Alaa El-Sadek

• PhD, PMP
• Professor at Arabian Gulf University

Partial Rootzone Drying (PRD) is the creation of simultaneous wet and dry (or drying) areas within the root zone. Only part of the root zone is irrigated and kept moist at any one time. This new irrigation strategy allows the exploitation of drought-induced abscisic acid (ABA) based root to stomata signaling system to water saving. In this research...

The fate and movement of dissolved substances in soils and groundwater has generated considerable concern for the quality of the subsurface environment. Many analytical solutions for the partial differential equations that describe solute and pollutant movement exist. Numerical solutions are more general, and often more difficult to verify. In orde...

A process-factor was driven for the NO3--N concentration in the soil water. The process-factor was calculated to a catchment in Belgium. The NO3--N concentration in the surface water at the outlet of the catchment was used as Cs. The model was run on each individual field within the catchment for four consecutive winter periods. A Monte Carlo appro...

In regions, which suffer from water shortage or potential water shortage like the Middle East, water policies and different mitigation measures are formulated. With the increasing population and increasing demand for food and drinking water with the fixed supply of water, the demand management policies have been introduced. Virtual Water has been a...

Water Desalination is an indispensable industry for the most of the Arab countries. In the last four decades, the number and capacities of desalination units have increased dramatically (45% Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) and 42% Reverse Osmosis (RO) of world capacity); especially in the Gulf States. Almost all available conventional water resources in Eg...

An assessment of the vulnerability of the municipal water management system to the impacts of climate change in the Kingdom of Bahrain, manifested by the increase in demands due to increase in temperatures, is conducted using a dynamic mathematical model representing the water sector in the kingdom. The model is developed using WEAP software and wa...

Achieving low cost learning with reliable accuracy is one of the important goals to achieve intelligent machines to save time, energy and perform learning process over limited computational resources machines. In this paper, we propose an efficient algorithm for a perceptron neural network inspired by quantum computing composite from a single neuro...

Most applications using remote sensing tend to assess fresh water quality via regression models between in situ data and spectral bands. Suspended Sediment (Turbidity), Dissolved Oxygen and Temperature are common parameters derived from RS and recurrently used in WQI and/or TDML indicators. In this study a series of ETM+ Landsat images, thermal ban...

Unseen Leakage problem is one of the most important causes of water loss in water distribution networks systems. This study covered broadly the problem of Non Revenue Water due to the unseen leakages in the water distribution networks in the kingdom of Bahrain. Most specifically, a simulation of where to install Water Noise Sensors (Premalog+) in w...

Unseen Leakage problem is one of the most important causes of water loss in water distribution networks systems. This study covered broadly the problem of Non Revenue Water due to the unseen leakages in the water distribution networks in the kingdom of Bahrain. Most specifically, a simulation of where to install Water Noise Sensors (Premalog +) in...

Like the rest of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries which are located in an arid region, the State of Kuwait faces difficulty in providing food security for its population locally. This is due to the limited natural water resources and its quality deterioration, limited and declining arable land, and rapid increase of population. Therefor...

Because of the importance of the Wadi Gaza as a unique ecosystem in Gaza Governorates, it was declared a nature reserve in June 2000. Wadi Gaza Nature Reserve was established to conserve the wetland ecosystem, to stop or slow the degradation of its natural resources and biological diversity and to promote measures for their eventual rehabilitation....

In Egypt, the government has initiated large-scale projects to reuse drainage water to face the great challenges due to its limited water resources. Taking into consideration the environmental aspects of drainage water reuse, the diffuse pollution of water resources from agricultural sources (fertilizers) is a major environmental issue. A high perc...

The hydrologic and nitrate (NO3-N) leaching dynamics of a maize field were respectively modelled with DRAINMOD and DRAINMOD-N. Experimental data of a 3-year period were available for model calibration and evaluation. Data from the first two years were used for model calibration whilst data from the remaining year were used for an initial evaluation...

