Alain Vanderplasschen

• University of Liège

Alcelaphine gammaherpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) asymptomatically persists in its natural host, the wildebeest. However, cross-species transmission to cattle results in the induction of an acute and lethal peripheral T cell lymphoma-like disease (PTCL), named malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). Our previous findings demonstrated an essential role for viral gen...

The zebrafish (Danio rerio) represents an increasingly important model organism in virology. We evaluated its utility in the study of economically important viruses from the genus Cyprinivirus (anguillid herpesvirus 1, cyprinid herpesvirus 2 and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3)). This revealed that zebrafish larvae were not susceptible to these viru...

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a complex and often fatal disease of ungulates. Effective vaccines are needed to avoid MCF outbreaks and mitigate losses. This study aimed to evaluate a sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) vaccine candidate targeting ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) glycoprotein B (gB). Rabbits were used as a laboratory animal model to test...

Zalpha (Z␣) domains bind to left-handed Z-DNA and Z-RNA. The Z␣ domain protein family includes cellular (ADAR1, ZBP1 and PKZ) and viral (vaccinia virus E3 and cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) ORF112) proteins. We studied CyHV-3 ORF112, which contains an intrinsically disordered region and a Z␣ domain. Genome editing of CyHV-3 indicated that the expr...

By combining field research and careful laboratory analysis of samples over the course of an eight-year study, we met the challenge of assessing the life history traits and health status of eels restocked in freshwater ecosystems. We found that restocked eels exhibited good growth performance; moreover, the stocks were female-dominated, showed a go...

Human noroviruses impose a considerable health burden globally. Here, a flow cytometry approach designed for their detection in biological waste and food samples was developed using antibody-coated magnetic beads. Antipeptide antibodies against murine norovirus and various human norovirus genotypes were generated for capture and coated onto magneti...

Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) is a pathogen of eels and a member of the genus Cyprinivirus in the family Alloherpesviridae. We have compared the biological and genomic features of different AngHV-1 strains, focusing on their growth kinetics in vitro and genetic content, diversity, and recombination. Comparisons based on three core genes conserv...

The anthropogenic spread of pathogens contributes to the decline of some species. However, restocking programs implemented to counteract the decline of such populations can also contribute to the spread of pathogens, in particular for endangered species that cannot be bred in captivity, where populations used in restocking must be sourced from the...

Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a gammaherpesvirus that is carried asymptomatically by wildebeest. Upon cross-species transmission to other ruminants, including domestic cattle, AlHV-1 induces malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), which is a fatal lymphoproliferative disease resulting from proliferation and uncontrolled activation of latently infe...

The Australian Government is considering Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) for biocontrol of invasive common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). We review the evidence-base for its potential ecological risks, benefits and effectiveness. Lower carp abundance may boost native fish biomass and improve water clarity, but there is little evidence available to sugg...

Tortoises belonging to the Testudinidae family are infected by Testudinid herpesviruses. Testudinid herpesvirus 3 (TeHV-3) is considered the most pathogenic and affects several tortoise species, particularly those from the Testudo genus. As most species of this genus are endangered contribute to ecological concerns over this virus. Here, we aimed t...

Infection with parasitic helminths can imprint the immune system to modulate bystander inflammatory processes. Bystander or virtual memory CD8⁺ T cells (TVM) are non-conventional T cells displaying memory properties that can be generated through responsiveness to interleukin (IL)-4. However, it is not clear if helminth-induced type 2 immunity funct...

In the version of this article initially published, the accession code for the RNA-seq data set deposited in the NCBI public repository Sequence Read Archive was missing from the 'Data availability' subsection of the Methods section. The accession code is SRP125477.

The hygiene hypothesis postulates that the recent increase in allergic diseases such as asthma and hay fever observed in Western countries is linked to reduced exposure to childhood infections. Here we investigated how infection with a gammaherpesvirus affected the subsequent development of allergic asthma. We found that murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4...

Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a γ-herpesvirus (γ-HV) belonging to the macavirus genus that persistently infects its natural host, the wildebeest, without inducing any clinical sign. However, cross-transmission to other ruminant species causes a deadly lymphoproliferative disease named malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). AlHV-1 ORF73 encodes th...

aLANA GE-mediated inhibition of antigen presentation. (A) 293Kb or 293Db cells were transfected with the indicated constructs and stained 24h later for the detection of H-2Kb-SIINFEKL complexes on the cell surface. Numbers in bold indicate the percent of H-2Kb-SIINFEKL-positive cells within eGFP+ cells (n = 3). (B) L929-Kb cells were transfected wi...

Epifluorescence microscopic analysis of expression of fusion proteins in 293Kb cells 48h after transfection with the different constructs. Nuclear DNA is stained in blue using 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). (TIF)

Western blot and in vitro translation assay. (A) eGFP-tagged proteins were detected by western blot 24h after transfection. Loading of lysates was adapted in order to obtain detectable bands and determine the molecular weight of aLANA-, ΔCR-, ΔGPE- and ΔGE-SIIN proteins. (B) In vitro translation assay. Original gel used to generate Fig 7D and illus...

Codon-modification of the GE-rich region of aLANA. (A) Sequence alignment between the native GE and codon-modified GEm sequences. Matched and mismatched nucleotides are depicted in blue and red, respectively. (B) Codon usage of native GE (GE), codon-optimized GE obtained using CodonOpt (IDTDNA) (GEopt) and codon-modified GE (GEm) sequences. (C) Pre...

Lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) phenotypic analysis. LCLs were propagated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of rabbits developing MCF after infection with ΔGE or ΔGE-rev viruses in Iscove’s modified Dulbecco’s medium (IMDM) containing 10% FCS and supplemented with recombinant human interleukin 2 (Roche, 10 IU/mL). Cells were maintained in me...

Epoxomicin and lactacystin treatment. 293Kb cells were transfected and treated 24h later with the indicated concentrations of proteasome inhibitors during 16h. Cells were then stained to detect surface H-2Kb-SIINFEKL complexes. The results show the percent of eGFP+ cells expressing H-2Kb-SIINFEKL complexes. (TIF)

Production of aLANA-ΔGE virus. (A) Schematic representation of the recombineering methodology used to produce the viral recombinant strains expressing truncated forms of aLANA lacking the GE domain (ΔGE). (B) The produced BAC plasmids were analyzed by Southern blotting after SacII restriction and ethidium bromide staining (EtBr). ORF73 probe consis...

Oligonucleotides used in this study to produce aLANA and aLANA mutant expression plasmids. Restriction sites in the primers sequences were highlighted in bold. (PDF)

Oligonucleotides used in this study to perform quantitative PCR reactions. (PDF)

Oligonucleotides used in this study to produce BAC recombinant expression plasmids. (PDF)

The genus Cyprinivirus consists of a growing list of phylogenetically related viruses, some of which cause severe economic losses to the aquaculture industry. The archetypal member, cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) causes mass mortalities worldwide in koi and common carp. A CyHV-3 mutant was described previously that is attenuated in vivo by a delet...

Gammaherpesviruses are important human and animal pathogens. Infection control has proved difficult because the key process of transmission is ill-understood. Murid herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4), a gammaherpesvirus of mice, transmits sexually. We show that this depends on the major virion envelope glycoprotein, gp150. Gp150 is redundant for host entry and...

Document S1. Supplemental Experimental Procedures, Figures S1 and S2, and Table S1

Movie S2. Effect of Water Temperature on the Development of CyHV-3 Disease, Related to Figure 1C This video starts with an animated cartoon illustrating the structure of a MCT in which the tunnels were blocked by grids. The video then presents a movie of fish that were infected 9 days earlier with wild-type CyHV-3 before their distribution into th...

Movie S1. Common Carp Express Behavioral Fever in Response to CyHV-3 Infection, Related to Figure 1B This movie starts with an animated cartoon illustrating the structure of the MCT used in this study and how the MCTs were positioned in the room along a central axis of symmetry (warmest compartments being the closest to the center of the room). Th...

