Ajar Nath Yadav

Eternal University · Department of Biotechnology

Archaea are unique microorganisms that are present in ecological niches of high temperature, pH and salinity. A total of 157 archaea were obtained from thirteen sediment, water and rhizospheric soil samples collected from Rann of Kutch, Gujarat, India. With an aim to screen phosphate solubilizing archaea, a new medium was designed as Haloarchaea P...

The diversity of culturable, cold-active enzymes producing Bacilli was investigated from three sub-glacial lakes of north western Indian Himalayas. Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) using three restriction enzymes Alu I, Msp I, and Hae III led to the clustering of 136 Bacilli into 26, 23, and 22 clusters at 75% similarity index f...

The diversity of culturable, aerobic and heterotrophic Bacillus and Bacillus derived genera (BBDG) was investigated in various extreme environments (including thermal springs, cold deserts, mangroves, salt lakes, arid regions, salt pans and acidic soils) of India. Heat treatment, followed by enrichment in different media led to a total of 893 bacte...

To study culturable bacterial diversity under subzero temperature conditions and their possible functional annotation, soil and water samples from Leh Ladakh region were analysed. Ten different nutrient combinations were used to isolate the maximum possible culturable morphotypes. A total of 325 bacterial isolates were characterized employing 16S r...

Microbial communities in different samples collected from cold deserts of north western Himalayas, India, were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) analysis. A total of 232 bacterial isolates were characterized employing 16S rDNA-Amplified Ribosomal DNA Restriction Analysis with the three restriction endonucle...

Intensive agricultural practices with chemical fertilizers are becoming the reason of environmental deterioration. To feed the ever increasing worldwide population with sustainability goals is a one major challenge and biostimulants developed from the beneficial soil and plant microbiome is a better approach for farming practices to increase the cr...

Background Entomopathogens such as nematodes, bacteria and fungi are well recognized for their biocontrol potential. This study was carried out to examine the insecticidal properties of the Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar, Beauveria bassiana Balsamo-Crivelli, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, individually and in combination against 3rd instar l...

Microbial bioformulations in agriculture is vastly known and accepted for the sustainable agriculture and most of the bioformulation applied in the agricultural fields are developed from a single strain which have displayed inconsistent results. Microbial consortium is one new and promising bioformulation that could be used for growth and developme...

Microbes play crucial functions in maintaining the health and growth of the plants directly or indirectly by supplying nutrients. These microbes could be used as biofertilizers for the enhancement of soil health and growth of crops. In preset investigation, potential microbes from endophytic and rhizospheric region of Aegilops kotschyi growing in g...

Agriculture is one of the exposed sectors to abiotic stress conditions. There are diverse abiotic stress in which low temperature is an important abiotic stress limiting plant growth and development. The low temperature (0–20 °C) adaptive microbial communities are of particular interest because of their adaptability to prevailing conditions. Phosph...

Mushrooms have been an indispensable element of the human culture since antiquity and are cherished all over the globe for their nutritive and therapeutic benefits. Being acknowledged as “the new superfood” of the future, they are a cardinal component of human diet for boosting health status and well being. Mushrooms are endowed with antioxidant, a...

Among the cereal crops, wheat is an important food crop and acts as the staple food for more than half of the world's population. The genetic bottleneck of domestication and modernization has narrowed down the genetic base for different economically important traits in wheat. The involvement of wild species in the wheat hybridization program faced...

Climate change is emerging as a crucial issue with global attention and leading to abiotic stress conditions. There are different abiotic stress which affects the crop production among which drought is known to be most destructive stress affecting crop productivity and world's food security. Different approaches are under consideration to increase...

Endophytic biology is an emerging field due to their wide range of application in various sectors including agriculture, pharmaceutical, medical, and industries. The endophytic phytomicrobiomes residing inside the tissue of the plant have gained the momentum for plant growth promotion (PGP), crop production and protection along with sustaining the...

Gut microbiomes, a consortium of microorganisms that live in the animal gut, are highly engineered microbial communities. It makes a major contribution to digestive health, metabolism management, and the development of a strong immune system in the host. The present study was taken up to answer the long-running question about the existence of truly...

In the last few decades, attention to new natural antimicrobial compounds has arisen due to a change in consumer preferences and the increase in the number of resistant microorganisms. Algae are defined as photosynthetic organisms that demonstrate a wide range of adaptability to adverse environmental conditions like temperature extremes, photo-oxid...

