Aleksey Sidorchuk- Doctor of Science
- Researcher at Lomonosov Moscow State University
Aleksey Sidorchuk
- Doctor of Science
- Researcher at Lomonosov Moscow State University
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Introduction
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May 2001 - May 2006
May 1969 - present
Publications
Publications (148)
The headwaters of the river systems on the East European Plain between the boundaries of the Late Valdai (Marine Isotope Stage 2 – MIS 2) and the Moscow (MIS 6) glaciations developed during the last 150,000 years. During this time, there were at least three climatic episodes characterised by very high relative to modern surface runoff causing inten...
It has been well established that during the late Quaternary, the Khvalynian transgression of the Caspian Sea occurred, when the sea level rose tens of meters above the present level. Here, we evaluate the physical feasibility of the hypothesis that the maximum phase of this extraordinary event (known as the “Early Khvalynian transgression”) could...
The rates of incision and aggradation in the channels in the Terek River basin (North Caucasus) for the last 50–85 years were estimated at 18 gauging stations. The stage–discharge method (annual low water stages at the same discharges) was applied. The stability of the Terek River channel was recorded on the tectonically subsiding Tersko–Kuma Lowla...
It has been well established that during the late Quaternary, the Khvalynian transgression of the Caspian Sea occurred, when the sea level rose tens of meters above the present one. Here, we evaluate the physical feasibility of the hypothesis that the maximum phase of this extraordinary event (known as the “Early Khvalynian transgression”) could be...
1 Московский государственный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова, географический факультет, научно-исследовательская лабо-ратория эрозии почв и русловых процессов имени Н.И. Маккавеева, вед. науч. с.,
1995], так и на поймах малых и средних рек [Sidorchuk, 2003]. Эти процессы определяются, во-первых, ускоренной эро-зией на сельскохозяйственных землях, во-вторых, недостаточной транспортирующей способностью потоков в верхних звеньях речной сети и слабой со-пряженностью склоновой и долинной частей эрози-онно-русловых систем. В результате в бассейнах...
1961], вышедшей в 1924 г. уже после смерти автора, В. Пенк обосновал необходи-мость исследования эндогенных и экзогенных про-цессов формирования рельефа с помощью количе-ственного дифференциального метода. Такой под-ход противопоставлялся доминировавшему тогда качественному анализу процесса формирования ре-льефа [Дэвис, 1962]. Сам В. Пенк, фактичес...
The hydrological regime of large meandering rivers of the West Siberian Plain in the Late Pleniglacial/Late Glacial was reconstructed from the hydraulic geometry of palaeochannels. The main tools for the reconstruction were the power law relationship between channel bankfull width and mean maximum discharge, taken in the downstream direction, and r...
The headwaters of fluvial systems on the East European Plain between the boundaries of the Marine Isotope Stage 2 (MIS 2) and MIS 6 glaciations evolved during the last 150,000 years. At least three main events of high surface runoff caused intensive erosion: at the end of MIS 6, at the end of MIS 2 and in the Middle Holocene. Erosion developed in t...
The stochastic gully erosion model (STOGEM) is based on a combination of deterministic mechanics and a stochastic description of the erosion control factors. The main proposition in the model is that the depth of the active surface layer of eroded cohesive soil is equal to one particle diameter, and the deposition of eroded particles is negligible....
The type of modelling of gully erosion for the projects of land management depend on the targets and degree of details of these projects, as well as on the availability of input data. The set of four models cover a broad range of possible applications. The most detailed information about predicted gullies, change of their depth, width, and volume t...
Networks of dry valleys (or balkas) and hollows in the upper reaches of fluvial basins in extraglacial areas in the Penultimate Glaciation (Marine Isotope Stage 6—MIS 6) regions of the East European Plain demonstrate clear incision/aggradation rhythms corresponding to global glacial/interglacial climate cycles. The first phase of each incision/aggr...
