Alejandro Sobrino

• University of Santiago de Compostela

El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar que la falsación popperiana es un tipo extremo de control del razonamiento. Para ello se muestra el ‘esqueleto del razonamiento ordinario’, que parte de la consideración de que un enunciado q puede ser una consecuencia de otro p si cabe afirmar el enunciado condicional ‘Si p, entonces q’, abreviadamente, p < q...

En este trabajo se expone una nueva forma de abordar el razonamiento basado en premisas, sosteniendo que razonar sobre algo consiste en conjeturar o refutar y que conjeturar sólo puede estribar en desarrollar lo que está oculto en las premisas, explicarlas o especular a partir de ellas. A continuación, se presenta el papel de los conjuntos borrosos...

Imagery is frequently used to model, represent and communicate knowledge. In particular, graphs are one of the most powerful tools, being able to represent relations between objects. Causal relations are frequently represented by directed graphs, with nodes denoting causes and links denoting causal influence. A causal graph is a skeletal picture, s...

Imagery is frequently used to model, represent and communicate knowledge. In particular, graphs are one of the most powerful tools, being able to represent relations between objects. Causal relations are frequently represented by directed graphs, with nodes denoting causes and links denoting causal influence. A causal graph is a skeletal picture, s...

Causality has traditionally been a scientific way to generate knowledge by relating causes to effects. From an imaginery point of view, causal graphs are a helpful tool for representing and infering new causal information. In previous works, we have generated automatically causal graphs associated to a given concept by analyzing sets of documents a...

It is a truism that time has a high relevance in medicine. The prescription of several medicines to a patient usually must satisfy timing intervals according to their composition. An incorrect administration can lead to severe consequences to the patient or in the best of the cases lower the effect of other drugs. In this paper we want to provide a...

This paper is devoted to analyze and discuss some of the new aspects about the preservation of the logical forms appearing in ordinary reasoning and fuzzy logic. Considering a Basic Fuzzy Algebra (BFA) as the basic formal model for representing imprecise predicates, several classical properties of logical forms which can be not valid depending on t...

Cities are made from both physical entities (buildings and its links) and social entities (citizens and its links). Cognitive cities demand cognitive citizens. In this paper, we advocate the role of the body and the brain in human cognition. Citizens are rational, embodied agents. As embodied beings, we claim the role of the smart textiles to trans...

Causal sentences are a main part of the medical explanations, providing the causes of diseases or showing the effects of medical treatments. In medicine, causal association is frequently related to time restrictions. So, some drugs must be taken before or after meals, being ‘after’ and ‘before’ temporary constraints. Thus, we conjecture that medica...

Causal sentences are a main part of the medical explanations, providing the causes of diseases or showing the effects of medical treatments. In medicine, causal association is frequently related to time restrictions. So, some drugs must be taken before or after meals, being ‘after’ and ‘before’ temporary constraints. Thus, we conjecture that freque...

Se propone una ampliación del concepto de magnitud escalar para incluir aquello que puede ser poseído en un grado por los objetos y que no es aditivo. Tal ocurre con la propiedad ‘grande’ o con la medida de ‘posibilidad’, que es sub-aditiva. Se identifican los conceptos borrosos como magnitudes escalares, se muestra el carácter plural de su medida...

In this paper we will discuss some aspects concerning the application of the concept of measure to quantitative and qualitative or vague properties, highlighting the limitations caused by the high order vagueness and pointing to tuning and propagation as factors to take into account when the measure of a vague predicate is involved.

In this chapter we summarize the fruitful relationship between Prof. Claudio Moraga and the University of Santiago de Compostela. For almost two decades Prof. Moraga was a regular visitor at our departments as well as a lecturer at our doctoral and summer courses. A milestone in this long term relationship was his key role in the hosting and organi...

The objective of this work is to propose a complete system able to extract causal sentences from a set of text documents, select the causal sentences contained, create a causal graph in base to a given concept using as source these causal sentences, and finally produce a text summary gathering all the information connected by means of this causal g...

The origin of language has entered the current concern of the study of language as a topic of great interest and debate. Although vagueness is one of the most common features of common language, there are few references to about its roots. From a modern point of view, the main property characterizing human language is the ability to generate infini...

The aim of this paper is to introduce a system able to configure an automatic answer from a proposed question and summarize information from a causal graph. This procedure has three main steps. The first one is focused in the extraction, filtering and selection of those causal sentences that could have relevant information for the system. The secon...