Globally, the chemical fertilizers use increases day by day for higher crop yield, which negatively affects the soil ecosystem. Over the past few decades, microbial bio-inoculants (single or multiple strains as consortium) have been recognized as potential plant growth promoters. Multiple microbial strains in a single formulation are a new growing...

Globally, agriculture is under a lot of pressure due to rising population and corresponding increases in food demand. However, several variables, including improper mechanization, limited arable land, and the presence of several biotic and abiotic pressures, continually impact agricultural productivity. Drought is a notable destructive abiotic stre...

Abiotic stresses are major constraints for plant growth, crop yield and global food security. Plant physiological, biochemical and molecular processes are highly affected under unfavorable environmental conditions, resulting in substantial losses to crop productivity and requiring an immediate response. Abiotic stress resistant plant growth-promoti...

The present investigation emphasized on the development and use of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) as a bio-insecticide. The success in controlling insect pests in the soil environments increased the production and use of the adapted indigenous EPNs species for insect management in the fields. EPNs as biocontrol agents were capable for high virul...

Background The biological diversity on planet earth is declining day by day, due to different factors such as excessive applications of pesticides. The utilization of chemical pesticides affected environment as well as microorganisms. The awareness among the peoples towards the hazards by the residual toxicity of chemical pesticides should be devel...

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Environmental contamination due to anthropogenic and natural sources is on rise due to increasing human population, industrialization and urbanization. The diverse range of the chemical pollutants discharged by the industries to the environment disturbs the delicate balance of the ecosystem. The inefficient waste management strategies make the cond...

Legumes are plants of the family Leguminosae with seed pods that split into two halves. Black soybean seed coat contains numerous bioactive compounds having radical scavenging, anti-tumor, and anti-carcinogenic activities. This study was aimed to assess the effect of soaking, germination, natural fermentation, and roasting on nutritional and antinu...

Over the decades, chemical fertilizers are indiscriminately used in agriculture to increase the crop production, but unfortunately it is considered as a non-sustainable approach due to adverse impact on environment and human health. Bioinoculants provide a better opportunity for ecological farming practices to enhance crop productivity. Different t...

Agriculture faces challenges to fulfill the rising food demand due to shortage of arable land and various environmental stressors. Traditional farming technologies help in fulfilling food demand but they are harmful to humans and environmental sustainability. The food production along with agro‐environmental sustainability could be achieved by enco...

Drought stress is among the most destructive stresses for agricultural productivity. It interferes with normal metabolic activities of the plants resulting, a negative impact on physiology and morphology of the plants. The management of drought stress requires various adaptive and alleviation strategies in which stress adaptive microbiomes are exqu...

The use of bacteria in biological control method offers a best product which is safe, cost effective and easy in application against the infected crop. In this present investigation Photorhabdus showed high virulence against destructive & locally available lepidopteron polyphagous insect pest S. litura in bioassay experiment

Bioinoculants provide better opportunity for ecological farming practices to improve the plant growth and enhanced crop productivity. Different types of bioinoculants containing single microbial culture and multiple microbial strains in single formulation could be used for agricultural sustainability. The different efficient microbial strain in sin...

Maize is considered as an important annual cereal crop cultivated widely throughout the world. Blue Maize (Zea mays L.) is a blue-colored variety of maize containing high content of anthocyanin and belongs to the family Poaceae. The current study aimed to evaluate the effect of soaking, germination, natural fermentation, and roasting on nutritional...

Food security is one of the major challenges for scientific community and one that is vulnerable to an exponentially increasing global population, unsustainable agricultural practices, and a changing global climate. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations foresees that a 60% increase in world food production over the next two...

The finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) flour was subjected to lactic acid fermentation by using two strains of Lactobacillus i.e. with Lactobacillus brevis (BF) and Lactobacillus plantarum (PF), with yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) (YF), with yeast + ammonium sulfate used as fermentation activator (YAF) and combined treatment of yeast and L....

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is considered as an important and widely consumed legume due to its higher nutritional and bioactive potential as well as better functional characteristics. It is a rich source of numerous nutritional components such as essential amino acids, protein, and various dietary components which are suitable for all age groups. Thi...

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L.) is an important perennial pulse from the family Fabaceae. It is one of the important underutilized pulses having high nutritional value and can be used as a basic ingredient for the preparation of valueadded food products. The present investigation aimed to study the influence of soaking and germination on nutritional...