The Yamal peninsula is a territory of active industrial development as it contains several rich fields of natural condensed gas and oil. The density of the gullies net on the Yamal peninsula is one of the highest in the Russian Arctic. The natural environment or constructions can be potentially damaged by gully erosion and the cost of such damage i...
The net of dry valleys, gullies and shallow hollows is typical for the East European Plain. Dense vegetation usually covers their bottoms and slopes, so the modern erosion there is negligible in the pristine conditions. This erosion landscape formed in periglacial conditions during the terminations of the last two glaciations. The same kind of the...
Извилистость потока есть его неотъемлемое свойство, следствие неустойчивости прямолинейного движения при превышении некоторых энергетических характеристик. Метод малых возмущений дает возможность рассчитать морфологические параметры начальных изгибов потока и размеры грядовых русловых форм, которые образуются в размываемом русле потока как отображе...
16-18 тысяч лет назад на южном мегасклоне Восточно-Европейской равнины поверхностный сток воды метеорного происхождения достигал катастрофических величин. Продолжительность этого этапа составляла 2-3 тыс. лет. Катастрофический поверхностный сток проходил в условиях разреженной перигляциальной растительности и сопровождался интенсивной эрозией по вс...
Large palaeomeanders represent a characteristic morphological aspect of many valley floors worldwide. Although the present overview is limited to the European territory, a review of extent, age, geometry and significance in terms of former discharge conditions of large palaeomeanders is timely. Their large size was a function of unusually high rive...
The Yamal Peninsula occupies the northern part of the West Siberian Plain in Russia. This territory has rapidly developed due to the exploitation of several gas fields. At the same time, the Yamal Peninsula is one of the most severely gullied landscapes in the Arctic. The potential risk of damage to the environment or structures and the cost of suc...
The estimates of water flow in the paleorivers with known paleochannel morphometry was compared with basic hydrological and climatic indicators found by paleogeographic analogy in the regions-analogues, determined by fossil flora analysis from the Holocene (from the present to 10 thousand years ago), the Late Valday (17–18 thousand years ago) and b...
Annotation
The monograph is devoted to the analysis of trends in the rates of erosion processes on the agricultural lands of the south of the forest, forest-steppe and steppe zones of the European territory of Russia from the beginning of the 1960s to the present. Multi-scale studies were conducted using a set of modern methods for quantifying the...
The modern fluvial system on the lowland East European Plain is of depositional type. Sediment transport to the seas is only a few percent of the total erosion, and the main part of eroded material is accumulated in the channels. The recent deposition of suspended sediments is caused by accelerated soil erosion on the arable slopes, which led to a...
A.Yu. Sidorchuk, A.V. Panin, O.K. Borisova
RIVER RUNOFF ON THE EAST EUROPEAN PLAIN OVER
THE LAST 20 THOUSAND YEARS AND THE PROBLEM OF
CHANGING THE LEVELS OF THE SOUTHERN SEAS
River runoff from the East European Plain reached a maximum in the
Lateglacial time (from 16-18 to 13 thousand years ago). The main causes
for the increase in runoff were long...
Между параметрами структуры современных речных систем и их гидрологическими характеристиками существуют как косвенные, так и прямые связи. Такие связи используются для оценки гидрологических характеристик древних русловых систем по параметрам их структуры в случае совпадения ландшафтно-климатических и литолого-геоморфологических условий на современ...
The texture and structure of the alluvial deposits are the reflection of the dynamics of the river flow. The texture of the modern river alluvium is used as a measure of the velocity field in the river channel. The formulas for the calculation of the critical flow rate for the conditions of the beginning of the movement or the beginning of the depo...
Книга посвящена различным аспектам эрозионно-аккумулятивных процессов в речных бассейнах. Основными материалами для подготовки разделов книги послужили результаты многолетних полевых исследований, лабораторных экспериментов сотрудников Научно-исследовательской Лаборатории эрозии почв и русловых процессов географического факультета МГУ имени М.В.Лом...
