Alexander Mironov

• PhD, Head of Laboratory
• Principal Investigator at Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology

In Escherichia coli cells, the main enzymes involved in pentose interconversion are ribose-5-phosphate isomerases RpiA and RpiB and ribulose-5-phosphate epimerase Rpe. The inactivation of rpiAB limits ribose-5-phosphate (R5P) synthesis via the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and unexpectedly results in antibiotic supersensit...

Disruption of both branches of the canonical pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) in E. coli by combined inactivation of the zwf and talAB genes provokes the restoration of the ancient anabolic variant of PPP (aPPP). In the aPPP, pentose-5-phosphates are synthesized unidirectionally from fructose-6-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate by transketola...

Low molecular-weight thiols as glutathione and cysteine are an important part of the cell’s redox regulation system. Previously, we have shown that inactivation of ADP-heptose synthesis in Escherichia coli with a gmhA deletion induces the oxidative stress. It is accompanied by rearrangement of thiol homeostasis and increased sensitivity to antibiot...

Inactivation of enzymes responsible for biosynthesis of the cell wall component of ADP-glycero-manno-heptose causes the development of oxidative stress and sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics of a hydrophobic nature. The metabolic precursor of ADP-heptose is sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (S7P), an intermediate of the non-oxidative branch of the pent...

Low molecular weight thiols as glutathione and cysteine are an important part of the cell’s redox regulation system. Previously, we have shown that inactivation of ADP-heptose synthesis in Escherichia coli during gmhA deletion induces the oxidative stress. It is accompanied by rearrangement of thiol homeostasis and increased sensitivity to antibiot...

Second messenger (p)ppGpp (collectively guanosine tetraphosphate and guanosine pentaphosphate) mediates bacterial adaptation to nutritional stress by modulating transcription initiation. More recently, ppGpp has been implicated in coupling transcription and DNA repair; however, the mechanism of ppGpp engagement remained elusive. Here we present str...

Counteraction of the origin and distribution of multidrug-resistant pathogens responsible for intra-hospital infections is a worldwide issue in medicine. In this brief review, we discuss the results of our recent investigations, which argue that many antibiotics, along with inactivation of their traditional biochemical targets, can induce oxidative...

Counteraction of the origin and distribution of multidrug-resistant pathogens responsible for intra-hospital infections is a worldwide issue in medicine. In this brief review, we discuss the results of our recent investigations, which argue that many antibiotics, along with inactivation of their traditional biochemical targets, can induce oxidative...

Impaired lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis in Gram-negative bacteria results in the “deep rough” phenotype, which is characterized by increased sensitivity of cells to various hydrophobic compounds, including antibiotics novobiocin, actinomycin D, erythromycin, etc. The present study showed that E. coli mutants carrying deletions of the ADP-heptose b...

In cells of Escherichia coli, terminal oxidase bd-I encoded by the cydAB gene catalyzes the reduction of O2 to water using hydroquinone as an electron donor. In addition to the cydAB operon, two other genes, cydC and cydD, encoding the heterodimeric ATP-binding cassette-type transporter are essential for the assembly of cytochrome bd-I. It was show...

Hyaluronic acid finds expanding application in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, resulting in an increasing need for the high-quality substance. The main production processes to obtain hyaluronic acid in commercial quantities are extraction from animal tissues and bacterial fermentation using opportunistic Streptococcus strains. The produ...

The pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the formation of cerebral amyloid plaques, the main components of which are the modified Aβ molecules as well as the metal ions. Aβ isomerized at Asp7 residue (isoD7-Aβ) is the most abundant isoform in amyloid plaques. We hypothesized that the pathogenic effect of isoD7-Aβ is due to th...

Uridine phosphorylases are known as key targets for the development of new anticancer and antiparasitic agents. Crystals of uridine phosphorylase from the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio cholerae were grown in microgravity by the capillary counter-diffusion method on board of the International Space Station . The three-dimensional structure of this enz...

Glutathione (GSH) is the most abundant cellular antioxidant. As reactive oxygen species (ROS) are widely believed to promote aging and age-related diseases, and antioxidants can neutralize ROS, it follows that GSH and its precursor, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), are among the most popular dietary supplements. However, the long- term effects of GSH or NA...