Tracing fungal communities through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) is an incredibly affordable, exploratory, and qualitative molecular approach in a complex ecosystem. Microbial community structure can be tremendously affected in such an ecosystem due to intense biotic and abiotic influences. This technique allows biologists to finge...

Endophytic fungal communities have attracted a great attention to chemists, ecologists, and microbiologists as a treasure trove of biological resource. Endophytic fungi play incredible roles in the ecosystem including abiotic and biotic stress tolerance, eco-adaptation, enhancing growth and development, and maintaining the health of their host. In...

Owing to an inadvertent error, the book editor Dr. Minaxi Sharma’s affiliation in the front matter was presented wrongly as

This book is devoted to sewage sludge, its sustainable management, and its use and implications on soil fertility and crop production. The book traces the main chemical and biological properties of sewage sludge, and covers topics such as sewage sludge biostabilization and detoxification, biological and thermochemical treatment technologies, emergi...

Sewage and sludge constitute liquid and solid fractions of the city sewerage system. The raw sewage usually consists of water carrying various solids partly in solution and partly in suspension. Sewage is a rich source of plant nutrients and in addition, contains suspended solids in the form of solid organic matter. Sewage has been used in agricult...

Sewage sludge is an unavoidable byproduct of the wastewater treatment course. Rising population, and growing urbanization contributes to a sizeable quantity of sewage sludge production. Disposal of such a huge amount of waste requires environmentally safe and economically viable options. Though the applications of sludge to the agricultural field c...

Nanotechnology is a transformative technology with great potential for world food production and security. Recently, the use of nanoparticles in agriculture has exponentially increased in the form of nanofertilizers and nanopesticides as there has been increasing evidence of disadvantages of chemical fertilizers and pesticides to the ecosystem and...

Microbes are organisms that are partner inhabitants of humans and other animals. They have been known to exist in various habitats including water, soil, air, and the interiors of animals as well as plants. These wonders have been known to perform several key roles such as decomposition and nutrient cycling. Their roles in the environment have got...

Organic agriculture is regularly professed as more sustainable than traditional or conventional farming. In conventional farming systems, we faced severe problems with sustainability, and organic agriculture is noticed as a more environmental-friendly method as it favors recycling nutrients, renewable resources, and uses of environment’s individual...

Globally, by 2050, agricultural food production will be increased to feed the growing population. To achieve the objective in sustainable manner, scientific chronicles have explores the mutualistic interaction between plant roots and rhizosphere microbiome. One of the interactions of plants roots was found with arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi (AMF), a...

The human gut microbiota is inhabited by approximately 1013 to 1014 microorganisms, which can be divided into four main phyla, that is, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. The diet is considered to play a key role in the composition and diversity of gut microbiota. The change in food habits and dietary components, includi...

Potassium (K) is the foremost macronutrients for growth of plant, soil health and fertility. The huge application of NPK chemical fertilizers negatively impacts the economy and is a threat to environmental sustainability. The rapid depletion of K mineral in soil is due to the application of agrochemicals agricultural fields for the production of cr...

Fungi are an essential, fascinating and biotechnologically useful group of organisms with an incredible biotechnological potential for industrial exploitation. Knowledge of the world’s fungal diversity and its use is still incomplete and fragmented. There are many opportunities to accelerate the process of filling knowledge gaps in these areas. The...

Mushrooms are well-known functional foods due to the presence of a huge quantity of nutraceutical components. These are well recognized for their nutritional importance such as high protein, low fat, and low energy contents. These are rich in minerals such as iron, phosphorus, as well as in vitamins like riboflavin, thiamine, ergosterol, niacin, an...

Soil is the basic requirement for agriculture crop production and simultaneously the microbial activity is important to improve soil health for healthy crop growth because microbial communities play an important role in building a complex link between plants and soil. Microbiomes from plants, soil and extreme environments are naturally gifted with...

The Himalayas are one of the most mystical, yet least studied terrains of the world. One of Earth's greatest multifaceted and diverse montane ecosystems is also one of the thirty-four global biodiversity hotspots of the world. These are supposed to have been uplifted about 60-70 million years ago and support, distinct environments, physiography, a...

For sustainability assessment of algal biodiesel production, life cycle analysis (LCA) offers a quantitative measure. In this chapter, various literature available on LCA studies of algae biodiesel production are evaluated, depicting that some comprehensive studies compiling various techniques. LCA outputs are dependent on various inputs such as th...

