Alain Marchand

• PhD
• Professor (Full) at Université de Montréal

This study develops and tests an alternative conceptualization of the healthy organization that integrates organizational learning, training and development, work organization conditions, and human resource philosophy within a whole-person view of employee health. Defined as an organizational-level construct, the convergence of these workplace attr...

Introduction Numerous population-based studies have been conducted on the factors that contribute to mental health problems in the workplace and the factors that promote well-being in the workplace. However, knowledge of these factors does not mean that best practices or interventions will automatically be implemented in the workplace. Methods The...

In pursuing this study, we were interested in the effect of changes in psychological demands over time on burnout. We were also interested in examining the moderating role resources could play between changes in job demands over time and employee burnout. Multilevel regression analyses of repeated measures were conducted to capture the hierarchical...

Purpose Managers play a crucial role in organizations. They make decisions that directly influence organizational success and significantly impact employees’ mental health, development and performance. They are responsible for ensuring the financial well-being and long-term sustainability of organizations. However, their mental health is often over...

Several countries are currently experiencing worker shortages. In this context, which favors employees, employers must improve their offer to attract and retain employees, not only in regards to wage but also in regards to work organization conditions. Teleworking is one work organization condition (or human resource management practice) that is re...

Le retrait organisationnel (RO) est un phénomène préoccupant les organisations et engendrant des effets négatifs sur la performance individuelle et organisationnelle. À la suite d’une revue systématique des théories et des modèles explicatifs, depuis le modèle fondateur de Hanisch (1995), nous constatons que le RO est abordé de façon fragmentée et...

Purpose This paper aims to examine the contribution of occupational identity and gender in explaining psychological distress among managers. It proposes and tests empirically a theoretical model that integrates identity theory into occupational stress and gender research. It analyses the proposition that a low level of verification of role identity...

BACKGROUND Psychological distress in the workplace is usually attributed to work-related variables as well as non-work-related variables. Individuals working in the same organization can differ in terms of their appraisal of work-related stressors and coping strategies used to face them. The present study aims to evaluate the moderating role perso...

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to verify the mediating role salivary cortisol intensity plays between work organization conditions and depression. This study simultaneously considered psychological and physiological (salivary cortisol) stress indicators on workers’ depression in a single model. Methods: We relied on cluster sampl...

Résumé Introduction L'objectif de cette étude consiste à comparer l'hypothèse de vulnérabilité et l'hypothèse d'expression pour expliquer la plus grande détresse psychologique des femmes en emploi. Ces deux hypothèses sont contrastées en intégrant les stresseurs du travail, de la famille, le conflit travail-famille et les ressources psychosociales...

BACKGROUND: Psychological distress affects between 5 and 27% of the general population [1]. Workers facing stressful work conditions are especially at high risk for experiencing psychological distress [1]. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between work organization conditions and work performance via psychological distress. While the individu...

Background Depression has a profound impact on population health. Although using web-based mental health programs to prevent depression has been found to be effective in decreasing depression incidence, there are obstacles preventing their use, as reflected by the low rates of use and adherence. Objective The aims of the study are to understand th...

Résumé Position du problème Cette recherche tente de déterminer si les traits d’identité culturelle, et en particulier l’ethnicité et le statut d’immigrant, modifient la façon dont le travail est associé aux symptômes dépressifs dans la main-d’œuvre canadienne. Méthode Les données proviennent des neuf cycles de l’Enquête nationale sur la santé de...

This study investigates the nexus between teacher exposure to student aggression, their level of emotional exhaustion, and the role of belongingness and perceived school safety as mediators. Random-Intercept Cross-Lag Panel Models were conducted among a sample of 2,072 secondary teachers (57.14% female) from grades 7 to 11 in 77 schools. Chronic le...

This study seeks to examine the association between managers’ occupational identity, high performance management practices, and managers’ burnout. We propose a theoretical model that integrates identity theory into stress and human resource management research. We investigate the proposition that a weak verification of manager’s identity will be as...