West Asia (WA) countries have been experiencing different degrees of natural and anthropogenic water risk affecting the sustainability of their limited water resources and preservation of the ecosystem equilibrium. The fragile arid environment and its resiliency to cope with external natural and anthropogenic activities, including the expected impa...

Water Security was a central theme of WANA Forum 2010, where regional experts warned that the wars of the 21st century will be fought over water. Climate change will only exacerbate problems in a region already stressed by lack of water, food and political and social unrest. Across the Arc of Crisis, from Somalia, Sudan and Egypt in Africa to Yemen...

A physico-chemical water quality model has been developed for the Rosetta Branch in the Nile Delta, making use of the MIKE11 river modeling software of DHI Water and Environment (DHI, 2002). The physico-chemical water quality (WQ) module of MIKE11 was linked with a detailed full hydrodynamic (HD) model developed for the same Rosetta Branch, and als...

Water quality in terms of nitrogen transport and transformations in surface water has been presented in both spatial and temporal distributions. The paper is concentrated on the analysis for the Lake Nasser, the main Nile with the two branches, the drains, irrigation canals and rayahs. The spatial variation of the sampled water quality parameters i...

A physico-chemical water quality model has been developed and tested for the Rosetta Branch in the Nile Delta. This paper discusses the set up of this model, the investigation on sufficient availability of water quality sampling and pollution data to enable such Modeling exercise, the extensive model verification by statistical techniques, as well...

Understanding the virtual water trade concept and strategy is important for formulating informed policies for improving water use efficiency at different levels. However, the introduction of virtual water concept as a policy option in Egypt is still in need for extensive investigations, research, and feasibility evaluation. Currently, Egypt’s net v...

Understanding the virtual water trade concept and strategy is important for formulating informed policies for improving water use efficiency at different levels. However, the introduction of virtual water concept as a policy option in Egypt is still in need for extensive investigations, research, and feasibility evaluation. Currently, Egypt’s net v...

Within the framework of an UNESCO-FUST project “FRIEND-NILE II”, the implementation of ecohydrology, as a promising discipline that can help solving the problems with water quality management is the focus objective for the participating Nile countries. In this paper, the importance of ecohydrology as a tool for integrated water resources management...

Taking the Arab states as a case study, this paper addresses the water/food challenges facing the water-scarce region and the implications for the food economy. By accounting the volume of virtual water embedded in food imports into the countries concerned, a close relationship between water endowment and food import dependence is elaborated. The a...

The aim of the research presented in this manuscript is to model the outflow discharge and nutrient load at the outlet of small scale, mainly agricultural catchments. There to two approaches for the simulation of the transport of water and the transport and transformation of nitrogen in the stream were tested and compared. Both approaches use the D...

The purpose of the study was to examine the possibility of modeling nitrate leaching to surface waters using a field-scale quasi-two-dimensional mechanistic flow model (DRAINMOD) in combination with a GIS. The GIS was used to describe the spatial distribution within the area of interest of soil type and land use, and to integrate the simulated nitr...

The fate of nitrogen in the soil is of major concern because of the potential hazard for nitrogen, applied in excess of the natural decomposing capacity of the soil, to contaminate shallow and deep aquifers. For the prediction of the nitrogen behavior in soils simulation models are frequently used. In this study the transport and fate of nitrate wi...

The nitrogen processes that occur within the soil play a major role in determining the nitrate leaching to shallow groundwater. In this study, the transport and fate of nitrate within the soil profile were analyzed by comparing field data with the simulation results of a mathematical model. The objective was to study the transport and fate of nitra...

Some of the highest losses of nitrate to surface waters come from drained agricultural land. This research studied, for Belgian farming conditions, (i) the effect of subsurface drainage density on nitrate losses and (ii) the economics of nitrate losses, using the nitrogen version of the pro-ram DRAINMOD-N. DRAINMOD was used to simulate the performa...