Movie S3. Anti-TNF-α Antibodies Inhibit the Expression of Behavioral Fever Induced by CyHV-3 Infection, Related to Figure 4 This video starts with an animated cartoon explaining the flow chart of this experiment. Fish were first infected with CyHV-3 and then injected 3 days later with anti-TNF-α antibodies (left and first presented MCT) or irrelev...

Both endotherms and ectotherms (e.g., fish) increase their body temperature to limit pathogen infection. Ectotherms do so by moving to warmer places, hence the term ?behavioral fever.? We studied the manifestation of behavioral fever in the common carp infected by cyprinid herpesvirus 3, a native carp pathogen. Carp maintained at 24°C died from the...

Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a gammaherpesvirus carried asymptomatically by wildebeest. Upon cross-species transmission, AlHV-1 induces malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), a fatal lymphoproliferative disease of ruminants, including cattle. The strain C500 has been cloned as an infectious, pathogenic bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) that...

Vaccine development is a top priority in malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) research. In the case of sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF) caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), progress toward this objective has been hindered by the absence of methods to attenuate or modify the virus, since it cannot be propagated in vitro . As an alternative for vaccine de...

Fever is an evolutionary conserved defense mechanism which is present in both endothermic and ectothermic vertebrates. Ectotherms in response to infection can increase their body temperature by moving to warmer places. This process is known as behavioral fever. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the mechanisms of induction of fev...

Herpesviruses are highly prevalent viruses associated with numerous pathologies both in animal and human populations. Until now, most of the strategies used to prevent or to cure these infections have been unsuccessful because these viruses have developed numerous immune evasion mechanisms. Therefore, a better understanding of their complex lifecyc...

Importance: The important diseases caused by gammaherpesviruses in human and animal populations justify a better understanding of their lifecycle. Especially, the role of most of their tegument proteins is still largely unknown. In this study, we used Murid herpesvirus 4, a gammaherpesvirus infecting mouse, to decipher the role of the protein enco...

Importance: Viruses are masters of adaptation that hijack cellular pathways to allow their growth. Glycans play a central role in many biological processes and several studies have highlighted mechanisms by which viruses can affect glycosylation. Glycan synthesis is a non-template process regulated by the availability of key glycosyltransferases....

In vertebrate species, the innate immune system down-regulates protein translation in response to viral infection through the action of the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-activated protein kinase (PKR). In some teleost species another protein kinase, Z-DNA-dependent protein kinase (PKZ), plays a similar role but instead of dsRNA binding domains, PKZ h...

Importance: Testudinid herpesvirus 3 (TeHV-3) causes a lethal disease in tortoises, several species of which are endangered. We have characterized the viral genome, and used this information to take steps towards developing an attenuated vaccine. We have sequenced the genomes of two strains (1976 and 4295), compared their growth in vitro, and inve...

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is the causative agent of a lethal disease of carp and encodes for an Il10 homolog (ORF134). Our previous studies with a recombinant ORF134-deleted strain and the derived revertant strain suggested that cyprinid herpesvirus 3 Il10 (CyHV-3 Il10 [cyhv3Il10]) is not essential for viral replication in vitro, or virulence...

Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a γ-herpesvirus (γ-HV) carried asymptomatically by wildebeest. Upon cross-species transmission, AlHV-1 induces a fatal lymphoproliferative disease named malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) in many ruminants, including cattle and the rabbit model. Latency has been shown to be essential for MCF induction. However, th...

Attenuation or modification of viruses to obtain strains that can induce protective immune responses without causing disease are common ways to develop effective viral vaccines. Our research goal is to develop a vaccine for sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), an often lethal disease of ruminants caused by ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-...

The order Herpesvirales encompasses viruses that share structural, genetic, and biological properties. However, members of this order infect hosts ranging from molluscs to humans. It is currently divided into three phylogenetically related families. The Alloherpesviridae family contains viruses infecting fish and amphibians. There are 12 alloherpes...