Background To design a workplace environment that favors workers’ well-being, organizations need to determine which variables are associated with this mental state. In doing so, the hope is to replenish human, work and social resources and ultimately boost employee’s performance at work. Objective and method This study’s objective was to evaluate...

Cette recherche vise à comprendre en quoi les traits d’identité culturelle, plus particulièrement l’ethnicité et le statut d’immigrant, pourraient modifier la façon dont le travail s’associe aux symptômes de détresse psychologique au sein de la main-d’oeuvre canadienne. Les résultats basés sur les données longitudinales de l’Enquête nationale sur l...

Purpose Based on identity theory, identity represents a set of meanings individuals hold for themselves based on their role in the society. Hence, they often engage in the process of verifying their role, seeking for the compatibility between these meanings and those perceived in a specific lived situation. If this compatibility is not perceived, t...

PurposeThis cross-sectional study aims to evaluate the role of chronic diseases, and their interactions with age and gender, on the emotional exhaustion component of the burnout syndrome.Methods Data came from the Salveo Study conducted in 2009–2012. It contained a random sample of 2075 Canadian workers employed in 63 workplaces. Multilevel regress...

Objective This study explores how the structure of professional identity and its undermining are associated with symptoms of psychological distress in the skilled trades, focusing on the construction and manufacturing sectors in Quebec. One limitation of the current research is its neglect of professional identity, even though this concept is impor...

This study examines an exposure model in which the work and family stressors and the access to resources are gendered and contribute to explaining the psychological distress inequality between sex categories, both directly and indirectly through work-family conflict. A multilevel path analysis conducted on a random cross-sectional sample of 2026 Ca...

Cette étude vise à mieux comprendre le lien entre identité professionnelle et agressions fondées sur le sexe et le genre dans les métiers spécialisés de la construction et du secteur manufacturier au Québec. Une limite importante dans la littérature s’avère être l’absence d’étude portant sur l’identité professionnelle et sa fragilisation. L’identit...

Très peu d’études se sont intéressées aux facteurs prédisposant aux réponses agressives dans les métiers spécialisés, particulièrement dans les secteurs de la construction et manufacturier. De plus, une importante limitation des études actuelles est l’omission de l’identité professionnelle dans l’étude de l’adoption de réponses agressives. Cet arti...

Objective: The present study proposes to shed light on the impact of workers' depression on their work performance. Methods: We implemented a path analyses adjusted for design effects resulting from cluster sampling using MPlus software[1] on a sample of 1957 workers. These analyses allowed us to evaluate direct and indirect effects (mediation)...

Abstact This paper revisited the vulnerability hypothesis to explain the greater level of psychological distress among working women compared to working men. A comprehensive vulnerability model was tested in which work and family stressors and psychosocial resources are directly related to psychological distress and indirectly through work‐to‐famil...

Objective: The objective was to identify helpful, feasible strategies that can be implemented by working men to decrease work-related stress. Methods: An international Delphi consensus study was conducted with four panels of stakeholders. Three rounds of surveys were sent to panellists who rated the helpfulness and feasibility of strategies. Str...

BACKGROUND The prevalence of depression is high and has been stable despite the increased treatment research and dissemination. There are many barriers to seeking traditional mental health services such as in person cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) or interpersonal therapy, which could be mitigated by using web-based prevention methods. Web-based m...

Background: The prevalence of depression is high and has been stable despite increased treatment, research, and dissemination. People encounter barriers to seeking traditional mental health services, which could be mitigated by using web-based prevention methods. Objective: This study aims to understand what people at high risk for depression pe...

BACKGROUND Depression has a profound impact on population health. Although using web-based mental health programs to prevent depression has been found to be effective in decreasing depression incidence, there are obstacles preventing their use, as reflected by the low rates of use and adherence. OBJECTIVE The aims of the study are to understand th...