Active bed forms of three major classes are formed in Terek lower reaches during summer floods. They include ripples, dunes of the first order, and dunes of the second order (from smaller to larger), which commonly form an incomplete hierarchy. The morphology of the bed forms is essentially stochastic and can be adequately described by probability...
Reconstruction of river palacodischarges based on the morphology of modern rivers meets the following requirements to the empirical regime equations in use: I) they should cover the broad range of environment conditions to include the ancient conditions of river formation; 2) they should be controlled by a small number of variables selected accordi...
The methods of open channel hydraulics, designed to calculate the capacity of canals and river channels, can be used to determine the hydraulic and hydrological characteristics of ancient river channels. Large available empirical data allows calculations of channel capacity with an accuracy of 10-15%. The same accuracy is possible for the calculati...
Soil erosion is the main source of the sediment and organic carbon accumulation in the upper parts of the river valleys on the southern megaslope of the East European Plain. The total volume of erosion from the arable land during the period of intensive agriculture (the last 300 years) at the Don River basin (425,000 km²) amounts to 16.9 10⁹ ton. T...
Toward the middle of the XX century the large stage of dynamic geomorphology development was accomplished; it was the stage of qualitative description of morphogenetic processes and generalization of these knowledge in concept of geographical cycle by W. Davis. At that time N.I. Makkaveyev began his geomorphological studies with criticism of specul...
HIGH LATE VALDAI (VISTULIAN) RUNOFF IN THE DON RIVER BASIN
A.V. Panin, A.Yu. Sidorchuk, M.V. Vlasov
Geomorphic evidences of a higher than today river runoff are found widely on river floodplains and low terraces over the Don River basin, including inherited macromeanders (anomalously big bends of modern river channels), big paleochannels including...
Authors suggest new method of gully history reconstruction for the last 50 years, based on 137Cs and 210Pbex -dating of proluvium. The application of this method to a certain gully investigation together with a traditional geologic-geomorphologic studies has allowed to determine the thickness of the gully deposits, to fulfill their detailed stratif...
Аннотация
The hierarchical classification of Lower Volga channel landforms is put forward. The classification consists of 8 complexes and 5 classes. The class of nanoforms includes riffles; microforms - dunes and zastrugas; mezoforms -sand waves and alternate bars; macroforms - big meanders and large ramification junctions; megaforms - ramifica-tio...
The creation conditions of single erosion-accumulative process doctrine and its development by N.I. Makkaveyev as well as its role in understanding of fluvial relief formation logic are analyzed. The paper describes the main laws concerning the effect of run-off on Earth surface. The evolution of doctrine led to the development of erosion-channel s...
Characteristic relief features of the Northern Eurasian rivers flood-plains indicate the changing conditions of the bottoms and flood-plains formation, and consequently their governing factors - the value and regime of the intra-annual flow and ground temperatures in the valleys. In the flood-plains relief at least three stages of Late Valdai and H...
Fractal dimensions of the more than 200 large river networks of the former USSR were calculated. We use the term «fractal» as «a structure consisted of parts which are in some sense alike to the whole». River networks don’t possess the complete self-likeness – fractal dimension changes with the change of measurer unit and the chosen length of the r...
The further development of the N.I. Makkaveev's theory of the unified erosion-deposition process is suggested. Manifestations of this process at different parts of the fluvial system (FS) were analyzed on the basis of the equation of sediment budget, which is universal and basic for all types of FS at different scales. The ratios of the values of t...
Перемещение гряд в речном русле может быть активным и пассивным. Активное перемещение осу� ществляется волнообразными структурами поля скоростей потока – поток управляет переформирова� ниями русла. В этот период гряды трехмерны, симметричны и движутся без однонаправленного изме� нения формы. Пассивное перемещение гряд происходит при упрощении струк...