We investigated the influence of the site of administration of DNA vaccine on the induced immune response. DNA vaccines were administered by electroporation at three different sites: tibial cranial muscle, abdominal skin and ear pinna. Aiming to draw general conclusions about DNA vaccine delivery, we successively used several plasmids encoding eith...

Unlabelled: Viral semaphorins are semaphorin 7A (sema7A) mimics found in pox- and herpesviruses. Among herpesviruses, semaphorins are encoded by gammaherpesviruses of the Macavirus genus only. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) is a macavirus that persistently infects wildebeest asymptomatically but induces malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) when tra...

Myxoma virus (MYXV) induces a lethal disease called Myxomatosis in European rabbits. MYXV is one of the rare viruses that encodes an α2,3-sialyltransferase through its M138L gene. In this study, we showed that although the absence of the enzyme was not associated with any in vitro deficit, the M138L deficient strains are highly attenuated in vivo....

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV 3) is causing severe economic losses worldwide in common and koi carp industries, and a safe and efficacious attenuated vaccine compatible with mass vaccination is needed. We produced single deleted recombinants using prokaryotic mutagenesis. When producing a recombinant lacking open reading frame 134 (ORF134), we unexp...

When derived from chicken embryos, avian primordial germ cells (PGCs) have been reported to keep their germline-specific properties and proliferative potential even after long-term culture and genetic modifications. Few teams to date have reported such long-term expansion and engineering without differentiation of primary avian PGCs’ cultures. We h...

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) causes a lethal disease in common and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio). The present study investigated the ability of CyHV-3 to infect common carp during the early stages of its development (from embryos to fingerlings) after inoculation by immersion in water containing the virus. Fish were inoculated at different times af...

Avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is an alphaherpesvirus of poultry that is spread worldwide. ILTV enters its host via the respiratory tract and the eyes. Although ILTV has been known for a long time, the replication characteristics of the virus in the respiratory and conjunctival mucosa are still poorly studied. To study this, two in...

Alcelaphine herpesvirus-1 (AlHV-1) causes Malignant Catarrhal Fever (MCF). The A2 gene of AlHV-1 is a member of the bZIP transcription factor family. We wished to determine whether A2 is a virulence gene or not and whether it is involved in pathogenesis by interference with host transcription pathways. An A2 gene knockout (A2ΔAlHV-1) virus, reverta...

Many viruses have evolved strategies to deregulate the host immune system. These strategies include mechanisms to subvert or recruit the host cytokine network. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive properties. However, its key features relate mainly to its capacity to exert potent imm...

Human gammaherpesviruses are associated with the development of lymphomas and epithelial malignancies. The heterogeneity of these tumors reflects the ability of these viruses to route infection to different cell types at various stages of their lifecycle. While the Epstein Barr virus uses gp42 - human leukocyte antigen class II interaction as a swi...

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), a member of the family Alloherpesviridae is the causative agent of a lethal, highly contagious and notifiable disease in common and koi carp. The economic importance of common and koi carp industries together with the rapid spread of CyHV-3 worldwide, explain why this virus became soon after its isolation in the 199...

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), a member of the family Alloherpesviridae, is the causative agent of a lethal disease in common and koi carp. CyHV-3 ORF134 encodes an interleukin-10 (IL-10) homologue. The present study was devoted to this ORF. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that ORF134 is expressed as a spliced gene belonging to the early-late cl...

The appearance of new viruses and the cost of developing certain vaccines require that new vaccination strategies now have to be developed. DNA vaccination seems to be a particularly promising method. For this application, plasmid DNA is injected into the subject (man or animal). This plasmid DNA encodes an antigen that will be expressed by the cel...

Wildebeests carry asymptomatically alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), a γ-herpesvirus inducing malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) to several ruminant species (including cattle). This acute and lethal lymphoproliferative disease occurs after a prolonged asymptomatic incubation period after transmission. Our recent findings with the rabbit model indica...