Purpose It is of great importance for organizations to identify what can influence employees’ well-being. The theoretical model that the authors propose combines psychological and social determinants of stress at work. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the contribution of work organization conditions, personality traits and their interaction...

Background: Some stress theories argue that the effects of stressors are moderated by the individual perception of stressors. Personality traits may thus moderate the relationship between work stressors and depression. Objective and method: This study aims to verify the moderating effect of personality traits on the relationship between work condit...

Although a strong relationship between employment and men’s mental health has been identified, theoretical linkages between masculinity, employment, and mental health are not well developed and mental health supports that account for gender and employment are correspondingly inadequate. The purpose of this study is to contribute to theoretical unde...

Although a majority of people will be exposed to a traumatic event over the course of their lifespan, only a minority will develop post-traumatic stress disorder. Better understanding the factors contributing to the development of this psychopathology is of high importance and could significantly reduce the societal and human costs associated with...

Purpose This study investigated variations over time of psychological distress and depressive symptoms among working Canadians according to two cultural identity traits: ethnicity and immigration status. Method Data came from the nine cycles of the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) conducted by Statistics Canada. Based on a sample of 7069 w...

This study tested a differential exposure explanation of the association between sex categories and work–family conflict. It addresses the question of why men and women may experience similar or dissimilar levels of work–family conflict and tests whether differences are due to their different gendered demands and resources. Drawing from a sample of...

This study aimed to examine gender effects on the relations between abusive supervision and mental health issues, work-family conflicts, as well as the risk of alcohol use. A subset of the SALVEO data (N = 2,058) was used in this paper to conduct multilevel regression analysis, controlling for both work and non-work related determinants. Results sh...

Background: Job stressors can cause a salivary cortisol secretion dysregulation which in turn can lead to burnout. However, job stressors do not induce the same cortisol secretion dysregulation and psychic consequences systematically to all workers. Personality traits may influence job stressor's adaptation. The objectives of this study were (a) t...

Background: Despite mounting evidence on the association between work stress and burnout, there is limited knowledge about the extent to which workers' age and gender are associated with burnout. Aims: To evaluate the relationship between age, gender and their interaction with burnout in a sample of Canadian workers. Methods: Data were collect...

Background: Serious violent acts (e.g. physical violence, robbery, sexual aggression and death threats) are among the most visible and notable examples of workplace violence. Although women are commonly found to be at higher risk for post-traumatic reactions following workplace violence, little is known as regards sex differences concerning the ty...

Aim: Burnout is a pervasive mental health problem in the workforce, with mounting evidence suggesting ties with occupational and safety outcomes such as work injuries, critical events and musculoskeletal disorders. While environmental [work and non-work, work-to-family conflict (WFC)] and individual (personality) pathways to burnout are well docum...

Comment les entreprises, même de petite taille, peuvent-elles contribuer à l’amélioration de la santé mentale de leurs employés et, du même coup, réduire les demandes d’indemnisation auprès des compagnies d’assurances ? Voici des pistes, trop rentables pour qu’on n’en tienne pas compte.

With the aim of extending organisational justice research to embrace significant and enduring aspects of the workplace context, this study examines organisational culture and human resource management (HRM) as constitutive dimensions of systemic justice and relates them to employee health. Bridging organisational justice, HRM, organisational cultur...

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the contribution of work, nonwork, and individual factors to self-reported heart disease, and to evaluate gender-related differences over a period of 16 years among Canadian workers aged 40 years and more. Methods: Using the National Population Health Survey (NPHS, 1994 to 2010), we estimated mult...

But Cette étude s’intéresse à la comorbidité en santé mentale au travail. Précisément, des liens concomitants entre l’épuisement professionnel (cynisme, épuisement émotionnel, inefficacité professionnelle) et la consommation de substances psychoactives (consommation d’alcool épisodique excessive, consommation hebdomadaire à risque d’alcool, consomm...