Turning down tolerance Persister cells, which are found in abundance in biofilms, adopt a quiescent state and survive antimicrobial treatments, seeding disease recurrence and incubating new resistance mutations. Building on work implicating the reactive small-molecule hydrogen sulfide in bacterial defense against antibiotics, Shatalin et al. conduc...

Rho is a general transcription termination factor playing essential roles in RNA polymerase (RNAP) recycling, gene regulation, and genomic stability in most bacteria. Traditional models of transcription termination postulate that hexameric Rho loads onto RNA prior to contacting RNAP and then translocates along the transcript in pursuit of the movin...

Significance The CydDC complex is involved in the assembly of cytochrome bd -I, a terminal oxidase of the respiratory chain required for growth under low oxygen conditions. It has been suggested that CydDC shuttles excessive l -cysteine from the cytoplasm to the periplasm, thereby maintaining bacterial redox homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that t...

The strains of Bacillus subtilis are of great importance in veterinary medicine, medicine and biotechnology. The growing need for biotechnology products makes us constantly improve the properties of biotechnological strains. Strains with improved characteristics can be obtained using rational design, technologies of directed evolution, as well as t...

Bacillus subtilis bacteria play an important role in veterinary medicine, medicine, and biotechnology, and the permanently growing demand for biotechnological products fuels the improvement of the properties of biotechnological strains. B. subtilis strains with improved characteristics maybe obtained by rational design and the directed evolution te...

The paradoxical effect of deletion of the Escherichia coli genes cysK and cysM encoding cysteine synthase enzymes has been studied: such cysteine auxotrophs actively degrade the excess of cysteine transported from the medium to form H2S. We have shown that deletions of any of the known genes controlling the degradation of exogenous cysteine, includ...

The structure of bacterial uridine phosphorylase (UPh) belonging to the NP-I family in complex with 6-methyluracil was determined for the first time at 1.17 Å resolution. The structural features of bacterial UPh from the bacterium Vibrio cholerae (VchUPh) responsible for selectivity toward 6-methyluracil acting as a pseudosubstrate were revealed. T...

A high-sugar diet has been associated with reduced lifespan in organisms ranging from worms to mammals. However, the mechanisms underlying the harmful effects of glucose are poorly understood. Here we establish a causative relationship between endogenous glucose storage in the form of glycogen, resistance to oxidative stress and organismal aging in...

Endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) renders bacteria highly resistant to oxidative stress, but its mechanism remains poorly understood. Here, we report that 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase (3MST) is the major source of endogenous H2S in Escherichia coli Cellular resistance to H2O2 strongly depends on the activity of mstA, a gene that encodes 3MS...

The riboside derivative acadesine (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside) is currently being tested in clinical trials as a promising anti-tumor drug. Intracellular target of acadesine is adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (АМРК), an important regulatory molecule of energy metabolism. It is expected that acadesine would...

Recently published data on the separation and quantification of natural nucleosides and some of their derivatives by thin-layer chromatography on silica gel have been summarized. The use of more than 20 mobile systems for the separation of more than 52 nucleosides and derivatives was discussed; in a few cases, the conditions for their densitometry...

Resistance to butanol is a key factor affecting microbial ability to produce economically profitable amounts of butanol. In this study, an Escherichia coli strain capable of growth in the presence of 1.5% butanol was isolated. The mutant MG1655 ButR was characterized by increased resistance to ethanol, isopropanol, and bivalent ions but exhibited s...

Riboswitches are RNA sensors ofsmallmetabolites and ions that regulate gene expression in response to environmental changes. In bacteria, the riboswitch sensor domain usually controls the formation of a strong RNA hairpin that either functions as a potent transcription terminator or sequesters a ribosome-binding site. A recent study demonstrated a...

In many types of human tumor cells and infectious agents, the demand for pyrimidine nitrogen bases increases during the development of the disease, thus increasing the role of the enzyme uridine phosphorylase in metabolic processes. The rational use of uridine phosphorylase and its ligands in pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries requires kno...

Pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylases, which are widely used in the biotechnological production of nucleosides, have different substrate specificity for pyrimidine nucleosides. An interesting feature of these enzymes is that the three-dimensional structure of thymidine-specific nucleoside phosphorylase is similar to the structure of nonspecific pyri...