Efficient bacterial strain was isolated from the dye contaminated area and identified as Bacillus stratosphericus SCA1007 based on 16S rRNA gene sequence (GenBank under accession number KY992944). This isolate was selected based on its potential to efficiently decolorize reactive orange 16 dye which is extensively used in textile industries. Variou...

Microbes associated with plants and soil play several significant roles in the environment and without them, the existence of life is quite impossible. They have been known to exist in every habitat type of the earth, even harsh, and interact with other organisms and plant microbes. Phytomicrobiomes are microbes allied with plants i.e. epiphytic (a...

New agricultural practices have been developed to improve food production by using more efficient pesticides and fertilizers i.e. current requirement to feed growing world population. These technologies suffer from major drawbacks such as these technologies can lead to the uncontrolled release of unwanted substances into the environment, with poten...

Rising concentration of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, and chlorofluorocarbons in the atmosphere result in global warming. These greenhouse gases (GHGs) trap the infrared radiations remitted from the Earth. The global mean temperature is rising more rapidly than ever due to presence of higher concentration of GHGs in the atmosphere....

Fertility is the simplest yet most sophisticated word to describe a well-cultivated soil. Simply because it can, in general, make the most of the product available to everyone and complex because many aspects of its sustainable management are still unknown, even to experts in the field of soil science. In fact, fertility is a reflection of the intr...

The current chapter is focused on the microbiome investigations that have been used to understand the linkages between soil microbiota and their environments. Advanced molecular “Omic techniques” such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, metaproteomics and metabolomics have been employed to understand in situ microbiomes and their interactions wit...

An abundance of metabolomics information on the plant stress reactions has been collected and countless metabolic pathways are proposed to be directed in different abiotic stresses. Be that as it may, there are fewer evidences that metabolites and pathways tentatively demonstrated to work in abiotic stress resilience. A profile of metabolites doesn...

Industrialization and modernization of agricultural systems contaminated lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere of the Earth. Sustainable remediation of contamination is essential for environmental sustainability. Myco-remediation is proposed to be a green, economical, and efficient technology over conventional remediation technologies to combat e...

One of the diverse groups of organisms after insects, fungi and its diversification are one of the debated topics among the mycologists because they are one important organism that plays various roles in the ecosystem. In the ecosystem, fungi exist in various environments like soil and water and in association with plants as well as animals in whic...

Fungi are a valuable group of organisms and they are understudied industrially and biotechnologically. Due to their wide distribution in different ecological habitats that they inhabit, and the consequent need to compete against a diverse array of other living organisms, e.g., bacteria, fungi, and animals, fungi have developed numerous survival def...

Plant microbe interaction plays an important role in the growth and development of plants under different environmental conditions. Endophytic microbes frequently interact with plant root for its residence and form a symbiotic association with it. Exceptional endophytic fungus Piriformospora indica has the ability to form beneficial symbiotic assoc...

The biotechnological advances and various crop improvement strategies have contributed to a great extent in nutritional improvement of important food crops, as an intervention toward alleviating the hidden hunger for the developing countries. The development, evaluation, and utilization of biofortified wheat are of great significance to achieve the...

The tiny organism of soil, known as soil microbes have several functional annotations like nutrients cycling and their fixation, mineralization and solubilization, alleviation of biotic caused by pest-insects, microbial pathogens as well as abiotic stresses by harsh environmental conditions, degradation of polluting elements in the environment. The...

Soil is among the most challenging ecosystems for microbiologists in terms of microbial diversity and community size. Prokaryotes are the most abundant organisms in the soil and constitute the largest component of the soil biomass. In their native ecosystem, microorganisms live under different kinds of interactions that decide their survival and fu...

The insect pest nuisances in the agricultural industry are most likely as old as the agriculture itself. Insects are the most ubiquitous and versatile among all living organisms and are responsible to develop successful survival mechanisms as compared with other living fauna that also share the same planet. The main reason for insect’s dominance in...

Soil microbial diversity is very important part of ecosystem as it plays a significant role in biogeochemical cycles. Currently, health of environment has been depleted due to growing population of the world and human activities like industrialization, overexploitation of chemical based products in agriculture and urbanization. These problems are n...

Extreme habitats that harbor novel and potential microbes for biotechnology applications have been reported around the world. The potential extremophilic microbiomes can survive at wide variety of conditions, including extreme temperatures, salinity, water scarcity, and pH levels. These stress adaptive microbes have been isolated and characterized...