Bed�form motion in river bed can be active or passive. The active motion is governed by wave�like structures of flow velocity field—the flow controls bed transformation. In this case, the bed�forms are three� dimensional and they move without unidirectional changes in their shape. The passive motion occurs when the flow structure becomes simpler, s...
The further development of the N.I. Makkaveev’s theory of the unified erosion-deposition process is suggested. Manifestations of this process at different parts of the fluvial system (FS) were analyzed on the basis of the equation of sediment budget, which is universal and basic for all types of FS at different scales. The ratios of the values of t...
High sandy and loamy terraces in the Arctic and Subarctic European Russia and West Siberia are deeply eroded by the natural gullies. Gully network density is more than 1.2-1.5 km/km2. There are several main processes, which trigger off natural gully erosion: 1) river channel migration and erosion of high banks; 2) ground ice melting resulting in cr...
Главной причиной образования разных типов речных русел – меандрирующих или разветвленных на рукава, является неустойчивость прямолинейного движения потока, образование в нем волновых структур и грядового рельефа дна русла. Теоретически выделены характерные группы грядовых форм. Найдены критерии выделения гидравлически однорукавных и многорукавных р...
На основании данных инвентаризации водных объектов на территории Северной Евразии в границах бывшего СССР, выполненных Гидрометеослужбой СССР в 1960-66 гг., проведен анализ фрактальных размерностей речных сетей более чем 200 бассейнов крупных рек. Речные сети фрактальны в рамках широкого определения фрактала, когда фракталом называется структура, с...
Three main stages of floodplain formation were identified in northern Eurasia: (1) floodplain formation by the rivers larger than modern ones, (2) floodplain formation by the rivers smaller than modern ones, and (3) floodplain formation by the rivers of the modern morphological type. Large paleochannels of the first stage are common on river floodp...
На поймах и низких террасах рек бассейна Дона широко распространены геоморфологические признаки существования в прошлом значительно более высокого стока, чем в настоящее время. К таким признакам относятся: унаследованные макроизлучины (аномально крупные изгибы речных русел), большие палеорусла, в том числе реликтовые макроизлучины (староречья, по р...
The geometry of an alluvial river channel is controlled by 1) the complexity of the hierarchy of alluvial forms (the number of levels of hierarchy); 2) the height of alluvial forms relative to the channel depth; 3) the width of alluvial forms relative to the channel width; 4) the hierarchic level of stable (vegetated) alluvial forms; 5) river basin...
Three stages were identified in the development of meandering rivers and the formation of floodplains with natural levees in Northern Eurasia: the development of rivers with size larger than that of the modern ones; the development of rivers smaller than the modern ones; and the development of rivers of the present-day morphodynamic type. Small oxb...
Выделено три этапа развития меандрирующих рек и формирования гривистых пойм в Северной Евразии: развития рек большего размера, чем современные; развития рек меньше современных; развития рек современного морфодинамического типа. На поймах рек равнин Северной Евразии широко распространены малые старицы второго этапа. Наибольшее количество участков по...
Abstract
Hydromorphological and hydroclimatic methods were used to reconstruct the former surface runoff from the East European part of the Black Sea drainage basin. Data on the shape and dynamics of the last Fennoscandian ice sheet were used to calculate meltwater supply to the headwaters of the Dnieper River. The channel width and meander wavele...
Characteristic relief features of the Northern Eurasian rivers flood-plains indicate the changing conditions of the bottoms and flood-plains formation, and consequently their governing factors - the value and regime of the intra-annual flow and ground temperatures in the valleys. In the flood-plains relief at least three stages of Late Valdai and H...
Morphology of the large palaeochannels over the entire periglacial belt of the Northern Hemisphere shows distinct evidence of high surface runoff at the Late Glacial time. Channel width and meander wavelength of 73 well-preserved fragments of large palaeochannels were measured in the Volga River basin (East European Plain). Palynological studies of...
A combination of the classical deterministic mechanics of soil erosion and stochastic description of controlling erosion factors (driving and resistance forces) gives significant advantages and leads to the development of a new (the third) generation of erosion models. In contrast to existing models, the STOSEM model allows determination of the rel...
