Alexander Reiter

University of Pennsylvania | UP · School of Veterinary Medicine

The articular surfaces of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the cat consist of the articular head of the condylar process of the ramus of the mandible and the mandibular fossa of the petrous part of the temporal bone. Anatomic conformation of the TMJ articular surfaces can vary; however, this has not been studied in the cat. Thus, the aim of thi...

Acquired midline palate defects (PDE) affect the hard palate and/or soft palate, and result from trauma, commonly falling from a height or being hit by a motor vehicle. Additional life-threating injuries and costs associated with the treatment may delay the surgical treatment. This retrospective study describes signalment, cause, and extent of the...

This study was performed to report the dental abnormalities encountered in immature dogs with a history of mandibular fracture. Dogs were included in the study if mandibular fractures were diagnosed by means of oral examination and diagnostic imaging, they were treated with non-invasive or minimally invasive methods, and there was a follow-up exami...

Case series summary Three cats affected by unilateral temporomandibular joint ankylosis underwent segmental mandibulectomy, while one cat with bilateral ankylosis underwent right temporomandibular joint gap arthroplasty and left segmental mandibulectomy. Minimal intraoperative complications were linked to the segmental mandibulectomies in the cases...

This study was performed to report etiology, clinical presentation, and outcome of mandibular fractures in immature dogs treated with non-invasive or minimally invasive techniques. Immature dogs diagnosed with mandibular fractures from 2001 to 2016 were included in this study. Diagnosis of the mandibular fracture was achieved by oral examination an...

The main objective of oral and maxillofacial (OMF) tumor resection is to get local control of the disease. Many OMF tumors can be cured with wide or radical surgery, whereas others might only achieve temporary local control of the disease by removing infection and the source of pain, thereby improving the quality of life of the patient while keepin...

Radiographic assessment of the temporomandibular joint in the domestic cat using conventional radiographic views can be challenging due to superimposition of overlying structures and the complex anatomy of the skull. The use of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and cone beam computed tomography to assess the temporomandibular joint i...

Previous studies have suggested the involvement of viral and bacterial components in the initiation and progression of feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS), but the role of fungi remains entirely unknown. This pilot study aimed to investigate the bacteriome and mycobiome in feline oral health and disease. Physical exams, including oral health as...

Oral malignant melanoma (OMM) is considered the third most common oral malignant neoplasm in cats, but its variable morphology and frequent lack of melanin pigment make it a diagnostic challenge. Twenty-two cases of cats with malignant oral neoplasms that were diagnosed as OMM or listed OMM as a suspected differential diagnosis on the biopsy report...

Objectives Temporomandibular joint ankylosis (TMJA) is the partial or complete inability to open the mouth due to intra- or extra-articular fibrous, bony or fibro-osseous tissue proliferation. Surgical procedures such as gap arthroplasty, condylectomy or wide extra-articular osteotomy have been recommended to treat this condition; these techniques...

Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) imaging currently gains increased interest in human as well as veterinary medicine. The ability to image 3-dimensional (3D) biopsy specimens nondestructively down to 1 µm spatial resolution makes it a promising tool for microscopic tissue evaluation in addition to histopathology. Visualizing tumor margins and ca...

The masticatory and lining mucosa are the primary tissues affected by oral inflammation. This chapter deals with the diseases of the oral cavity and salivary glands in dogs and cats. It discusses gingivitis and periodontitis, stomatitis, odontogenic tumors and cysts, malignant melanoma, squamous cell carcinoma, eosinophilic granuloma, immune‐mediat...

Locoregional (local and regional) anesthesia is used routinely during surgical procedures of the head. The goal of this article is to provide a practical guide for the clinician to safely perform different techniques in dogs and cats and to minimize the risk of complications associated with locoregional anesthesia.

The objectives of this study were to retrospectively describe clinicopathological features of eosinophilic oral disease in dogs, to identify possible risk factors or predispositions to the condition, and to report overall treatment response. Canine medical records from a veterinary teaching hospital and private referral practice over a 17-year peri...