A starvation survival signal fights DNA damage The alarmone guanosine-3′,5′-(bis)pyrophosphate (ppGpp) shuts down transcription in bacteria that are starving. This “stringent response” helps them conserve energy and survive adverse conditions. Kamarthapu et al. show that ppGpp is also essential for DNA repair. ppGpp couples transcription elongation...

Highly specific thymidine phosphorylases catalyze the phosphorolytic cleavage of thymidine, with the help of a phosphate ion, resulting in thymine and 2-deoxy-α-d-ribose 1-phosphate. Thymidine phosphorylases do not catalyze the phosphorolysis of uridine, in contrast to nonspecific pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylases and uridine phosphorylases. Und...

Uridine phosphorylases play an essential role in the cellular metabolism of some antibacterial agents. Acute infectious diseases (bubonic plague, yersiniosis, pseudotuberculosis, etc., caused by bacteria of the genus Yersinia) are treated using both sulfanilamide medicines and antibiotics, including trimethoprim. The action of an antibiotic on a ba...

Highly sensitive specific lux biosensors based on Escherichia coli bacteria have been designed for the detection of tetracycline, β-lactam, and quinolone antibiotics. The bacteria contain pTetA'::lux, pAmpC'::lux, pColD'::lux hybrid plasmids in which the transcription of the luxCDABE reporter genes of Photorhabdus luminescens is performed under the...

Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) is an alkylating agent commonly used in models of genotoxic stress. It methylates bases in DNA but also leads to oxidative stress. The transcription factor Rpn4 protects yeast cells from toxic effect of MMS. Although Rpn4 is a major regulator of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), a number of data points to its particip...

We studied the regulation of the Bacillus subtilis ypaA gene-encoding riboflavin-transporter protein involving FMN-dependent sensor RNA. Using translational fusions of the wild-type ypaA gene with the lacZ-reporter gene in the leader region we showed that in vivo ypaA gene expression decreased more than 10-fold in the presence of endogenous FMN. In...

Quinolone antibiotics inhibit DNA gyrase, but the induced degradation of chromosomal DNA is determined by a complex process of the joint action of quinolones and hydroxyl radical, OH’. In this study, we used inducible specific lux biosensors, i.e., Escherichia coli bacteria containing hybrid plasmids pColD’::lux, pSoxS’::lux, and pKatG’::lux, to qu...

The complete decipherment of the functions and interactions of the elements of the riboflavin biosynthesis operon (rib operon) of Bacillus subtilis are necessary for the development of superproducers of this important vitamin. The function of its terminal ribT gene has not been established to date. In this work, a search for homologs of the hypothe...

In previous research, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by various bacteria into the chemospherewere suggested to play a signiicant role in the antagonistic interactions betweenmicroorganisms occupying the same ecological niche and between bacteria and target eukaryotes. Moreover, a number of volatiles released by bacteria were reported to...

Figure S1-A GC/MS chromatogram of VOCs emitted by P. chlororaphis 449 (growth on LA 24 h) Figure S1-B GC/MS chromatogram of VOCs emitted by S. proteamaculans 94 (growth on LA 24 h) S1-A and S1-B, Headspace peak areas of volatiles produced by strains P. chlororaphis 449 and S. proteamaculans 94, respectively, grown on LA for 24 h at 28°C. VOCs were...

We studied the regulation of the Bacillus subtilis ypaA gene-encoding riboflavin-transporter by FMN riboswitch. Using translational fusions of the leader region of wild-type ypaA gene with the lacZ-reporter gene in the leader region we showed that in vivo ypaA gene expression decreased more than 10-fold in the presence of endogenous FMN. Introducti...

UvrD helicase is required for nucleotide excision repair, although its role in this process is not well defined. Here we show that Escherichia coli UvrD binds RNA polymerase during transcription elongation and, using its helicase/translocase activity, forces RNA polymerase to slide backward along DNA. By inducing backtracking, UvrD exposes DNA lesi...

Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) is an alkylating agent commonly used in models of genotoxic stress. It methylates bases in DNA, but also leads to oxidative stress. The transcription factor Rpn4 protects yeast cells from toxic effect of MMS. Although Rpn4 is a major regulator of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), a number of data points to its partici...