In vivo intranasal infection of males mice by luciferase-expressing MHV-68. 8 weeks-old male BALB/c mice (n = 10) were infected intranasally (104 PFU) with WT luciferase+ MHV-68 under general anaesthesia, and then injected with luciferin before in vivo imaging. Images show a representative mouse at days 0, 7, 14, 16, 18, 20 and 22 p.i.. The scale b...

Quantification of infectious MHV-68 virions in vaginal flushes after intranasal infection. A. Female mice were infected intranasally (104 PFU) with WT luciferase+ MHV-68 under general anaesthesia. Individual vaginal flush samples (at least 10 per time point) were collected between day 21 and 30 p.i. and were tested for the presence of infectious vi...

In vivo infection by luciferase-expressing MHV-68. Female mice were infected intranasally (104 PFU) with WT luciferase+ MHV-68 under general anaesthesia, and then injected with luciferin and imaged every days. Images show representative mice around 2 weeks p.i. The scale bar (photons sec−1 cm−2 steradian−1) shows the color scheme for signal intensi...

Influence of estrous cycle on genital MHV-68 excretion after intranasal infection. Control female mice and ovariectomized mice, implanted or not with slow-release hormonal pellets (progesterone and/or estrogen), were infected intranasally (104 PFU) with WT luciferase+ MHV-68 under general anaesthesia. Individual genital signals were monitored betwe...

Influence of estrous cycle on lung and SCLN luciferase signals after intranasal infection. Control female mice and ovariectomized mice, implanted or not with slow-release hormonal pellets (progesterone and/or estrogen), were infected intranasally (104 PFU) with WT luciferase+ MHV-68 under general anaesthesia. A. Presence of lung signals was monitor...

Luciferase signal in pregnant mice and their offspring. Female mice were infected intranasally (104 PFU) with WT luciferase+ MHV-68 under general anaesthesia, and then injected with luciferin and imaged every day. At the time of the first observation of genital signal, infected females were mated with uninfected males. A. Pregnant females were then...

MHV-68 transmission from genitally infected males to naïve females. Genitally infected males (n = 13) (infected after contact with infected females excreting the virus in the genital tract) were mixed with uninfected females (at least 3 per male). MHV-68 infection of females was monitored 18 days post-contact by detection of anti-MHV-68 specific an...

Transmission is a matter of life or death for pathogen lineages and can therefore be considered as the main motor of their evolution. Gammaherpesviruses are archetypal pathogenic persistent viruses which have evolved to be transmitted in presence of specific immune response. Identifying their mode of transmission and their mechanisms of immune evas...

Gammaherpesvirinae, such as the human Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and the Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) are highly prevalent pathogens that have been associated with several neoplastic diseases. As EBV and KSHV are host-range specific and replicate poorly in vitro, animal counterparts such as Murid herpesvirus-4 (MuHV-4) have been wid...

Horses are particularly sensitive to excessive inflammatory reaction where myeloperoxidase, a marker of inflammation, may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunctions. This study investigated the interaction between myeloperoxidase and cultured primary equine skeletal myoblasts, particularly its effect on mitochondrial respiration combined or not with...

Gammaherpesviruses are important pathogens in human and animal populations. During early events of infection, these viruses manipulate preexisting host cell signaling pathways to allow successful infection. The different proteins that compose viral particles are therefore likely to have critical functions not only in viral structures and in entry i...

[en] Les gammaherpèsvirus comprennent des virus pouvant induire des maladies lymphoprolifératives et des tumeurs. Ceux-ci peuvent également per- sister à long terme en l’absence de toute manifestation pathologique chez leur hôte naturel. Parmi les gammaherpèsvirus, l’herpèsvirus alcélaphin 1 (AlHV-1) appartient au genre des Macavirus et infecte son...