In this paper we will inquiry about the role of precise and imprecise syllogisms for diagnosing reasoning impairments in people suffering some mental disorders. Additionally, we propose some new questions that can help to better understand the already studied deficits and, perhaps, to progress in the knowledge about that paranormal way to reason.

Certainly, Enric Trillas (hereinafter, ET) is a master. The name ‘master’ comes from the Latin magister, a term that in the ancient Rome defined a person who had authority or power over other people. ET is a magister because he has authority over students and disciples who want to gain knowledge about the mathematical models of imprecise reasoning.

The aim of this paper is to approach causal questions in medical documents eventually recovered from a search engine. Causal questions par excellence are what, how and why-questions. The ‘pyramid of questions’ shows this. At the top, why-questions are the prototype of causal questions. Usually why-questions are related to scientific explanations. A...

Syllogistic reasoning is a type of inference pattern that involves quantified statements through the chaining of two terms by a middle term. In its classical version, only classical crisp quantifiers (all, no, some and some...not) and crisp sets in the terms are considered. If the syllogism involves vagueness, this can appear in the quantifiers (fu...

Fuzzy logic dates back to 1965 and it is related not only to current areas of knowledge, such as Control Theory and Computer Science, but also to traditional ones, such as Philosophy and Linguistics. Like any logic, fuzzy logic is concerned with argumentation, but unlike other modalities, which focus on the crisp reasoning of Mathematics, it deals...

The first time I met Lotfi Zadeh was in the XVI Symposium of Multiple-Valued Logic, meeting that I co-organized with my colleagues at the University of Santiago de Compostela. Professor Zadeh gave the plenary lecture and I had the opportunity to personally taste his wisdom and kindness. Zadeh impressed me by his naturalness: I still have a napkin w...

The aim of this paper is to approach causal questions in a medical domain. Causal questions par excellence are what-, how- and why-questions. What-questions usually ask for information related to data. How-questions generally involve the specification of a mechanism. Lastly, why-questions are related to scientific explanations. Although cover law e...

Causality is a fundamental notion in every field of science. In empirical sciences, such as physics, causality is a typical way of generating knowledge and providing explanations. Usually, causation is a kind of relationship between two entities: cause and effect. The cause provokes an effect, and the effect is derived from the cause, so there is a...

This paper is a journey around causality, imperfect causality, causal models and experiments for testing hypothesis about what causality is, with special attention to imperfect causality. Causal relations are compared with logic relations and analogies and differences are highlighted. Classical properties of causality are described and one characte...

The aim of this paper is to attempt a first approach to a kind of 'natural Fuzzy Prolog' based on the linguistic relations of synonymy and antonymy. Traditionally, Prolog was associated to the clausal logic, a disposition of the classical logic in which the goals are conjectural theorems and the answers, provided by the interpreter, are achieved us...

The aim of this paper is to approach causal questions in a medical domain. Causal questions par excellence are what, how and why-questions. The ‘pyramid of questions’ shows this. At the top, why-questions are the prototype of causal questions. Usually why-questions are related to scientific explanations. Although cover law explanation is characteri...

Causality is not only a matter of causal statements, but also of conditional sentences. In conditional statements, causality generally emerges from the entailment relationship between the antecedent and the consequence. This entailment is frequently vague and uncertain in nature. In this article, we present a method of retrieving crisp and imperfec...

The focus of this paper is the study of causality in both its crisp and approximate forms. Crisp causality is characterized by some properties and modalities and is related to semantic implications. This paper presents a program that extracts causal and conditional sentences with causal content from several texts. The examples extracted show that,...

This paper presents a flexible retrieval method for Q/A systems based on causal knowledge. Causality is not only a matter of causal statements, but also of conditional sentences. In conditional statements, causality generally emerges from the entailment relationship between the antecedent and the consequence. In this article, we present a method of...

The development of a computational system based on the Computational Theory of Perceptions is a challenging task that requires taking into account knowledge extended to several scientific disciplines such as Fuzzy Logic, Linguistics and Software Engineer- ing among others. In this paper we contribute to the Computational Theory of Perceptions by pr...

Fuzzy logic has a considerable success in the area of applications. However, this active growth in the implementation in applied electronic devices has not always been accompanied by a discussion about the theoretical grounds underlying those uses. This paper deals with some theoretical aspects that seem convenient to discuss for the purpose of cla...

This paper takes into account the Wittgenstein's idea on family resemblances as a particular crisp relation between some fuzzy sets, that is, between some predicates representable from its use. It is shown that all uses of the same predicate actually do have family resemblance, that some pairs of predicates cannot, and a numerical degree of family...