Denitrification is the process by which nitrate-nitrogen is converted to nitrogen gas by soil microorganisms when soil oxygen is low or absent. The process of denitrification is important in preventing high agriculture-source nitrate loads from entering and polluting rivers. The aim of the research was to examine if the NO3-N concentration in drain...

In this study, the transport and fate of nitrate within the soil profile and nitrate leaching to drains were analyzed by comparing historic field data with the simulation results of the DRAINMOD model. The nitrogen version of DRAINMOD was used to simulate the performance of the nitrogen transport and transformation of the Hooibeekhoeve experiment,...

Some of the highest losses of nitrate to surface waters come from drained agricultural land. This article studies the effect of subsurface drainage density on nitrate losses and crop yield under Belgian farming conditions, using the nitrogen version of DRAINMOD (Brevé et al., 1997). DRAINMOD (Skaggs, 1997) was used to simulate the performance of th...

To model catchment surface water quantity and quality, different model types are available. They vary from detailed physically based models to simplified conceptual and empirical models. The most appropriate model type for a certain application depends on the project objectives and the data availability. The detailed models are very useful for shor...

The WAVE model describes the transport and transformations of matter and energy in the soil, crop, and vadose environment. A lateral field drainage subprogram was added to the WAVE model to simulate lateral subsurface drainage flow. The subsurface drainage is considered as the drainage provided by evenly spaced parallel drains with a free outlet: d...

Some of the highest losses of nitrate to surface waters come from drained agricultural land. Given previous this article studied for Belgian farming conditions (i) the effect of subsurface drainage density on nitrate losses and (ii) the economics of nitrate emissions, using the nitrogen version of DRAINMOD. DRAINMOD was used to simulate the perform...

The main objective of this paper is modeling of the nitrate load in the river outlet of a dominantly rural catchment using the simulation models DRAINMOD and MIKE 11 in combination with a regional GIS, containing major data layers of the catchment. In addition to describing the DRAINMOD-GIS approach in combination with the MIKE 11 model, for simula...

The WAVE model describes the transport and transformations of matter and energy in the soil, crop and vadose environment. A lateral field drainage subprogram was added to the WAVE model to simulate the lateral subsurface drainage flow. The subsurface drainage is considered as the drainage provided by evenly spaced parallel drains with a free outlet...

Fertilised cropland is a potential non-point source of nitrogen contributing to the nutrient enrichment of surface water ecosystems. Nitrogen is present in drainage outflow primarily because of the addition of fertilisers. The purpose of this study is to model the nitrate leaching to surface waters using a quasi two- dimensional mechanistic flow mo...

Expansion of human activities causes dispersion of pollutants in the subsurface environment. The fate and movement of dissolved substances in soils and groundwater has generated considerable interest out of concern for the quality of the subsurface environment. Many analytical solutions for partial differential equations exist in soil science. Nume...

Some of the highest losses of nitrate to surface waters come from drained agricultural land. Given previous this article studied for Belgian farming conditions (i) the effect of subsurface drainage density on nitrate losses and (ii) the economics of nitrate emissions, using the nitrogen version of DRAINMOD (Brevé et al., 1997 a and b). DRAINMOD (Sk...

Egypt has extensive networks of irrigation and drainage canals mainly for agricultural uses. Egypt's agriculture is almost greatly dependent on irrigation from the River Nile. The water is transferred from the Nile to the fields through a system of main canals and rayahs, secondary canals, third order and meskas (field ditches). The irrigation cana...

Water quality is a term used to describe the chemical, physical, and biological characteristics of water, usually in respect to its suitability for a particular purpose. A number of variables are used to measure the health of the water: nutrients, bacteria, salts, metals and pesticides. With the increase in water consumption to satisfy different de...

The limits for NO3-N concentrations in groundwater and surface waters are still under discussion, but it is likely that they will become stricter. The process of denitrification is important in preventing high agriculture-source nitrate loads from entering and polluting rivers. The aim of the research was to examine if the NO3-N concentration in dr...