of Albizia chevalieri used in Northern Nigerian traditional medicine, was carried out using the free radical scavenging activity of the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), total phenolics content and reducing power assay on the methanol leave extract. The results of the DPPH scavenging activity study indicate a con...

Anisopus mannii (Asclepiadaceae) -a plant widely used as an anti-diabetic agent in Northern Nigerian traditional medicine, was subjected to antioxidant evaluation. The crude methanol extract, n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions were investigated for free radical scavenging activity of the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH), total pheno...

This work reports on the evaluation of pentazocine and dipyrone analgesics on diazepam-induced sleep in mice. Diazepam (10 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally (ip) was used to determine the onset and duration of sleep in mice and the mean of both set values were calculated and recorded. Pentazocine 20, 30 and 50 mg/kg administered (ip) was found...

The antimicrobial activity of the acetone and methanol extracts of the leaves of Ochna schweinfurthiana F Hoffm (Ochnaceae) obtained through maceration was evaluated using disc diffusion and Nutrient broth dilution techniques. The microorganisms tested were: Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 021001, Bacillus subtilis NCTC 8236, Escherichia coli NCTC 10418...

The methanol extract of the aerial parts of Indigofera pulchra was evaluated for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities. The analgesic effect was studied using acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction and hot plate tests in mice, while the anti-inflammatory effect was investigated using carrageenan-induced paw oedema in rats. The results...

The plant Cochlospermum tinctorium A Rich (Cochlospermaceae) is a bushy plant attaining about 50 cm tall of widespread occurrence in Savanna and scrubland throughout the drier parts of West African regions. The plant has been reported to be used traditionally in the treatment of ulcer, fever and gastrointestinal diseases. In this work, the antidiar...

The plant, Cochlospermum tinctorium (Cochlospermaceae) is a bushy plant attaining about 50 cm tall. It is of widespread occurrence in the Savanna and scrubland. It occurs throughout the drier parts of West African sub-region. The plant has been reported to be used traditionally in the treatment of ulcer, fever and diarrhoea. The aqueous methanol le...

Xeromphis nilotica is a lowland shrub widespread in Northern Nigeria where it is used for treatment ofmental disorders. This study aimed at evaluating the behavioral effects of the residual aqueous fraction of the stembark extract of X. nilotica which is of relevance to its application in folklore medicine. The tests conducted werediazepam induced...

Antioxidant evaluation of Bauhinia rufescens used in Northern Nigerian traditional medicine, was carried out using 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and reducing power assay on the methanolic extract of the leaves. The results of the DPPH scavenging activity indicate a concentration dependent antioxidant activity with no significant dif...