
Alejandro J. EstudilloBournemouth University | BU · Department of Psychology
Alejandro J. Estudillo
PhD in Cognitive Psychology and Neuropsychology
About
56
Publications
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Introduction
I am a lecturer in Cognitive Psychology at Bournemouth University. My main research interest is in face processing. More specifically, this interest centers in three different lines: 1. how we encode faces of different familiarity (do we use different strategies depending on face familiarity?) 2. The processes involved in face familiarization (when does an unfamiliar face become familiar?). 3. The concept of self-identity and its relationship with the knowledge we have about our own face.
Additional affiliations
February 2010 - September 2010
Publications
Publications (56)
Although the eye-tracking technique has been widely used to passively study emotion recognition, no studies have utilised this technique to actively manipulate eye-gaze strategies during the recognition facial emotions. The present study aims to fill this gap by employing a gaze-contingent paradigm. Observers were asked to determine the emotion dis...
L’arithmétique nécessite le recours à de multiples processus cognitifs, par exemple la mémoire à court terme (MCT). Cependant, les constatations sur les liens entre la MCT et la résolution de multiplications simples sont mitigées, possiblement en raison des grandes différences interindividuelles dans la capacité de multiplication entre les échantil...
Although it is generally assumed that face recognition relies on holistic processing, whether face recognition deficits observed in Developmental Prosopagnosics (DPs) can be explained by impaired holistic processing is currently under debate. The mixed findings from past studies could be the consequence of DP's heterogeneous deficit nature and the...
Although it is generally accepted that face recognition relies on holistic processing, it has been suggested that the simultaneous face matching task may depend on a more analytical or featural processing approach. However, empirical evidence supporting this claim is limited. In two experiments, we further explored the role of holistic and featural...
The self-face advantage (SFA) is reflected through a faster recognition of a self-face compared to other faces. It has been suggested that this effect is prompted by one's positive self-evaluations. However, it is unclear whether negative self-concepts (depressive traits) also affect the SFA. The present study explored this possibility using a visu...
Successful face recognition is important for social interactions and public security. Although some preliminary evidence suggests that anodal and cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) might modulate own- and other-race face identification, respectively, the findings are largely inconsistent. Hence, we examined the effect of both a...
While it is generally accepted that holistic processing facilitates face recognition, recent studies suggest that poor recognition might also arise from imprecise perception of local features in the face. This study aimed to examine to what extent holistic and featural processing relates to individual differences in face recognition ability (FRA),...
The functional role of the occipital face area (OFA) and the fusiform face area (FFA) in face recognition is inconclusive to date. While some research has shown that the OFA and FFA are involved in early (i.e., featural processing) and late (i.e., holistic processing) stages of face recognition respectively, other research suggests that both region...
This large, international dataset contains survey responses from N = 12,570 students from 100 universities in 35 countries, collected in 21 languages. We measured anxieties (statistics, mathematics, test, trait, social interaction, performance, creativity, intolerance of uncertainty, and fear of negative evaluation), self-efficacy, persistence, and...
The Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT) is one of the most important measures of individual differences in face recognition and for the diagnosis of prosopagnosia. Having two different CFMT versions using a different set of faces seems to improve the reliability of the evaluation. However, at the present time, there is only one Asian version of the t...
Face identification is useful for social interactions and its impairment can lead to severe social and mental problems. This ability is also remarkably important in applied settings, including eyewitness identification and ID verification. Several studies have demonstrated the potential of Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) to enhance dif...
The self-face advantage (SFA) is reflected through a faster recognition of a self-face compared to familiar and unfamiliar faces. Nevertheless, as Westerners and East Asians tend to present differences in self-concept styles, it is possible that the SFA is modulated by culture. The present study explored this possibility using a visual search task....
This large, international dataset contains survey responses from N = 12,570 students from 100 universities in 35 countries, collected in 21 languages. We measured anxieties (statistics, mathematics, test, trait, social interaction, performance, creativity, intolerance of uncertainty, and fear of negative evaluation), self-efficacy, persistence, and...
