Akhmad Kharis Nugroho

• Doctor of Philosophy
• Head of Department at Universitas Gadjah Mada

Objectives This study aims to determine the effect of gelatin–simvastatin hydrogel application on bone remodelling during relapse. Materials and Methods Twenty‐four rabbits ( Oryctolagus cuniculus ) were divided into a control group ( n = 12) and a treatment group ( n = 12). The lower incisors were subjected to orthodontic force and moved distally...

Objective: This study aimed to characterize Amprotab that has been modified chemically, physically, and mechanically using HPMC and citric acid. Methods: The study is divided into two parts: three control formulas and three treatment formulas. Control Formula 1 (without HPMC and citric acid), Control 2 (HPMC 1.5 g without citric acids), Control 3 (...

Invensi ini mengenai formulasi beads ketokonazol dalam matriks alginat dan pektin, lebih khusus lagi, invensi ini berhubungan metode pembuatan beads ketokonazol dalam matriks alginat dan pektin menggunakan CaCl2 sebagai agen cross-linker dengan metode gelasi ionik yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kelarutan ketokonazol.

Background and purporse The combination of alginate and gum acacia in previous studies showed good results in inhibiting ketoconazole precipitation due to the supersaturation phenomenon. Ketoconazole-loaded alginate and gum acacia can produce hydrogel beads through cross-linking with Ca²⁺ using ionotropic gelation techniques. However, the pharmacok...

Ketoconazole has low solubility in intestinal pH, whereas drug absorption is largest in the small intestine, which can reduce the bioavailability of the drug. Alginate can be combined with a suitable polymer and cross-linked with divalent ions and another polymer to enhance the solubility of the drug. Ketoconazole could be loaded into a matrix poly...

Weak base drugs tend to precipitate in the intestine, leading to a decrease in their bioavailability. Precipitation initiates with supersaturation due to a pH shift from the stomach to the small intestine. Using natural polymers as precipitation inhibitors is still limited and has not yielded optimal results. This study aims to determine the potent...

This study aims to validate the method for measuring metformin hydrochloride plasma concentrations using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This research performed chromatography on a 250 mm 4.6 mm 5 µm purosphere® Star RP-18 column at ambient temperature with a UV detector system at 233 nm. The mobile phase components were 70% phosphat...

Ketoconazole is an imidazole broad-spectrum antifungal agent used for systemic and local infections. The pharmacokinetic information for ketoconazole is relatively limited. The validated method for determining ketoconazole in plasma rabbit is not yet reported. The HPLC-UV method is simple, rapid, cost-effective, sensitive, and only requires a small...

Piperine, a crystalline alkaloid compound isolated from Piper nigrum, piper longum, and other types of piper, has had many fabulous pharmacological advantages for preventing and treating some specific diseases, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antimetastatic, antithyroid, immunomodulatory, antitumor, rheumatoid arthritis, ost...

This study aimed to investigate the formulation and characterization of Lovastatin in an L-SNEDDS. The selected is composed of L-SNEDDS based on a solubility study of lovastatin in many oils, surfactants, and co-surfactants. Ternary phase diagrams were constructed based on lovastatin solubility to determine lower limit and high limit of oil, surfac...

Objective: This study explores the opinions of academic and practicing pharmacists about ways to prepare pharmacy students for disaster management to enable them to optimize their role in disaster health management. Methods: Semi-structured individual interviews were conducted for data collection from April through June 2021. The research partic...

Ethanolic extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L leaves has in vitro mucolytic activity which at 0.75% has in vitro mucolytic activity equivalent to 0.1% acetylcysteine. However, the extract has a bitter taste and low acceptability. Therefore, Hibiscus leaf extract is formulated in the form of syrup by optimizing the excipient. In this research, the o...

Alginate is one of the natural biopolymers that is widely used for drug formulations, combination of alginate with other polymers, such as gum acacia, pectin, and carrageenan can increase mechanical strength, therefore, can reduce leakage of the encapsulated active pharmaceutical ingredient from the polymer matrix. Interaction of alginate and these...

Vitamin D3 (Cholecalciferol) is a fat-soluble vitamin that is claimed to be an ingredient added to food and beverage products such as cheese and milk. However, due to its unstable nature, it causes vitamin D3 to be degraded in the product. Niosomes are a vesicle drug delivery system formed by nonionic surfactants and cholesterol that can protect bo...