This paper presents the main lines of investigation in the relationship between concepts obtained trough why-because sentences and some other concepts retrieved through conditional and causal sentences It also introduces a first overview of a Software process to carry out this task.

A round number was characterized by Hardy and Ramanujan as being one that has a considerable number of comparatively small prime factors. This description contains words such as ‘considerable’ and ‘comparatively small’ that have vague meaning. This paper deals with fuzzy models for grasping the imprecision attached to these words. The paper starts...

We start by analyzing the role of imprecision in information retrieval in the Web, some theoretical contributions for managing this problem and its presence in search engines, with special emphasis on the use of thesaurus in order to increase the number and relevance of the documents retrieved. We then present a general architecture for implementin...

We start by analyzing the role of imprecision in information retrieval in the Web, some theoretical contributions for managing this problem and its presence in search engines, with special emphasis on the use of thesaurus in order to increase the number and relevance of the documents retrieved. We then present a general architecture for implementin...

We start by analyzing the role of imprecision in information retrieval in the Web, some theoretical contributions for managing this problem and its presence in search engines, with special emphasis on the use of thesaurus in order to increase the relevance of the documents retrieved. We then present Fdsa, a Spanish electronic dictionary of synonyms...

We start by analyzing the role of imprecision in information retrieval in the Web, some theoretical contributions for managing this problem and its presence in search engines, with special emphasis on the use of thesaurus in order to increase the relevance of the documents retrieved. We then present a Spanish electronic dictionary of synonyms that...

The analysis of some logical programs and some traditional topics from the computability theory, as the Post correspondence problem, enables us to illustrate some key points for discussing the possibility of a computer as an omniscient entity. Inductive logical programs and some of their most compromising representatives, such as Golem, are showed...

Este trabajo tiene tres partes. En la primera se apuntan algunos pasajes históricos vinculados al desarrollo de la sinonimia y se distinguen dos formas de considerarla: como una relación imprecisa entre palabras, como muestran los diccionarios de sinónimos, o como una relación precisa entre oraciones, como ocurre en la transformación de pasiva. En...

Tis paper goes over certain philosophical characteristics of synonymy and certain proposals of computationally dealing with it. In the frame of Natural Language Processing, the present work i a still preliminary attempt at the automation of a dictionary of synonyms

The notion of degree of truth used in fuzzy logic can be interpreted in terms of partial truth or in terms of utility. By investigating how these interpretations fit in with Tarski's definition of truth, this paper explores some of their implications and their consequences for the foundations and credibility of fuzzy logic.

The aim of this work is to analyse the concept of semi-sentence from a linguistic, formal and computational point of view. A semi-sentence can be characterised as a sentence which, from a grammatical perspective, is neither absolutely correct nor incorrect (in the sense that a speaker-listener of the language in which it is uttered understands it)....

En 1917, Freud señaló que el narcisismo humano había sido ofendido en tres ocasiones: la ofensa cosmológica, cuando Copérnico descubre la dependencia cinética de la Tierra respecto al Sol; la ofensa biológica, proveniente de los trabajos de Darwin que sitúan al homo como una especie entre otras y, por último, la que resulta de su propia teoría psic...

Resumen En este trabajo se presentan las analogías y diferencias entre los resúmenes de diálogos entre humanos, en los que se pide información preguntando, y los diálogos persona-máquina focalizada en los buscadores de Internet, donde la introducción de una palabra en la caja de búsqueda puede ser interpretada como hacer una pregunta a una máquina....

Resumen En este trabajo se presenta un sistema automático de recuperación de oraciones condicionales y causales para su posterior análisis y representación. El resultado del proceso es un esquema que puede servir para establecer nuevas conexiones entre conceptos, como por ejemplo a través de un grafo causal. Palabras Clave: Sentencias causales y co...

This paper characterizes grammars generating Spanish sentences of imprecise meaning. The basic grammar generating sentences conforming to the standard paradigm of fuzzy logic (Quantifier + Noun + Verb + Modifier + Adjective) is systematically deformed (by inversion, supression or addition of nonterminal elements in its production rules) to produce...

This paper characterizes grammars generating Spanish sentences of imprecise meaning. The basic grammar generating sentences onforming to the standard paradigm of fuzzy logic (Quantifier + Noun + Verb + Modifier + Adjective) is systematically deformed (by inversion, suppression or addition of nonterminal elements in its production rules) to produce...