A cadaveric study was performed to investigate the external mechanical forces required to fracture maxillary fourth premolar teeth in domestic dogs and describe a clinically relevant model of chewing forces placed on functionally important teeth in which fracture patterns are consistent with those defined by the American Veterinary Dental College (...

This chapter is a conglomeration of contributed topics: Tooth Resorption in Cats, Feline Chronic Gingivostomatitis, with directions to feline topics covered in other chapters and additional information on miscellaneous feline oral and dental diseases. Tooth resorption (TR) is the most common disease affecting the dental hard tissues in domestic cat...

Peripheral odontogenic fibroma (POF) is an uncommon finding in the mouth of cats. Few cases have been reported in the literature. The present report describes an adolescent, male-castrated domestic shorthair cat with POFs at the rostral upper and lower jaws that were treated via marginal excision including removal of underlying bone. Despite the hi...

A 7-year-old male intact border terrier (8.5 kg) was presented with a large, painless mass apical to the right maxillary incisors. Diagnostic imaging and histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of periapical cyst due to a nonvital maxillary incisor. Extensive cysts are often multilocular and therefore difficult to debride without risk of iatrogenic...

Medical records of dogs diagnosed with masticatory muscle myositis (MMM) at Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania during a period of 17 years (from 1999 to 2015) were reviewed. Twenty-two dogs were included in this retrospective case series study. Immunosuppressive doses of prednisone were prescribed to all dogs. Twenty dogs ha...

This case report describes diagnosis, treatment, and outcome of maxillofacial trauma in a 9-week-old shih tzu. In addition to an open left mandibular body fracture and a right condylar process fracture, there were several relatively stable and minimally displaced right maxillary fractures. The torn soft tissues associated with the left mandibular b...

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00144.].

Lip avulsions are a common result of orofacial trauma in dogs and cats. Vehicular trauma and bite wounds are common causes. Surgical therapy is highly successful with early decontamination and tension-free closure. This retrospective case series assessed the signalment, causes, lesion location, treatment and outcome of lip avulsion injuries in dogs...

A search of the medical and dental records at Evidensia Lørenskog Dyreklinikk, in Lørenskog, Norway, was conducted to identify dogs that received temporary crown extensions (TCEs) to correct linguoverted mandibular canine (LMC) teeth over a 54-month investigation period (2012-2016). Criteria for inclusion into the study were the presence of complet...

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in the domestic dog is a synovial joint with 2 articular surfaces, the mandibular fossa of the squamous portion of the temporal bone and the articular head of the condylar process of the mandible. Although different diagnostic imaging techniques have been used to study the TMJ in dogs, morphologic and morphometric...

Case summary A 10-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair cat was presented for assessment of a gingival mass surrounding the left maxillary third and fourth premolar teeth. The mass was surgically removed by means of a marginal rim excision, and the tissue was submitted for histological assessment. It was identified as a benign cementoblastoma...

This chapter discusses the most commonly encountered oral surgical emergencies in dogs and cats. They include oral inflammation, tooth fractures, oral and maxillofacial swellings, tooth displacement injuries, palate defects, jaw fractures, temporomandibular joint luxation, open-mouth jaw locking, temporomandibular joint ankylosis, masticatory myosi...

A search of the medical and dental records at the Matthew J. Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania was conducted to identify dogs that received full or partial prosthodontic crowns over a 13-year period (2000-2012). Forty-one dogs with a total of 68 prosthodontic crowns were identified. Further criteria for acceptance into the...

Ossifying fibroma (OF) and fibrous dysplasia (FD) are benign, intraosseous, proliferative fibro-osseous lesions (PFOLs) characterized by replacement of normal bone by a fibrous matrix with various degrees of mineralization and ossification. Osteomas are benign tumors composed of mature, well-differentiated bone. Clinical, imaging, and histologic fe...