A composition demonstrating anti-rabies activity was developed on the basis of isoform Sm1 of Serratia marcescens endonuclease. Besides the enzyme the composition contained Haemodes-N, magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride. Injection of this composition at a mouse's infection cite, two hours after the mouse has been infected with rabies, showed an...

Uridine phosphorylase catalyzes the phosphorolysis of ribonucleosides, with the nitrogenous base and ribose 1-phosphate as products. Additionally, it catalyzes the reverse reaction of the synthesis of ribonucleosides from ribose 1-phosphate and a nitrogenous base. However, the enzyme does not catalyze the synthesis of nucleosides when the substrate...

The 26S proteasome is an ATP-dependent multi-subunit protease complex and the major regulator of intracellular protein turnover and quality control. However, its role in the DNA damage response is controversial. We addressed this question in yeast by disrupting the transcriptional regulation of the PRE1 proteasomal gene. The mutant strain has decre...

We studied the cytotoxicity of acadesine (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside) for tumor and normal cells of various species and tissue origin. In tumor cells, acadesine triggered non-apoptotic death; the potency of the compound to normal cells was substantially lower. Acadesine was toxic for tumor cells with multidrug resistant phe...

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule in multicellular organisms. Most animals produce NO from L-arginine via a family of dedicated enzymes known as NO synthases (NOSes). A rare exception is the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans, which lacks its own NOS. However, in its natural environment, C. elegans feeds on Bacilli that possess fun...

A high-resolution structure of the complex of Vibrio cholerae uridine phosphorylase (VchUPh) with its physiological ligand thymidine is important in order to determine the mechanism of the substrate specificity of the enzyme and for the rational design of pharmacological modulators. Here, the expression and purification of VchUPh and the crystalliz...

The influence of butanol on the expression of ompC gene encoding synthesis of OmpC porin in the MG1655 strain of E. coli and butanol-tolerant mutant ButR was studied. It was shown that in the case of wild bacteria, the addition of butanol to the growth medium results in an increased level of ompC transcription. However, OmpC porin is not detected i...

The transcription start sites of two internal promoters, the P2 and P3 promoters, in the Bacillus subtilis riboflavin biosynthesis operon were identified by primer extension. Putative −35 and −10 sequences that are recognized by the vegetative δ70 subunit of RNA polymerase have been found upstream of the P2 and P3 transcription start sites. The rel...

Uridine phosphorylase (UPh), which is a key enzyme in the reutilization pathway of pyrimidine nucleoside metabolism, is a validated target for the treatment of infectious diseases and cancer. A detailed analysis of the interactions of UPh with the therapeutic ligand 5-fluorouracil (5-FUra) is important for the rational design of pharmacological inh...

Resistance to butanol is a key factor affecting microbial ability to produce economically profitable amounts of butanol. In this study, an Escherichia coli strain capable of growth in the presence of 1.5% butanol was isolated. The mutant MG1655 ButR was characterized by increased resistance to ethanol, isopropanol, and bivalent ions but exhibited s...

Riboswitches are RNA sensors that regulate gene expression upon binding specific metabolites or ions. Bacterial riboswitches control gene expression primarily by promoting intrinsic transcription termination or by inhibiting translation initiation. We now report a third general mechanism of riboswitch action: governing the ability of the RNA-depend...

Many prokaryotic species generate hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in their natural environments. However, the biochemistry and physiological role of this gas in nonsulfur bacteria remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that inactivation of putative cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase, or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in Bacillus anth...

Expression of Bacillus subtilis purine (purE) operon is a subject of double negative control involving repressor protein PurR and a transcription terminator located in the operon leader region. We have performed site-directed mutagenesis of the specific motives, which are involved in formation of alternative hairpin structures, one of which produce...

The elongation complex, which involves RNA polymerase, DNA template and nascent RNA, is a central intermediate in transcription cycle. It is elongation complex that represents the main target for the action of different regulatory factors. Over the past several years, many structural and biochemical data have been obtained that shed light upon the...

The nucleotide sequence of the ribC gene encoding the synthesis ofbifunctional flavokinase/flavine adenine nucleotide (FAD) synthetase in Bacillus subtilis have been determined in a family of riboflavin-constitutive mutants. Two mutations have been found in the proximal region of the gene, which controls the transferase (FAD synthase) activity. Thr...