Background: Workplace violence is a serious concern for workers' mental health and well-being in high risk work sectors. Objective: This study examined victims' and witnesses' experiences after exposure to workplace violence, and the types of help they used to cope with the violent event. Methods: Workers (n = 211) from five different work sec...

Objective: To compare diurnal cortisol profiles across samples of older adults from diverse populations and to examine if differences in circadian cortisol secretion are associated with poor physical performance (SPPB<9). Methods: Data were collected during the baseline survey of the International Mobility in Aging Study conducted in 2012 in Kin...

Background Major depression (MDE) is prevalent in men and affects men’s health and productivity. Because of the stigma against depression and social/gender norms, men are less likely to seek help for emotion and stress-related issues. Therefore, innovative solutions tailored for men are needed. With rapid development of the Internet and information...

Background: This study investigates the determinants of long working hours from the perspectives of the demand-control model [Karasek, 1979] and social exchange theory [Blau, 1964; Goulder, 1960]. Objective: These two theoretical perspectives are tested to understand why individuals work longer (or shorter) hours. Methods: The hypotheses are t...

Cette étude vise à évaluer l’effet modérateur des traits de personnalité sur la relation entre les conditions de l’organisation du travail et l’épuisement professionnel. Selon les théories du stress (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984 ; Marchand, 2004 ; Pearlin, 1999), certains traits de personnalité dont le travailleur dispose seraient susceptibles d’influen...

Cette étude a pour objectif de déterminer comment la perception de la culture organisationnelle de type groupal, développemental, hiérarchique et rationnel s’associe aux agressions en milieu de travail. Les agressions englobent les actes d’incivilités à faible intensité jusqu’aux actes physiques de violences au travail. Les données proviennent de l...

Objective: Research has shown that employed women are more prone to depression than men, but the pathways linking gender to depression remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to examine how work and family conditions operated as potentially gendered antecedents of depression. It evaluated more specifically how differences in depressive...

The aim of this article is to analyze the extent to which organizational culture contributes to the symptoms of psychological distress in the workforce. Integrating organizational culture and work organization conditions makes it possible to examine how culture is associated with the various components of work organization conditions, and how these...

Background: Major depression is a prevalent mental disorder and imposes considerable burden on health and productivity. Men are not immune to major depression, yet they often delay seeking help because of perceived stigma and gender norms. E-mental health programs hold potential for early prevention of major depression. However, we have little kno...

Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser l’influence de la culture organisationnelle sur les problemes d’epuisement professionnel dans la main-d’œuvre. Ceci est important pour explorer des pistes d’intervention qui vont au-dela des employes eux-memes et des conditions de travail ainsi qu’afin de mieux comprendre comment les elements du contexte organ...

Salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) is a stress-sensitive biomarker the shows promise as an indirect proxy of sympathetic-adrenal-medullary axis activities that are otherwise difficult to discern non-invasively. This comprehensive study investigated diurnal sAA in association with numerous psychosocial characteristics related to mental health, work stress...

Background The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of personality traits in explaining the relationship between workplace stressors and variations in salivary cortisol concentrations. Method Multilevel regression analyses were performed on a sample of 401 employees from 34 Quebec firms. Saliva samples were collected five times...

This study examines the associations between health and stress management (HSM) practices and mental-health disability claims. Data from the Salveo study was collected during 2009-2012 within 60 workplaces nested in 37 companies located in Canada (Quebec) and insured by a large insurance company. In each company, 1 h interviews were conducted with...

Cette étude vise à cerner les conditions de travail expliquant le niveau de détresse psychologique chez les professionnels et professionnelles exerçant une profession réglementée au Canada. Des analyses de régression multiples multiniveaux furent conduites à partir des données longitudinales de l'Enquête nationale sur la santé de la population (ENS...