This large, international dataset contains survey responses from N = 12,570 students from 100 universities in 35 countries, collected in 21 languages. We measured anxieties (statistics, mathematics, test, trait, social interaction, performance, creativity, intolerance of uncertainty, and fear of negative evaluation), self-efficacy, persistence, and...
Although putting on a mask over our nose and mouth is a simple but powerful way to protect ourselves and others during a pandemic, face masks may interfere with how we perceive and recognize one another, and hence, may have far-reaching impacts on communication and social interactions. To date, it remains relatively unknown the extent to which wear...
Studies have suggested that the holistic advantage in face perception is not always reported for the own face. With two eye-tracking experiments, we explored the role of holistic and featural processing in the processing and the recognition of self, personally familiar, and unfamiliar faces. Observers were asked to freely explore (Exp.1) and recogn...
Studies have suggested that the holistic advantage in face perception is not always reported for the own face. With two eye-tracking experiments, we explored the role of holistic and featural processing in the processing and the recognition of self, personally familiar, and unfamiliar faces. Observers were asked to freely explore (Exp.1) and recogn...
According to the processing bias account, global Navon-induced processing primes the adoption of a holistic strategy whereas local Navon-induced processing triggers featural processing. As faces are recognised at a holistic level, global Navon-induced processing would increase recognition accuracy of whole faces. In contrast, local Navon-induced pr...
It is widely accepted that face perception relies on holistic processing. However, this holistic advantage is not always found in the processing of the own face. Our study aimed to explore the role of holistic and featural processing in the identification of the own face, using three standard, but largely independent measures of holistic face proce...
Although the positive effects of congruency between stimuli are well replicated in face memory paradigms, mixed findings have been found in face matching. Due to the current COVID-19 pandemic, face masks are now very common during daily life outdoor activities. Thus, the present study aims to further explore congruency effects in matching faces par...
In the forensic face matching task, observers are presented with two unfamiliar faces and must determine whether they depict the same identity. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, some governmental authorities require the use of face masks in public spaces. However, recent research has shown that face masks impair face identification. The present study e...
It is widely accepted that face perception relies on holistic processing, where faces are perceived as a "whole" rather than a collection of individual facial parts or features. However, this holistic advantage is not always found for the processing of the own face. Our study aims to further explore the role of holistic and featural processing in t...
Our study aims to explore cultural modulation effects on the self-face advantage (SFA) with a visual search paradigm. This SFA is reflected through individuals demonstrating faster recognition to a self-face than to a familiar or an unfamiliar other-face. Nevertheless, this SFA seems to be modulated by culture. Specifically, culture plays a key rol...
General Audience Summary
People working in security settings, such as passport control, are required to compare the picture of an ID card to the face of its bearer. This task is highly challenging even for people with years of experience. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, different governmental authorities require the use of face masks in public spaces...
In the forensic face matching task, observers are presented with two unfamiliar faces and must determine whether they depict the same identity. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, some governmental authorities require the use of face masks in public spaces. However, face masks impair face identification by disrupting holistic processing of faces. The pre...
It is widely accepted that holistic processing is important for face perception. However, it remains unclear whether the other-race effect (ORE) (i.e. superior recognition for own-race faces) arises from reduced holistic processing of other-race faces. To address this issue, we adopted a cross-cultural design where Malaysian Chinese, African, Europ...
Purpose
The other-race effect shows that people are better recognizing faces from their own-race compared to other-race faces. This effect can have dramatic consequences in applied scenarios whereby face identification is paramount, such as eyewitness identification. This paper aims to investigate whether observers have insights into their ability...
The 20-Item Prosopagnosia Items (PI-20) was recently introduced as a self-report measure of face recognition abilities and as an instrument to help the diagnosis of prosopagnosia. In general, studies using this questionnaire have shown that observers have moderate to strong insights into their face recognition abilities. However, it remains unknown...