Nausea, which often coexists with vomiting, is an uneasy sensation in the stomach caused by several factors. Oral domperidone is widely prescribed in nausea treatment. The low bioavailability of oral domperidone makes a patient take the drug more frequently, even though some patients have difficulty swallowing the drug when suffering nausea. Recent...

Ketoconazole is a weakly basic drug that has lower solubility at higher pH. Determination of solubility of ketoconazole in the base solution is not easy due to the poor solubility. The simple, low cost, efficient, accurate spectrophotometry methods in UV/VIS region have been developed for the determination of ketoconazole. The wavelengths were sele...

Piperine is the primary alkaloid compound of white pepper, which has many therapeutic benefits. However, piperine has limitations, including low bioavailability, being photosensitive, and being unstable in liquid preparations. This study aims to increase the dissolution rate and stability of isolated piperine in solid preparations using the solid-s...

Coffee bean contains bioactive compounds including caffeine and chlorogenic acid (CGA) that have a stimulant effect and are used for combating fatigue and drowsiness, and enhancing alertness. However, when the coffee bean was processed in the form of green coffee bean (GCB) extract, it has an unpleasant flavour and limitations instability, activity...

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rh-Epo) is a glycoprotein hormone has not been per-oral due to low bioavailability. Double emulsion formula is a widely applied drug delivery system to improve the permeability of hydrophilic drugs. Nevertheless, thermodynamics and enzymatic stability are still being discussed. This review article aims to see how m...

The bibliometric data were extracted from the Scopus database to investigate the conceptual framework of ocular nanoemulsion and/or in-situ gel drug delivery system using “ocular” AND “nanoemulsion” OR “in-situ gel” keywords. The data were evaluated with RStudio and VOSviewer program. The results reveal that the publication trends tend to increase...

SNEDDS merupakan campuran isotropik yang terdiri dari obat, surfaktan, ko-surfaktan dan minyak. Pengembangan dan optimasi formulasi yang tepat diperlukan untuk meminimalisir waktu, biaya, serta menjamin formulasi yang optimal. Tujuan dari penulisan artikel ini adalah untuk menjelaskan SNEDDS serta aplikasi simplex lattice design (SLD) dan box behnk...

The solubility of ketoconazole is highly dependent on the pH of the medium. Solubility is an important physicochemical parameter needed to consider and predict to obtain the drug behavior in a physiological environment. Determination of solubility of ketoconazole in pH of intestine fluid (6-7.4) is not easy due to ketoconazole poor soluble in intes...

This study aimed to determine the solubility of lovastatin (LV) in different oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. LV was solubility studies in different vehicle. The different vehicle used almond oil, sunflower oil, oleic acid, olive oil, soybean oil, and corn oil, isoprophyl myristate, myoglyo...

Pengetahuan tentang sinergisme bermanfaat untuk menentukan kombinasi polimer alami yang memberikan efek menguntungkan ketika dikombinasikan. Interaksi yang saling menguntungkan antar polimer alami dapat dilihat dari nilai sinergisitas dari data pengujian viskositas. Kombinasi polimer yang memiliki efek sinergi dapat memberikan banyak kegunaan serta...

Asiklovir termasuk ke dalam biopharmaceuticals classification system (BCS) kelas III. Obat yang tergolong ke dalam BCS kelas III memiliki kelarutan tinggi dan permeabilitas rendah. SNEDDS terbukti dapat meningkatkan kelarutan, disolusi dan permeabilitas obat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengembangkan formulasi SNEDDS asiklovir yang berpotensi untu...

Compartmental modeling analysis was used to understand the transport mechanism of drugs in biological systems by computation presented as intercompartmental flows or material. This study was aimed to implement compartmental modeling analysis for in vitro permeation studies in transdermal delivery. The cumulative drug transported versus time were ob...

This study aimed to determine the solubility of lovastatin (LV) in different oil, surfactant, and co-surfactant using the high-performance liquid chromatography method. LV was solubility studies in different vehicle. The different vehicle used almond oil, sunflower oil, oleic acid, olive oil, soybean oil, and corn oil, isoprophyl myristate, myoglyo...

The specific and accurate reversed-phase HPLC-UV method has been validated to determine levofloxacin hemihydrate (LEVH) level. The separation was conducted at C 18 analytical column by administering mobile phase acetonitrile, methanol, and phosphate buffer (pH 3) with the ratio of 17:3:80. The flow rate of the mobile phase was 1 mL/min with a UV de...