The core entry machinery of mammalian herpesviruses comprises glycoprotein B (gB), gH, and gL. gH and gL form a heterodimer with a central role in viral membrane fusion. When archetypal alpha- or betaherpesviruses lack gL, gH misfolds and progeny virions are noninfectious. However, the gL of the rhadinovirus murid herpesvirus 4 (MuHV-4) is nonessen...

ABSTRACT: Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), also known as Koi herpesvirus, is the etiological agent of a mortal disease in common and koi carp. Recently, we investigated the entry of CyHV-3 in carp using bioluminescence imaging and a CyHV-3 recombinant strain expressing luciferase (LUC). We demonstrated that the skin is the major portal of entry aft...

Video 1: Exploration of carp oropharyngeal cavity by endoscopy. First section: endoscopy of buccal and pharyngeal cavities of C. carpio. A 2 kg common carp was anesthetized to allow endoscopic exploration of oropharyngeal cavity. Second section: mastication movements. A 3 kg common carp was tranquilized (but not anesthetized) to enable exploration...

Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), also known as koi herpesvirus (KHV), is the etiological agent of a virulent and lethal disease in common and koi carp. This study aimed to determine the genetic basis underlying the common carp immune response to the CyHV-3 virus. Two common carp lines (R3 and K) were infected with CyHV-3 by immersion. The R3 line p...

Bo10 sequences divergences among BoHV-4 strains. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences divergences of Bo10 genes from 9 BoHV-4 strains were determined using CLUSTALw. Values above and below the diagonal refer to percentages of nucleotide and amino acid sequences divergences, respectively. (DOC)

Sensitivity of the Bo10 STOP strain to anti gL directed neutralization. A. and B. BoHV-4 V.test WT BAC, Bo10 STOP and Bo10 STOP Rev virions were incubated with the gL-specific neutralizing mAb 16 (100 µg/mL). After incubation (2h, 37°C) the viruses were plaque assayed for infectivity on either MDBK cells (A) or EBL cells (B). After 4 days of incuba...

Neutralization of the BoHV-4 gp180 deficient virions on various cell types. BoHV-4 V.test WTeGFP and Bo10 Del virions were incubated with serum of a rabbit infected with BoHV-4 V.test strain. After incubation (2h, 37°C) the viruses were used to infect MDBK, BT, EBTr, EBL, BOMAC and MacT cells. BoHV-4 titers are expressed relative to virus without a...

Effect of deglycosylation treatments on BoHV-4 infectivity. Intact BoHV-4 V.test WT virions were deglycosylated without denaturation as described in the Material and Methods. N-, PNGase F; O-, neuraminidase + β1-4 Galactosidase + O-glycanase; NO-, PNGase F + neuraminidase + β1-4 Galactosidase + O-glycanase. After deglycosylation treatment, virion s...

Identification of the targets of mAbs 16, 29 and 33. In order to map mAb recognition, 293T cells were transfected with the gB or gH extracellular domains or the entire gL fused to a GPI membrane anchor resulting in gB-GPI, gH-GPI and gL-GPI respectively. To reconstitute epitopes depending on the gH-gL hetrodimer, we cotransfected the cells with pla...

Immunoelectron microscopy of virions. Purified BoHV-4 WT V.test or Bo10 Del virions were processed for immuno-electron microscopy as described in the Material and Methods. These samples were stained for gB with mAb 35 followed by secondary goat anti-mouse IgG-10 nm gold labeled. Pictures of individual virions were then taken. Pictures of 5 represen...

All gammaherpesviruses encode a major glycoprotein homologous to the Epstein-Barr virus gp350. These glycoproteins are often involved in cell binding, and some provide neutralization targets. However, the capacity of gammaherpesviruses for long-term transmission from immune hosts implies that in vivo neutralization is incomplete. In this study, we...

ABSTRACT: Many of the known fish herpesviruses have important aquaculture species as their natural host, and may cause serious disease and mortality. Anguillid herpesvirus 1 (AngHV-1) causes a hemorrhagic disease in European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Despite their importance, fundamental molecular knowledge on fish herpesviruses is still limited. In...