The transport of soil aggregates from plots of 7.3 and 1.5 m2 caused by the erosion of typical rendzina soil by a shallow supercritical laminar overland flow was studied using a high-speed
digital video camera. The diameters of the removed aggregates had a lognormal distribution, and the time intervals between
the passages of two successive aggrega...
С помощью высокоскоростной цифровой видеокамеры изучен процесс выноса почвенных агрегатов с площадок 7.3 и 1.5 м2 в результате эрозии типичной рендзины ламинарным бурным распластанным потоком малой глубины. Диаметры выносимых агрегатов характеризуются логарифмически-нормальным распределением, а интервалы времени между выносом двух последовательных...
Field experiments at Tiramoana station 30 km north of Christchurch, New Zealand using an erosion plot 16·5 m long, 0·6 m wide, and with a slope of 14–14·5° on rendzina soil aimed to measure the variability of flow velocity and of soil aggregates transport rate in shallow overland flow. Discharge/cross-section area ratio was used to estimate mean ve...
2008 marks the centenary of the birth of Professor Nikolay Ivanovich Makkaveev (1908–1983), a former Professor in the Faculty of Geography at Moscow State University and the founder of the Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Fluvial Processes in the Faculty of Geography.Professor Makkaveev is little known in the west, but he must be seen as a highly inf...
Cumulative Global Change is occurring through the removal of forests, conversion of marginal land to cultivation, and intensification
of cultivation. Systemic Global Change, in the form of changes in climate and atmospheric chemistry, is likely to alter land
use patterns during the next century. All of these changes will affect rivers and their cat...
Abandoned rivers (large paleochannels and meanders) are common on river floodplains and low terraces on the East European
and West Siberian plains. They are 10–15 times greater in size than the present-day river channels. The large paleochannels
are dated back to 11–15 thousand radiocarbon years B.P. (the Late Glacial period). Based on the hydrauli...
На поймах и низких террасах рек Русской и Западно-Сибирской равнин повсеместно встречаются староречья (большие палеорусла, большие меандры), до 10–15 раз превышающие по размерам русла современных рек. На ключевых участках большие палеорусла датированы временем 11–15 тысяч радиоуглеродных лет назад (позднеледниковье). На основе гидравлико-морфометри...
Для Западно-Сибирской равнины характерно широкое распространение больших меандрирующих палеорусел позднеледникового возраста. Они обнаружены во всех ландшафтных зонах, кроме тундры Ямала. На востоке равнины ширина позднеледниковых рек превосходила ширину современных русел в 2–3 раза, в центральной части – в 3–5 раз. В бассейнах Тобола и Ишима это с...
The West Siberia Plain is characterized by widely spread large meandering palaeochannels of the late glacial age. They are found in all landscape zones, except for the tundra at the Yamal Peninsula. In the East of the Plain, the width of the late glacial rivers was two to three times that of the modern ones, in the central part of the Plain - three...
IntroductionSpatial Distribution of Sheet and Rill ErosionGully ErosionSedimentation in Small RiversOther Soil Loss ProcessesConcluding Remarks: Land-Use Trends of Recent DecadesReferences
The process of gully erosion at the active stage is far from equilibrium; rather, the gully shows the characteristics of a self-organizing system that is close to crisis. This qualitative description is similar to the understanding of open dynamic systems at a state of self-organized criticality (SOC). We tried to find the quantitative attributes o...
The processes of sheet, rill and gully erosion on slopes of European Russia and Byelorus are controlled by landform, the vegetation cover, melt water and rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility and land-use. The combination of land-use history and variations in factors produced a pattern of erosion that is unique to this area. Calculations show that t...
This book, which contains 28 chapters grouped into 5 parts, reviews the major achievements recently made in soil erosion and sediment redistribution study and management as well as the future requirements. The chapters included represent the variety of temporal and spatial scales of operation, from the modelling of dynamic event-based processes to...