The objective of this study was to assess components, subscales, and interactions proposed by the popular Job Demand-Control (JDC), Job Demand-Control-Support (JDCS), and Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) work stress models in relation to diurnal variation of the stress hormone cortisol. Participants included 401 day-shift workers employed from a rando...

Objectives: This article examined the contribution of gender, age, occupation and economic sector on psychological distress, depression and burnout. Methods: The data came from the SALVEO study carried out in 2009- 2012 among 2,162 workers employed in 63 Canadian workplaces. Multilevel logistic regression models were estimated on the total sampl...

OBJECTIVES: This article examined the contribution of gender, age, occupation and economic sector on psychological distress, depression and burnout. METHODS: The data came from the SALVEO study carried out in 2009– 2012 among 2,162 workers employed in 63 Canadian workplaces. Multilevel logistic regression models were estimated on the total sample...

OBJECTIVES: This article examined the contribution of gender, age, occupation and economic sector on psychological distress, depression and burnout. METHODS: The data came from the SALVEO study carried out in 20092012 among 2,162 workers employed in 63 Canadian workplaces. Multilevel logistic regression models were estimated on the total sample and...

This study aimed to evaluate the contribution of work, non-work and individual factors to obesity with regard to gender-related differences, and to clarify the mediating role that psychological distress plays in these dynamics in Canada from 1994 to 2008 using the Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS). Longitudinal. The NPHS is a random...

Background: Psychological distress is frequently used as an indicator of the mental health of a population. Overall, the mean level of distress is higher in women than in men and tends to decrease in both genders during adulthood. This pattern is primarily attributable to the differential exposure of women and men to specific risk factors over thei...

Background This study uses a multidimensional theoretical model to evaluate the role of regulated occupations and working conditions in explaining psychological distress. Methods Various multilevel regression analyses were conducted on longitudinal data for which measures repeated over time (n1 = 36,166) were nested in individuals (n2 = 7007). Re...

Purpose: This study examined the contribution of work, non-work and individual factors on workers' symptoms of psychological distress, depression and emotional exhaustion based on the multilevel determinants of workers' mental health model. Methods: Data from the SALVEO Study were collected in 2009-2012 from a sample of 1,954 employees nested in...

Stress, suicide au travail, harcèlement, mal-être, épuisement professionnel… Les mots pour dire les maux du travail ont envahi le discours médiatique et politique, mais aussi la vie quotidienne des organisations publiques et privées. Pourtant, derrière chacun de ces mots d’allure parfois simple se cachent des partis pris théoriques qui gênent la bo...

The current study assessed which specific burnout symptoms were most predictive of distinct diurnal cortisol profiles. Participants included 401 day-shift workers employed in a random sampling of 34 Canadian workplaces. The 16-item Maslach Burnout Inventory was used to extract burnout sub-scales that included emotional exhaustion, cynicism, profess...

This study investigated whether self-reported psychological distress and depressive and burnout symptoms were associated with cortisol concentrations among workers. Day-shift workers (N=401) employed in 34 diverse workplaces in Canada participated. We adminstered well-validated questionnaires and collected salivary cortisol concentrations at five t...

Dans la pratique, les spécialistes des interventions organisationnelles et les psychologues du travail sont souvent amenés à intervenir dans des situations de conflit ou de crise organisationnelle. Si le praticien sait reconnaître empiriquement une telle situation, il n’existe pas à notre connaissance de définition claire d’un tel état de crise. A...

Aims To analyse variations in workers psychological distress, depression and burnout within a model encompassing the stress promoted by constraints-resources embedded in structures of daily life (workplace, family, social networks outside the workplace) and worker individual characteristics (demography, physical health, psychological traits, life h...

Although several studies are concerned by the phenomenon of psychological distress at work, few studies have looked at the prevalence of psychological distress among professional workers in the regulated occupations and compare this prevalence with other occupations. This study propose to define regulated occupations by laying out the theoretical b...