RESEARCH BACKGROUND: It is a part of our everyday perception to notice other people’s hand and finger postures. Hand perception is vital for social interaction and cognitive processes. Occasionally, after an injury, distorted finger postures occur, which are very conspicuous and can make an observer feel uncomfortable. This exceptional salience ref...
The 20-Item Prosopagnosia Items (PI-20) was recently introduced as a self-report measure of face recognition abilities and as an instrument to help the diagnosis of prosopagnosia. In general, studies using this questionnaire have shown that observers have moderate to strong insights into their face recognition abilities. However, it remains unknown...
The self-face advantage (SFA) is a phenomenon that shows that, compared to familiar and unfamiliar faces, individuals are faster in identifying their own face among a set of distractor faces. It has been hypothesized that the SFA is modulated by one’s self-concept, whereby individuals with a more independent self-concept style show a more evident S...
The other-race effect shows that people are better recognizing faces from their own-race compared to other-race faces. This effect can have dramatic consequences in applied scenarios whereby face identification is paramount, such as eyewitness identification. This study investigates whether observers have insights into their ability to recognize ot...
Some studies have shown an advantage for the processing of the self-face compared to other familiar and unfamiliar faces. However, it is largely unknown whether the self-face is also processed qualitatively different from other faces. With an eye-tracking study, we explore the visual processing strategies for self-face, age- and a gender-matched pe...
The other-race effect (ORE) reflects poor recognition of faces of a different race to one’s own. According to the expertise-individuation hypothesis, this phenomenon is a consequence of limited experience with other race faces. Thus, similar experience with own and other-race faces should abolish the ORE. The aim of the present study is to explore...
BACKGROUND: In human social interaction, hands convey information. Hand perception should be separated from body perception because they have different visual properties (Bracci, Ietswaart, Peelen, & Cavina-Pratesi, 2010; Miguel Granja Espírito Santo, Maxim, & Schürmann, 2017). While the neural processes of body perception are often studied, only r...
Faces are considered the most important social stimuli. They have special status over other types of visual stimuli. In contrast to other objects, faces capture attention spontaneously from a set of distractors. Although other body parts are also relevant for social communication, it is unknown whether these parts also capture our attention automat...
Introduction:
Ictus is a medical condition with a high prevalence in Spanish population. One of its most common consequences is aphasia. Nowadays, aphasia is treated with both neuropsychological and pharmacological therapy. However, in recent years, transcranial direct current stimulation has been presented as a complement to classical therapies....
The face is the primary visual signpost of our identity, but the process of how we know that a particular face is one’s own has only recently started to receive considerable scientific attention. This interest has been enhanced by multisensory phenomena such as the enfacement illusion. In this illusion, watching another face being stroked in synchr...
The own face is our most distinctive physical feature and the paramount representation of our own identity. In contrast to other pieces of self-related information, such as the own name, the own face is not shared with other people, and it is more strongly tied to self-awareness (e.g., Keenan et al., 2005). This makes the own face a unique piece of...
Knowing the place-value of digits in multi-digit numbers allows us to identify, understand and distinguish between numbers with the same digits (e.g., 1492 vs. 1942). Research using the size congruency task has shown that the place-value in a string of three zeros and a non-zero digit (e.g., 0090) is processed automatically. In the present study, w...
Abstract This study investigated whether multisensory stimulation with other-race faces can reduce racial prejudice. In three experiments, the faces of Caucasian observers were stroked with a cotton bud while they watched a black face being stroked in synchrony on a computer screen. This was compared with a neutral condition, in which no tactile st...
This study focuses on learning of the self, by examining how human observers update internal representations of their own face. For this purpose, we present a novel gaze-contingent paradigm, in which an onscreen face either mimics observers’ own eye-gaze behaviour (in the congruent condition), moves its eyes in different directions to that of the o...