This book, which contains 28 chapters grouped into 5 parts, reviews the major achievements recently made in soil erosion and sediment redistribution study and management as well as the future requirements. The chapters included represent the variety of temporal and spatial scales of operation, from the modelling of dynamic event-based processes to...
Morphological, geological, geochronological and palynological analyses show that the landscape, climate and hydrological history of the Seim River basin includes: 1) a period of sandy Terrace 1 formation by shallow flows, with the surface transformation by cryogenic and aeolian processes, close to the Last Glaciation Maximum; 2) a cold and dry peri...
The article deals with the geomorphologic and palaeogeographical aspects of the phenomenon of giant meanders which occur widely in river valleys of the temperate belt. The history of macromeanders ("valley meanders" or "large meanders") problem is discussed in brief. It has been shown that large curved depressions within river floodplains and low t...
The article deals with the geomorphologic and palaeogeographical aspects of the phenomenon of giant meanders which occur widely in river valleys of the temperate belt. The history of macromeanders ("valley meanders" or "large meanders") problem is discussed in brief. It has been shown that large curved depressions within river floodplains and low t...
The great complexity of the geo-mechanical, structural, and electro-chemical forces in soil, as well as of initial and boundary conditions in the equations of hydrodynamics, leads to a necessity of spatial/temporal averaging of deterministic equations related to soil behaviour. The stochastic terms, which appear in the equations after averaging pro...
A new stochastic method of detachment rate estimation was used in erosion modelling. This method was based on calculating the probability of driving forces exceeding resistance forces in the interaction of oscillating flow and structured soil. Knowledge of the probability density functions for flow velocity, soil cohesion, aggregate size and soil i...
In this paper, we combined several erosion assessment methods to construct a sediment budget describing soil redistribution and sediment delivery within a study area containing grassed upper slopes, a large arable field of 1.3 km2 with a semipermanent rill and ephemeral gully network and a downslope buffer zone of a grassed dry valley (balka) bank...
The rate of erosion is the product of the concentration of active soil aggregates and their mean vertical velocity. The sediment concentration for a given time is proportional to the probability of detachment of first-time mobilized soil aggregates and to the probability of the deposited sediments' redetachment. The probability of soil aggregate ac...
The Stavropol region of southern Russia is severely affected by human-induced gully erosion. A lack of detailed information on the different stages of gully formation resulting from major agricultural expansion c. 100 years ago, is an obstacle for management and containment of these systems. In this study we combine measurements of particle-bound r...
The processes of sheet, rill and gully erosion on the slopes of the Russian Plain are controlled by the same factors as elsewhere: cover, erodibility, erosivity and landform. The combination of land-use history and variations in these bio-physical factors produced a history of erosion that is unique to this area. The most eroded soils occur in the...
During the 1970s and 1980s the techniques of tillage and the area of cultivation on the Russian Plain remained virtually unchanged. Therefore, it is possible to assess both the rate and forms of erosion and sedimentation over almost all of the plain for this period of several decades. Using the SHI model and USLE, with coefficients derived for Russ...
Swampy inherited floodplains are found throughout the steppe and forest steppe over the Russian Plain. These floodplains were formed during the Late Glacial/Holocene transition on the relicts of large meandering palaeochannels in the former periglacial zone as a result of dramatic decrease in river channel widths (up to 1/15). Inherited floodplains...
Water resources management is an important issue in southern African countries. With respect to water quality problems, the understanding of the dynamics of integrated soil erosion processes in river basins is of crucial importance. This study is on the delineation of response units (RUs) in the Mkomazi River catchment (KwaZulu/Natal; South Africa)...
In southern African countries soil erosion and the related problems, such as water quality issues or decreasing soil productivity, are the main topics affecting the inhabitants of both rural and urban areas. Therefore, the attention has been recently placed on those problems related to soil erosion. This can also be documented by an increasing numb...