This study investigated how core self-evaluations relate to work–family (and family–work) conflict and burnout. Drawing from a sample of 289 police officers and civilian staff who were either married or living in a union as common-law partners, this study advances an empirical integration of work–family and core self-evaluations research. The resul...

Background This study advances a measurement approach for the study of organizational culture in population-based occupational health research, and tests how different organizational culture types are associated with psychological distress, depression, emotional exhaustion, and well-being. Methods Data were collected over a sample of 1,164 employe...

This study examined the moderating role of Canadian workers' personality traits between work organization conditions and prescribed psychotropic drug use. Longitudinal data were derived from Statistics Canada's National Population Health Survey. Controlling for several cofounding variables, the multilevel analysis revealed that self-esteem, interna...

L’objectif initial de ce projet visait à offrir aux entreprises québécoises un guichet électronique leur permettant de soumettre les questions qu’elles se posent en matière de santé mentale au travail et de pouvoir recevoir rapidement (environ une semaine) des réponses opérationnelles fondées sur les données probantes issues de la recherche scienti...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the theoretical ordering of the associations between work hours, psychological demands, decision latitude, and psychological distress. Design/methodology/approach A mediation model, predicting that the association between long work hours and psychological distress is mediated by psychological demands...

Purpose: This study aims at modelling the relationship between the number of work hours per week and cortisol variation across 3 days by comparing non-working day to working day in a population of day-shift workers. Methods: Questionnaire data and saliva samples for cortisol analysis were collected on 132 day-shift workers employed in 13 workpla...

Objective: The moderating role of personality traits between work organization conditions and alcohol misuse by Canadian workers was examined. Participants: Longitudinal data came from Statistics Canada's National Population Health Survey (NPHS). Methods: Data had a hierarchical structure and were analyzed using multilevel logistic regression...

Advancing a framework that links organizational culture, work organization conditions, and mental health, this article extends current stress models so as to capture the influence of an important dimension of the broader context in which individuals experience stress and strain. By so doing, this framework integrates distal organizational and proxi...

This article investigated the contribution of occupation and work organization conditions to psychological distress and psychotropic drug use in the Canadian workforce. Results obtained from data analysis of cycle 2.1 of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS 2.1), suggested a limited role of work in psychological distress and psychotropic drug...

Background This study investigated variations in psychological distress in a large sample of the Canadian population according to employment status, occupation, work organization conditions, reasons for non-employment, stress and support outside the work environment, family situation and individual characteristics. Methods Data came from cycle 4 (...

This study examined the associations between occupational groups; work-organization conditions based on task design; demands, social relations, and gratifications; and weekly high-risk alcohol consumption among Canadian workers. A secondary data analysis was performed on Cycle 2.1 of the Canadian Community Health Survey conducted by Statistics Cana...

Search Strategy. It contains all the details for the search strategy performed for the research article.

Critical Appraisal. It contains a table entitled 'Additional file 2. Items considered for the critical appraisal'. This table includes all the items upon which the methodological and conceptual quality of the included studies for the systematic review were critically appraised.

Strength of Evidence. It contains a figure entitled 'Additional file 3. Strength of evidence assessment'. This figure illustrates the decision process followed in the assessment of the strength of evidence.

Moose. It contains a table entitled 'Additional file 4. MOOSE Checklist'. This table includes all items upon which an evaluation of the research article was based considering the MOOSE evaluation tool.

In the past years, cumulative evidence has convincingly demonstrated that the work environment is a critical determinant of workers' mental health. Nevertheless, much less attention has been dedicated towards understanding the pathways through which other pivotal life environments might also concomitantly intervene, along with the work environment,...

This article discusses how biological and psychosocial perspectives might integrate into a unified framework - the bio-psychosocial model - that can be used to explain how mental health problems at work are generated and that can be subsequently employed in workplace intervention. It concludes with a brief review of the advantages and ethical pitfa...