Simple, easy, and economical UV spectrophotometric methods have been developed using simulated tear fluid (STF) solvent to determine levofloxacin hemihydrate (LEVH) levels in ocular nanoparticles, as indicated by the % entrapment efficiency. A maximum wavelength of levofloxacin at 288nm, with a 4.0-12.0µg/mL concentration, shows linear results with...

Pharmacokinetics studies of domperidone generally analyze plasma matrix samples. The present work aimed to develop and validate a rapid and simple reversed phase-HPLC method for quantifying domperidone in plasma matrices. The chromatographic method implemented: 1. Luna Phenomenex® C18 (250 mm × 4.6 mm i.d; 5 µm) column, 2. isocratic mobile phase mi...

The population-based approach has been widely applied to describe the pharmacokinetic profile of many drugs. The aim of this current research was to study the implementation of the population-based pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin in rabbits administered by intravenous bolus injection and peroral delivery. Modeling analyses were performed using Mo...

Coffee contains caffeine and chlorogenic acid (CGA) as the main constituent benefiting human health. Extract of green coffee beans (GCB) has some limitations in terms of its unpleasant flavour, aroma, and phytoconstituents bioactivity. This study aimed to encapsulate the crude ethyl acetate (EtOAc) extracts of Gayo Robusta GCB (Coffea canephora) to...

Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients in the pharmaceutical world are obtained from natural ingredients, one of which is white pepper. White pepper seeds (Piper nigrum L.) contain the main alkaloid compound piperine, which has a broad spectrum pharmacological effect. This research aimed to isolate the piperine compound from white pepper see...

Aim : This study was aimed to formulate a transdermal matrix patch using green tea leaf extract. Materials and methods : The transdermal matrix patch formulation was optimized by the simplex lattice design method. The correlation between responses was analyzed using chemometrics. The observed responses were: 1. the physical properties of the matrix...

This study aims to synthesize simvastatin hydrogel as drug delivery system with surfactant addition for improving solubility of simvastatin. Surfactants used in the study were the zwitterionic amino acid of arginine and nonionic surface-active agent of polysorbate 80. The solubility study was conducted by pouring of an excess mass of simvastatin in...

Purposed: To assess the effect of the lactic acid (LA)-to-glycolic acid (GA) molar ratio and polyethylene glycol (PEG) concentration on the formation of poly-lactide co-glycolide acid (PLGA)-PEGPLGA co-block polymers simultaneously using statistical approach. Methods: A 22 full factorial design with the addition of a point in the center of the desi...

Brown marine algae are the prominent source of marine natural products having bioactive metabolites. Sargassum turbinarioides (ST) and Sargassum ilicifolium (SI) were dominated in Indonesia as brown marine algae that well known as a source of fucoidan. In this study, we investigated and identified the yield of aqueous crude and purified extracts us...

Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) is known to have ability to protect skin against free radicals. This is supported by polyphenol compound catechin. This research aims to determine the optimum Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) value of Tween 60 and Span 80 compositions on the optimum cream formula of ethanol extract of green tea leaves. Tea leave...

Objective: This research aimed to find modeling and optimization of a novel kinetic-assisted infundation for rich-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and polyphenols extraction from white tea leaf (Camellia sinensis L.).Methods: The optimal conditions for the best extraction of kinetic-assisted infundation were determined using central composite design...

Objective: This study was intended to optimize the extraction condition using central composite design.Methods: Central composite cesign with three independent variables, namely water temperature, brewing time, and brewing number were used to obtain the optimum extraction condition. Two dependent variables, namely yield of extraction and epigalloca...

Objective: The purpose of this present study was to describe the employment of infrared (IR) spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV) method in determining the identity and purity of bulk material containing andrographolide.Methods: Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared (FT...

It has been proven that Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. herbs have an antioxidant activity that make it possible to used in preventing degenerative illness. Centella asiatica (L.) extract has been formulated to fast disintegrating tablet (FDT) dosage form. The aims of this study are to find the optimum formula of FDT of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. The...

Green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) contains bioactive compounds such as epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), caffeine, and gallic acid. The study aimed to optimize the extraction condition using the experimental design of factorial design. Two variables namely water temperature (75 and 95 o C) and brewing number (one and two-times) were used and objected...

Although it has been developed since 1972, the implementation of a population-based modeling approach in Indonesia, particularly to analyze biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics data is still very limited. This study was aimed to evaluate the performance of Monolix and NONMEM, two of the popular software packages in a population-based modeling appr...