The nucleotide sequence of the ribC gene encoding the synthesis of bifunctional flavokinase/flavine adenine nucleotide (FAD) synthetase in Bacillus subtilis have been determined in a family of riboflavinconstitutive mutants. Two mutations have been found in the proximal region of the gene, which controls the transferase (FAD synthase) activity. Thr...

AICAR is a natural compound, an analogue and precursor of adenosine. As activator of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), AICAR has a broad therapeutic potential, since it normalizes the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and inhibits the proliferation of tumor cells. The synthesis of AICAR inBacillus subtiliscells is controlled by the enzymes of pu...

Multistage construction of an E. coli strain containing no foreign genes which is capable of producing butyrate has been carried out. At the first stage, deletions in gene fadR encoding a protein repressor of an operon for fatty acid degradation and gene aceF responsible for the synthesis of pyruvate dehydrogenase were introduced in the strain MG16...

A procedure was developed for express analysis of thymidine by high-performance thin-layer chromatography in the cultural liquid in the course of microbiological synthesis.

During transcription of protein-coding genes, bacterial RNA polymerase (RNAP) is closely followed by a ribosome that translates the newly synthesized transcript. Our in vivo measurements show that the overall elongation rate of transcription is tightly controlled by the rate of translation. Acceleration and deceleration of a ribosome result in corr...

Alkylhydroxybenzenes (AHB) were found to control the activation of protective functions of microorganisms by inducing stress gene expression and increasing the frequency of the intrapopulation phase transitions which are responsible for the phenotypic variability of bacteria. We established the dependence of the regulatory effects of AHB on their s...

Among Bacillus subtilis riboflavin-resistant mutants we identified one, which differed from other regulatory mutants by overproduction of riboflavin and simultaneous upregulation of the ribC gene encoding flavokinase/FAD-synthase. Genetic and biochemical analysis showed that the ribU1 mutation determines a trans-acting factor that simultaneously re...

Gene yddG of Escherichia coli encodes a protein of the inner membrane. Data obtained earlier demonstrated that under conditions of aromatic amino acids overproduction YddG promotes their export from E. coli cells. In this work, a method of primer extension was used to localize the P yddG promoter, which corresponds to E. coli promoters recognized b...

Natural RNA sensors of small molecules (a.k.a. riboswitches) regulate numerous metabolic genes. In bacteria, these RNA elements control transcription termination and translation initiation by changing the folding pathway of nascent RNA upon direct binding of a metabolite. To identify and study riboswitches we used in vitro reconstituted solid-phase...

Insertion and deletion mutagenesis of the leader region of the Bacillus subtilis rib operon encoding FMN-specific sensor RNA was conducted. Insertions of different structure and length in the conservative motif of the leader sequence (Rfn-element) were shown to cause partially constitutive expression of the operon resulted in an increased accumulat...

Site-directed mutagenesis was used to study the leader region of the Bacillus subtilis pbuE gene, which codes for adenine-specific sensor RNA. Two nucleotide substitutions, 70U --> C and A100 --> G, in the conserved region (A box) of the leader changed the specificity of the sensor RNA in vivo: guanine acted as a positive transcription effector in...

Site-directed mutagenesis was used to study the leader region of the Bacillus subtilis pbuE gene, which codes for adenine-specific sensor RNA. Two nucleotide substitutions, 70U → C and A100 → G, in the conserved region (A box) of the leader changed the specificity of the sensor RNA in vivo: guanine acted as a positive transcription effector in plac...

Uridine phosphorylase (UPh) catalyzes the phosphorolytic cleavage of the C-N glycosidic bond of uridine to ribose 1-phosphate and uracil in the pyrimidine-salvage pathway. The crystal structure of the Salmonella typhimurium uridine phosphorylase (StUPh) has been determined at 2.5 A resolution and refined to an R factor of 22.1% and an Rfree of 27.9...

Expression of the microcin C51 operon in Escherichia coli cells is activated during cell entry into the stationary growth phase and depends on the sigmaS subunit of RNA polymerase (RpoS). The null rpoS mutations retained the residual expression level of the transcriptional P(mcc)-lac fusion, which indicates that other sigma subunit can participate...