The evidence showing that simple multiplications and additions can be solved by direct retrieval is considerable. However evidence about division and subtraction is less compelling. By using a ―cross-operation interference paradigm‖ the present research explores whether subtraction problems can be retrieved without intention and the role of operand...
While a change in view is considered to be one of the most damaging manipulations for facial
identification, this phenomenon has been measured traditionally with tasks that confound perceptual
processes with recognition memory. This study explored facial identification with a pairwise matching
task to determine whether view generalization is possib...
Para resolver problemas aritméticos los humanos necesitamos tratar con diferentes piezas de información. Por esta razón, parece plausible que necesitemos de algún sistema capaz de procesar, retener y manipular dicha información. La memoria de trabajo es el sistema encargado de llevar a cabo estos procesos, por lo que podría estar implicado en la re...
Faces are visual stimuli full of information. Depending upon the familiarity with a face, the information we can extract will differ, so the more familiarity with a face, the more information that can be extracted from it. The present article reviews the role that pre-existing knowledge of a face has in its processing. Here, we focus on behavioral,...
When two letters/digits/symbols are switched in a string (e.g., jugde–judge; 1492–1942; *?$&–*$?&), the resulting strings are perceptually similar to each other and produce a sizable masked transposition priming effect with the masked priming same–different matching task. However, a parallel effect does not occur for strings of pseudoletters (e.g.,...
Questions
Questions (8)
I am trying to find a Chinese (or East Asian) kids face database. Ideally with different pictures of the same kids. I cannot find anything. Any idea if such a database exists?
Thanks!
According to the source linked below, in a two alternative forced-choice task a d' score of 1 corresponds with 76% of correct responses. Which d prime would correspond to 90% of correct responses? What if the data have been corrected following Hautus’ recommendations for extreme values?
I did a study measuring the relationship between metamemory and actual memory scores in a test. Basically what I find is that only those people who are good or bad in memory have an accurate metamemory. However, those in the middle of the distribution do not. I have analysed my results with simple correlations (weak but reliable correlation when all the sample is included) and by dividing the whole sample in quartiles according to their scores in the objective memory test (the correlation is only reliable for the first and fourth quartiles). Is there any way to analyse these data in a different way?
I want to create some heatmaps filled with the number of fixations, but I can't find instructions about how to calculate it. Any idea?
Does anyone know how durable the effects of the rubber hand illusion are after stimulation?
Hello,
I have been trying to install the ERPLAB plugin into EEGLAB. I included the ERPLAB folder in the EEGLAB plugin folder. However, When I run EEGLAB I obtained the following message:
EEGLAB: error while adding plugin "eegplugin_erplab"
Undefined function or variable 'isretinad
and the ERPLAB doesn't show up in the EEGLAB window.
I have checked the path and everything seems ok. I am using matlab 2013a Any idea?
Thanks!
Hope someone can help me. I have a within subject variable (Question, with 11 conditions) and a between subject variable (stimulation, with 3 conditions). I did an ANOVA and I obtained a main effect of Question and an interaction between both factor. To fully explore this interaction, I am trying to run a simple main effects analysis. I included the following code, but it doesn't work:
GLM Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10 Q11 BY CONDITION
/WSFACTOR=Question 11 Simple
/CONTRAST(CONDITION)=Simple
/METHOD=SSTYPE(3)
/POSTHOC=CONDITION(BONFERRONI)
/PLOT=PROFILE(Question*CONDITION)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(OVERALL)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(CONDITION) COMPARE (Question) ADJ(BONFERRONI)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(Question) COMPARE(CONDITION) ADJ(BONFERRONI)
/EMMEANS=TABLES(CONDITION*Question)
/PRINT=DESCRIPTIVE ETASQ
/CRITERIA=ALPHA(.05)
/WSDESIGN=Question CONDITION Question*CONDITION
/DESIGN=CONDITION.
Any suggestion?
I am looking for a face database which contains pictures of the same person taken from different cameras. Ideally, it should have people of different races. Any idea? thanks!