Objective: To evaluate long-term response of cats with stomatitis to tooth extraction. Design: Retrospective case series. Animals: 95 cats with stomatitis. Procedures: Medical records of cats with stomatitis that was treated with tooth extraction during a 14-year period were reviewed. Demographic information and diagnostic results were recor...

Practical relevance: Tooth extraction is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in small animal practice. Clinical challenges: The clinician must be familiar with normal oral anatomy, utilize nomenclature accepted in dentistry and oral surgery, use the modified Triadan system for numbering teeth, identify normal structures on a d...

Sixty-six guinea pigs with dental disease were presented to the University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria, from 2006 to 2010. Almost all patients had a history of eating difficulties (95 per cent) and underwent clinical and oral examination as well as CT of the head. Findings on extra- and intraoral examination were asymmetric elongation (...

Veterinary dentists commonly encounter apical periodontitis in dogs. An overview of the disease is presented, concentrating on pathogenesis and mechanisms of healing. Assessment modalities are reviewed and interpretations of treatment success and failure are discussed. The limitations of readily available diagnostic equipment are illustrated. The b...

This study assessed proof-of-concept for use of polyamine inhibitor 2-diluoromethylornithine (DFMO) as a treatment for oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in client-owned cats. Polyamine levels in tumor tissue and normal oral mucosa were quantified before and after treatment. DFMO was administered orally to 14 client-owned cats with histologically c...

Odontogenic neoplasms are locally invasive oral tumors in dogs. The purpose of this retrospective study was to describe CT characteristics for varying histopathologic types of canine odontogenic neoplasms. A board-certified veterinary radiologist who was unaware of histologic findings reviewed and scored imaging studies. A total of 29 dogs were inc...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of regional and distant metastasis in cats with advanced oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a retrospective case series. Forty-nine cats with cytologically- or histopathologically-confirmed oral SCC presented to the Matthew J Ryan Veterinary Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania. Hi...

Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics, treatments, outcomes, and factors associated with survival time in a cohort of dogs with lingual neoplasia that underwent surgical excision. Design: Retrospective case series. Animals-97 client-owned dogs. Procedures: Medical records of dogs with a lingual tumor examined between 1995 and 200...

This article provides an overview of equipment used for oral surgery. Specific instruments and materials used when performing relevant operative procedures are also mentioned in other articles in this issue.

Type 1 interferons (IFN1) elicit antiviral defenses by activating the cognate receptor composed of IFN-α/β receptor chain 1 (IFNAR1) and IFNAR2. Down-regulation of this receptor occurs through IFN1-stimulated IFNAR1 ubiquitination, which exposes a Y466-based linear endocytic motif within IFNAR1 to recruitment of the adaptin protein-2 complex (AP2)...

Medical records of cats with high-rise trauma were reviewed to document the prevalence and clinical manifestations of orofacial injury. Cats were presented over a 10-year period from January 2000 to December 2009. Signalment, weight, number of stories fallen, and survival data were recorded in 84 cats and physical examination findings were obtained...

Equine dentistry should no longer be thought of as art over science. To be an effective equine dental clinician requires considerable investment in knowledge beyond the basic veterinary degree. It requires current scientific dental knowledge and adherence to the fundamental principles of medicine, dentistry, and surgery. Knowledge and principles wi...

To determine whether severity of periodontal disease (PD) was associated with systemic health indices in dogs and whether treatment of PD altered systemic health indices. Prospective cohort study. 38 dogs. Healthy dogs with clinical signs of PD were included in the study. Physical examination, serum biochemical analysis, a CBC, urine evaluation, me...

Ferrets have increased in popularity as pets, and a growing number are seen in companion animal practice. Domestic ferrets are commonly used as animal models for research of human oral conditions. The present study evaluated the prevalence of oral pathology in rescued ferrets which - to the authors' knowledge - has not yet been described in the sci...

This case series describes clinical, radiographic, and histopathological features of mandibular swellings in 5 immature, large breed dogs. The dogs originated from different regions of the United States. In each case, intraoral dental radiography of the jaw swelling revealed a two-layered (double) ventral mandibular cortex. Biopsy was performed in...