Liposomes are a delivery system used in pharmaceutical products and cosmetics. Liposomes have many advantages such as increase stability and efficacy, can be targeted to reduce toxicity and increase accumulation at the target site and are biocompatible. Preparation of liposomes can be done by conventional or new methods which are still being develo...

Aspirin is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with potential as antiplatelet for stroke prophylaxis. Several approaches of aspirin formulations in various dosage forms have been performed. Formulations of aspirin in conventional tablet dosage form often cause gastric irritation. Aspirin is rapidly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, e...

Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug which also has the effect of antiplatelet for stroke prevention. Aspirin inside human body is very easy to break down into salicylic acid as the main metabolite. The aim of this study is to develop and validate the method for determinating aspirin and salicylic acid concentration in plasma by HPLC. M...

A study of optimization of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea.L. var. capitata f. rubra) gel extract formula has been performed by using Simplex Lattice Design (SLD) method and antioxidant activity of the formula gel was also evaluated by using in vitro method.The red cabbage was extracted by soxhletation by using ethanol 96% followed by optimization o...

The death on cardiovascular disease can be caused by thrombosis. Thrombosis is triggered by irreversible activity of thrombocyte aggregation. However, almost all prescribed drugs exhibiting antiplatelet activity are associated with a large number of side effects. Then, exploration of medicinal plants which have cardioprotective activity especially...

Aspirin has low solubility in water therefore, dissolution is a rate limiting step for absorption. Floating tablet formulation is designed to improve the bioavailability of aspirin. The objective of this study was to determine in vitro dissolution study of aspirin floating tablet release kinetics model. The floating tablets were prepared by a direc...

The purpose of this study was to enhance the existing time dependent flux model for the transdermal iontophoretic transport of drugs. This study evaluated the flux data as influenced by time and current density. In vitro iontophoresis performed on the piglet (Sus scrofa) necropsy-taken medial scapha pinneal skin that mounted in the U shaped sink ch...

Development of losartan in transdermal formulation is important due to its low oral bioavailability. Optimal transdermal formulation requires transport mechanism understanding. This study was aimed to develop and evaluate compartmental modeling of losartan transdermal transport in vitro to fulfil this demand. Losartan solution (10g/L in 20% propyle...

Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Var. Capitata f. rubra) has a high anthocyanin content therefore it can be potential as a natural antioxidant. In this research, the antioxidant activity of the red cabbage extract was evaluated quantitatively with a spectroscopy method using DPPH reagent to obtain the value of IC50 . This research was divided into...

The aim of the current study was to identify the variables determining the flux of transdermal iontophoretic delivery of pergolide in vitro and to evaluate the potentials of the delivery design to reach therapeutic plasma concentrations. The effect of: i) pH of donor solution, ii) donor concentration, and iii) the presence of permeation enhancers o...

Pharmacokinetics and dopaminergic effect of dopamine agonist 5-OH-DPAT in vivo were determined following transdermal iontophoresis in rats based on drug concentration in plasma (C(p)) and dopamine levels in striatum (C(DA)). Correlation of the in vitro transport with the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) profiles was characterized in the tran...

This study was aimed to develop a family of compartmental models to describe in a strictly quantitative manner the transdermal iontophoretic transport of drugs in vivo. The new models are based on previously proposed compartmental models for the transport in vitro. The novel in vivo model considers two separate models to describe the input into the...

The feasibility of transdermal iontophoretic delivery of a potent dopamine agonist 5-OH-DPAT was studied in vitro in side by side diffusion cells across human stratum corneum (HSC) and dermatomed human skin (DHS) according to the following protocol: 6 h of passive diffusion, 9 h of iontophoresis and 5 h of passive diffusion. The influences of the f...

The objective of this study was to develop a family of compartmental models to describe in a strictly quantitative manner the transdermal iontophoretic transport of drugs in vitro. Two structurally different compartmental models describing the in vitro transport during iontophoresis and one compartmental model describing the in vitro transport in p...

Purpose: The aim of this study was to characterize the influence of pH and NaCl concentration on the transdermal iontophoretic transport of the dopamine receptor agonist rotigotine across human stratum corneum (HSC). Methods: Rotigotine transport was studied in vitro in side by side diffusion cells according to the following protocol: 6 h of pas...

Iontophoretic transport of rotigotine across human stratum corneum (HSC) was studied in vitro in side by side diffusion cells according to the following protocol: 6 h of passive diffusion, 9 h of iontophoresis followed by 5 h of passive diffusion. A current density of 0.5 mA cm(-2) was applied. The parameters studied were the influence of the rotig...