Analysis of the phenotypic manifestation of inactivation of several genes from the ytlI-ytnM operon containing the ribR gene and results of Northern hybridization showed that the ribR gene does not have the self promoter and is transcribed from the main promoter of the ytlI-ytnM operon. Two sites of single nucleotide substitutions leading to derepr...

The structural udp gene encoding uridine phosphorylase (UPh) was cloned from the Salmonella typhimurium chromosome and overexpressed in Escherichia coli cells. S. typhimurium UPh (StUPh) was purified to apparent homogeneity and crystallized. The primary structure of StUPh has high homology to the UPh from E. coli, but the enzymes differ substantial...

Aptamers are artificial nucleic acids that selectively bind small molecules. In the past two years, it has become clear that nature has already devised its own aptamers that play important regulatory roles. RNA sensors have been discovered in both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria that function as molecular switches in response to direct bin...

Expression of the microcin C51 operon in Escherichia coli cells is activated during cell entry into the stationary growth phase and depends on the S subunit of RNA polymerase (RpoS). The null rpoS mutations retained the residual expression level of the transcriptional Pmcc-lac fusion, which indicates that other sigma subunit can participate in the...

Analysis of the phenotypic manifestation of inactivation of several genes from the ytlI–ytnM operon containing the ribR gene and results of Northern hybridization showed that theribR gene does not have the self promoter and is transcribed from the main promoter of the ytlI–ytnM operon. Two sites of single nucleotide substitutions leading to derepre...

Effect of mutations in the -10 and -35 regions of the udp gene promoter on the nature of its regulation by CytR and CRP proteins was studied. In studies of expression of mutant promoters, competition between RNA polymerase and the CytR repressor for the promoter region of the udp gene was shown. In the presence of the improved -10 region, the intro...

The nucleotide sequences of the udp gene encoding uridine phosphorylase of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis and Vibrio cholerae are presented and compared with the udp sequences of Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Both genes contain 759 bases and encode a 253 amino acid polypeptide, which is the same as for E. coli and S. typhimurium. The am...

Many operons in Gram-positive bacteria that are involved in methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) biosynthesis possess an evolutionarily conserved regulatory leader sequence (S-box) that positively controls these genes in response to methionine starvation. Here, we demonstrate that a feed-back regulation mechanism utilizes S-adenosyl-methionine as an...

The promoter of the Escherichia coli udp gene contains the poly-T (5'-TTTTT-3') motif in the transcription start region located at the distance of 3 nucleotides with respect to the Pribnow box. By means of site-directed mutagenesis, mutations in the +1, -1, and +3 positions of this region were isolated and their functional role in transcription ini...

Thiamin and riboflavin are precursors of essential coenzymes-thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN)/flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), respectively. In Bacillus spp, genes responsible for thiamin and riboflavin biosynthesis are organized in tightly controllable operons. Here, we demonstrate that the feedback regulation of ribof...

Site-directed mutagenesis was conducted in the regulatory region of the Escherichia coli udp gene at promoter sites responsible for binding regulatory proteins CRP and CytR as well as RNA polymerase (the core-promoter containing the--10 sequence). In mutants with an "improved"--10 region, a partial relief from the control of the cAMP-CRP transcript...

Structural and functional organization of the mutant udpP18 promoter generated after the spontaneous deletion of the G base in the -79 position relative to the start site of transcription from the main (P1) promoter within the regulatory region of the udp gene was studied. In this mutant, a new, functionally active promoter (P2) with the start site...

Structural and functional organization of the mutant udpP18 promoter generated after the spontaneous deletion of the G base in the –79 position relative to the start site of transcription from the main (P1) promoter within the regulatory region of the udp gene was studied. In this mutant, a new, functionally active promoter (P2) with the start site...

Sequence analysis of several Bacillus subtilis mutants with increased activity of flavokinase/FAD-synthase and the results of Northern hybridization showed that the TTGCCG-17n-TACATT motif localized to the C-end of the truB gene is a regulatory region that controls the ribC gene at the level of transcription.

Sequence analysis of several Bacillus subtilismutants with increased activity of flavokinase/FAD-synthase and the results of Nothern hybridization showed that the TTGCCG-17 n -TACATT motif localized to the C-end of the truBgene is a regulatory region that controls the ribCgene at the level of transcription.