X-linked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (XLHED) occurs in several species, including humans, mice, cattle and dogs. The orofacial manifestations of ectodermal dysplasia in humans and mice have been extensively studied, but documentation of dental abnormalities in dogs is lacking. The current study describes the results of clinical and radiograph...

Accepted dental formulas for the deciduous and permanent dentition in the dog1: • Deciduous teeth: (3 upper/3 lower incisors, 1 upper/1 lower canine, 3 upper/3 lower premolars) × 2 = 28 teeth. • Permanent teeth: (3 upper/3 lower incisors, 1 upper/1 lower canine, 4 upper/4 lower premolars, 2 upper/3 lower molars) × 2 = 42 teeth. The modified Triadan...

To determine outcome associated with use of a balloon-expandable metallic stent for treatment of nasopharyngeal stenosis in dogs and cats. Retrospective case series. 3 dogs and 3 cats. All 6 animals had severe inspiratory stertor at initial examination. Two animals had no orifice present at the stenosis. Nasopharyngeal stenosis was diagnosed and st...

A 6-year-old German Shorthaired Pointer was evaluated for possible reconstruction of a mandibular defect resulting from gunshot trauma. A 5-cm defect of the right mandibular body was evident. A segment of the mandibular body was removed 9 weeks earlier because of severe contamination and comminution associated with gunshot trauma. Subsequent right-...

Abnormal extrusion of canine teeth is often noted in middle-aged and geriatric domestic cats. The same age group of cats also is commonly affected by tooth resorption (TR). This study explored the relationship between these two phenomena of unknown etiology. Using digital radiography, the distance between the alveolar margin (AM) and cementoenamel...

This article presents a review of differences in physioanatomy of the masticatory apparatus and pathophysiology of dental disease in rabbits, guinea pigs, and chinchillas. The entire dentition of these commonly kept pets is aradicular hypsodont, with teeth that continue to grow throughout life. This peculiarity of nature is present in animals with...

This case report describes endodontic, restorative, and periodontal treatment of a complicated crown-root fracture of the right maxillary fourth premolar tooth in a dog. A buccal portion ('slab') had separated from the tooth, which extended subgingivally into root structure. Following completion of standard root canal therapy, a periodontal flap wa...

Lasers have become a popular tool in veterinary practice, particularly the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. In humans, the CO2 laser is used most commonly in oral and maxillofacial soft tissue surgery due to its favorable interactions with oral soft tissues. Other types of lasers are better suited for use on hard tissues such as enamel and dentin. This...

To document computed tomography (CT) features in dogs with masticatory myositis. Retrospective case series. 7 dogs with an immunologic diagnosis of masticatory myositis and an absence of clinical abnormalities of any skeletal muscles other than the masticatory muscles. History; clinical, hematologic, biochemical, immunologic, cytologic, and histolo...

The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the subgingival aerobic and anaerobic flora of 13 dogs with periodontal disease and the susceptibility of these bacteria to antibiotics currently approved in Italy for treatment of canine infections. Of the anaerobic bacteria, Bacteroides fragilis was most frequently isolated, followed by Peptost...

Nine client-owned dogs presented with periodontally and/or endodontically involved mandibular or maxillary carnassial teeth that were either individually affected or adjacent to a jaw fracture. A total of 10 teeth were hemisected (8 mandibular first molar teeth and 2 maxillary fourth premolar teeth), and one crown-root segment was extracted for eac...

This case report describes repair of a gingival cleft located on the labial aspect of the maxillary left canine tooth in a client-owned dog. Multiple procedures were performed including elevation of a pedicle flap, granulation tissue removal, alveoloplasty and root planing, and placement of an osteoconductive bone graft material. The surgical site...

The present report describes treatment of a dog with generalized gingival enlargement and serves as a review of etiology and treatment options for this condition. The combined use of scalpel blade, electrosurgical equipment, and a 12-fluted bur on a high-speed handpiece with water irrigation allowed for accurate excision of excess gingival tissue a...